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Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

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Pedosphere 2019年第2期29卷 180-194页

作者： Zhongqi HE Irenus A.TAZISOnG Xinhua YIn Dexter B.WATTS zachary n.senwo Henry Allen TORBERT United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS) Southern Regional Research Center Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Department of Plant Sciences University of Tennessee United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service(USDA-ARS) National Soil Dynamics Laboratory

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application > no-tillage > cover crop > cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(n), ammonia-n(nH_4^+-n), and nitrate-n(nO_3^--n) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.

关键词： conventional tillage cover crop Mehlich-3 extraction no-tillage nutrient management practice organic fertilization soil attributes soil test nutrients

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Phosphorus Adsorption of Some Brazilian Soils in Relations to Selected Soil Properties

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Open Journal of Soil Science 2015年第5期5卷 101-109页

作者： Valdinar Ferreira Melo Sandra Cátia Pereira Uchoa zachary n.senwo Ronilson Jose Pedroso Amorim Department of Soil and Agricultural Engineering Federal University of RoraimaBoa VistaBrazil Department of Biological&Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M UniversityHuntsvilleUSA Agronomy Federal University of RoraimaBoa VistaBrazil

A major nutritional problem to crops grown in highly weathered Brazilian soils is phosphorus (P) deficiencies linked to their low availability and the capacity of the soils to fix P in insoluble forms. Our studies examined factors that might influence P behavior in soils of the Amazon region. This study was conducted to evaluate the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity (MPAC) of the soils developed from mafic rocks (diabase), their parent materials and other factors resulting in the formation of eutrophic soils having A chernozemic horizon associated with Red nitosols (Alfisol) and Red Latosols (Oxisol) of the Amazonian environment. The MPAC was determined in triplicates as a function of the remnant P values. The different concentrations used to determine the MPAC allowed maximum adsorption values to be reached for all soils. The Latosol (Oxisol) and nitosol (Alfisol) soils presented higher phosphate adsorption values that were attributed to the oxidic mineralogy and high clay texture while the Chernosol (Mollisol) soils presented the lowest phosphate adsorption values.

关键词： Amazon Soil Eutrophic Soils Oxidic Soils Phosphate Alfisol Oxisol

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Validation of Soil Enzyme Activity Assay for a Biogeochemical Cycling Index in Biochar Amended Soils

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2022年第3期

作者： juan p.frene mattie frazier terrence g.gardner zachary n.senwo

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A Review of Biochemical Processes and Techniques for Soil Stabilization and Resilience

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2024年第1期14卷 40-54页

作者： Jonathan A. Metuge zachary n. senwo Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A & M University Normal USA

Biochemical, chemical, and mechanical, techniques have been employed to enhance soil resilience for decades. While the use of mechanical techniques requires transporting huge amounts of soil materials, the cement used in chemical techniques may lead to increase atmospheric carbon dioxide. numerous studies indicate that biochemical techniques may be less expensive, cost effective, and environmentally friendly. Biopolymers and enzymes derived from microorganisms have been suggested as biological enhancers in strengthening and fortifying soils used for earthen structures. Lime and other treatment techniques used as biobased materials have been shown to be less effective for stabilizing soils. Here, we review biochemical processes and techniques involved in the interactions of soil enzymes, microorganisms, microbial extracellular polymeric substances, and other biopolymers with soil particles, and the challenges and strategies of their use as biobased materials for stabilizing soils. This review provides their impacts on various soil properties and the growth potentials of agricultural crops. .

关键词： Biochemical Earthen Structures Soil Resilience Biopolymers Soil Enzymes Agriculture Microorganisms Extracellular Polymeric Substances

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Enzymatic Hydrolysis of an Organic Sulfur Compound

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2019年第1期7卷 1-13页

作者： Terrence G. Gardner zachary n. senwo Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Normal AL USA

Sulfatases which cleave sulfate esters in biological systems are key enzymes that deserve special attention due to their significant roles in organic sulfur (OS) mineralization and inorganic sulfur () release. In this study, in-vitro experiments were conducted to evaluate S bonded substrate hydrolysis by a commercially available arylsulfatase (EC 3.***.6.1) from Aerobacter aerogenes. The enzyme-substrate interactions were assessed to determine: 1) rate of hydrolysis, 2) catalytic efficiency, 3) thermal stability, and 4) optimal pH of this enzyme. Arylsulfatase exhibited substrate hydrolysis with a high affinity for p-nitrophenyl sulfate (potassium 4-nitrophenyl sulfate (pnPS)). The optimum activity for the enzyme was observed to occur at a pH of 7.1. The optimal temperature was 37°C but ranged from 35°C - 45°C. The apparent Km and Kcat of the enzyme for pnPS hydrolysis at the optimal pH, and temperature were determined to be 1.03 mM and 75.73 μM/min, respectively. This work defines the catalytic and kinetic properties of arylsulfatase (EC 3.***.6.1) and confirms the optimal conditions for sulfatase activity testing. The resulting information is useful in elucidating the contributions that individual enzymes have for specific reactions rather than relying on traditional total enzyme activity measurements.

关键词： Enzymes Sulfatases Organic Sulfur Mineralization

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Phosphatase Hydrolysis of Organic Phosphorus Compounds

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2015年第2期3卷 39-51页

作者： Irenus A. Tazisong zachary n. senwo Zhongqi He Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Normal AL USA USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center New Orleans LA USA

Phosphatases are diverse groups of enzymes that deserve special attention because of their significant roles in organic phosphorus (OP) mineralization to inorganic available forms (Pi). This work 1) compared the catalytic potentials of commercially acid phosphatase from wheