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Establishing the presence or absence of chronic kidney disease:Uses and limitations of formulas estimating the glomerular filtration rate

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World journal of Methodology 2017年第3期7卷 73-92页

作者： Ahmed Alaini Deepak Malhotra Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos zeid j khitan Dominic SC Raj Mark Rohrscheib joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineUniversity of Toledo School of Medicine Renal and Electrolyte Division Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineJoan C. Edwards School of Medicine Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineGeorge Washington University Marshall University joan C. Edwards School of Medicine Nephrology Section Medicine ServiceRaymond G. Murphy VA Medical Center Department of Medicine University of New Mexico School of Medicine

The development of formulas estimating glomerular filtration rate(eG FR) from serum creatinine and cystatin C and accounting for certain variables affecting the production rate of these biomarkers, including ethnicity, gender and age, has led to the current scheme of diagnosing and staging chronic kidney disease(CKD),which is based on e GFR values and *** scheme has been applied extensively in various populations and has led to the current estimates of prevalence of CKD. In addition, this scheme is applied in clinical studies evaluating the risks of CKD and the efficacy of various interventions directed towards improving its course. Disagreements between creatinine-based and cystatin-based e GFR values and between e GFR values and measured GFR have been reported in various cohorts. These disagreements are the consequence of variations in the rate of production and in factors, other than GFR, affecting the rate of removal of creatinine and cystatin C. The disagreements create limitations for all e GFR formulas developed so far. The main limitations are low sensitivity in detecting early CKD in several subjects, e.g., those with hyperfiltration, and poor prediction of the course of CKD. Research efforts in CKD are currently directed towards identification of biomarkers that are better indices of GFR than the current biomarkers and,particularly, biomarkers of early renal tissue injury.

关键词： Chronic kidney disease Serum creatinine Creatinine clearance Creatinine excretion Estimated glomerular filtration rate Cystatin C Renal imaging Hyperfiltration Biomarkers of chronic kidney disease

Hypertonicity:Clinical entities,manifestations and treatment

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World journal of Nephrology 2017年第1期6卷 1-13页

作者： Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos Argyropoulos Todd S Ing Dominic S Raj Deepak Malhotra Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib zeid j khitan Glen H Murata joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas Renal-Electrolyte Division Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15260United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States Department of Medicine Strich School of MedicineLoyola University ChicagoMaywoodIL 60153United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDC 20037United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineUniversity of ToledoToledoOH 43614-5809United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineJos University Teaching HospitalJosPlateau State 930001Nigeria Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineMarshall University Joan C.EdwardsHuntingtonWV 25701United States Informatics Section Medicine ServiceRaymond G.Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAlbuquerqueNM 78108United States Department of Medicine University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 78108United States Marshall University joan C.Edwards School of Medicine HuntingtonWV 25701United States Section of Nephrology Medicine Service(111C)Raymond G.Murphy Veterans Affairs Medical CenterAlbuquerqueNM 78108United States

Hypertonicity causes severe clinical manifestations and is associated with mortality and severe short-term and long-term neurological sequelae. The main clinical syndromes of hypertonicity are hypernatremia and hyperglycemia. Hypernatremia results from relative excess of body sodium over body water. Loss of water in excess of intake, gain of sodium salts in excess of losses or a combination of the two are the main mechanisms of hypernatremia. Hypernatremia can be hypervolemic, euvolemic or hypo-volemic. The management of hypernatremia addresses both a quantitative replacement of water and, if present, sodium defcit, and correction of the underlying pathophysiologic process that led to hypernatremia. Hypertonicity in hyperglycemia has two components, solute gain secondary to glucose accumulation in the extracellular compartment and water loss through hyperglycemic osmotic diuresis in excess of the losses of sodium and potassium. Differentiating between these two components of hypertonicity has major therapeutic implications because the frst component will be reversed simply by normalization of serum glucose concentration while the second component will require hypotonic fuid replacement. An estimate of the magnitude of the relative water deficit secondary to osmotic diuresis is obtainedby the corrected sodium concentration, which representsa calculated value of the serum sodium concentrationthat would result from reduction of the serum glucoseconcentration to a normal level.

关键词： Hypertonicity Hypernatremia Osmotic diuresis Hyperglycemia Water diuresis

Fluid balance concepts in medicine:Principles and practice

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World journal of Nephrology 2018年第1期7卷 1-28页

作者： Maria-Eleni Roumelioti Robert H Glew zeid j khitan Helbert Rondon-Berrios Christos P Argyropoulos Deepak Malhotra Dominic S Raj Emmanuel I Agaba Mark Rohrscheib Glen H Murata joseph I Shapiro Antonios H Tzamaloukas Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineUniversity of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States Department of Surgery University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87131United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineJoan Edwards School of MedicineMarshall UniversityHuntingtonWV 25701United States Division of Renal and Electrolyte Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPA 15260United States Division of Nephrology Department of MedicineUniversity of Toledo School of MedicineToledoOH 43614-5809United States Division of Renal Disease and Hypertension Department of MedicineGeorge Washington UniversityWashingtonDC 20037United States Division of Nephology Department of MedicineJos University Medical CenterJosPlateau State 930001Nigeria Research Service Raymond G Murphy VA Medical Center and University of New Mexico School of MedicineAlbuquerqueNM 87108United States 不详

The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water(TBW) and total effective solute and is expressed in terms of the tonicity of the body fluids. Disturbances in tonicity are the main factor responsible for changes in cell volume, which can critically affect brain cell function and survival. Solutes distributed almost exclusively in the extracellular compartment(mainly sodium salts) and in the intracellular compartment(mainly potassium salts) contribute to tonicity, while solutes distributed in TBW have no effect on tonicity. The second body fluid balance concept relates to the regulation and measurement of abnormalities of sodium salt balance and extracellular volume. Estimation of extracellular volume is more complex and error prone than measurement of TBW. A key function of extracellular volume, which is defined as the effective arterial blood volume(EABV), is to ensure adequate perfusion of cells and organs. Other factors, including cardiac output, total and regional capacity of both arteries and veins, Starling forces in the capillaries, and gravity also affect the EABV. Collectively, these factors interact closely with extracellular volume and some of them undergo substantial changes in certain acute and chronic severe illnesses. Their changes result not only in extracellular volume expansion, but in the need for a larger extracellular volume compared with that of healthy individuals. Assessing extracellular volume in severe illness is challenging because the estimates of this volume by commonly used methods are prone to large errors in many illnesses. In addition, the optimal extracellular volume may vary from illness to illness, is only partially based on volume measurements by traditional methods, and has not been determined for each illness. Further research is needed to determine optimal extracellular volume levels in several illne

关键词： Body fluids Body water Extracellular volume Hypertonicity Hypotonicity Congestive heart failure Hepatic cirrhosis Sepsis Nephrotic syndrome

In vitro anticancer activity of polysaccharide extracted from red alga jania rubens against breast and colon cancer cell lines

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Asian Pacific journal of Tropical Medicine 2018年第10期11卷 583-589页

作者： Saly Gheda Mostafa El-Sheekh Alaa Abou-zeid Botany Department Faculty of Science Tanta University

Objective: To evaluate the potential role of the polysaccharides of the marine algae as an anticancer agent in vitro against colon cancer cell line(CoCa2) and breast cancer(MCF7) cell lines and to measure lactate dehydrogenase enzyme(LDH) activity as biomarker of membrane integrity of the cells. Methods: The cells of breast cancer(MCF7) and colon cancer(CoCa2)were used to evaluate the potential anticancer role of the polysaccharides of marine algae. Antiproliferative activity against MCF7 and CoCa2 cell lines were evaluated in vitro by the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2 H-tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay. Results: The in vitro assay of the antioxidant activity of eight marine seaweed species showed that the red seaweed jania rubens(j. rubens) had the highest DPPH(2,2 diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging activity. The extracted polysaccharides with concentrations 0.1–40.0 mg/mL from j. rubens were tested for its anticancer potentiality and cytotoxic effects against the cell lines of human breast(MCF7) and colon cancer(CoCa2) cell lines by MTT assay. The inhibitory concentration at 50 (IC_(50)) value the of j. rubens polysaccharide extract was 0.312 5 mg/mL for MCF7 and 20 mg/mL for CoCa2. LDH activity and annexin V concentration were higher in the treated MCF7 and CaCo2 cells than in the untreated ones. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique indicated that the polysaccharide treatments caused up-regulation of Bax, caspase 8 and P53 genes expression in CoCa2 cells, and up-regulation of caspase 3 and down-regulation of Bcl2 genes expression in MCF7 cells. Conclusions: The polysaccharides of the red marine alga j. rubens could be a potential candidate for the natural compounds as antioxidant and anticancer therapy.

关键词： Marine algae Antioxidant activity Cytotoxicity Apoptosis Lactate dehydrogenase Polymerase chain reaction

Predicting chemical speciation of metals in soil using Visual Minteq

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Soil Ecology Letters 2023年第3期5卷 53-60页

作者： Sana Khalid Muhammad Shahid zeid A.ALOthman Abdullah A.Al-Kahtani Behzad Murtaza Camille Dumat Department of Environmental Sciences COMSATS University IslamabadVehari 61100Pakistan Department of Chemistry College of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh 11451Saudi Arabia DYNAFOR INRAE&Toulouse INP France CERTOP CNRS-UT2j-UPS France

From soil contamination and risk assessment perspectives,it is imperative to understand the ecological processes occurring in *** soil processes greatly affect chemical speciation of potentially toxic metals(PTMs),and thus also influence their biogeochemical *** current study analyzed chemical speciation of eight PTMs(Cd,Cr,Fe,Cu,Mn,Ni,Zn,and Pb)in upper and lower soil layers for 15 agronomic fields of Vehari-Pakistan using Visual Minteq *** divalent forms of most PTMs(PTM^(2+))generally predominated in both soil layers(79.9%overall occurrence).However,chromium revealed a different pattern of chemical speciation(95.8%as CrOH^(+))compared to other *** mean percentage of all the PTMs2+was slightly higher for the lower soil layer(81.3%)than in the upper layer(78.4%),the trend being same for all the PTMs,except *** higher PTMs^(2+)percentage in lower soil layers than upper layers was due to lower content of organic matter and other anions such as Cl^(−)and HCO_(3)_(−).The mean percentage ages of all the PTMs^(2+)was similar among all the 15 agronomic fields,which was confirmed by strong Pearson correlation values(R^(2)>0.95).The PCA graph grouped all the agronomic fields and PTM^(2+) closely,except Cr^(2+) and Cu^(2+).This grouping confirmed the similar chemical speciation of PTMs,except Cu and Cr in studied fields.

关键词： heavy metals free ionic forms agricultural soils multivariate analysis PCA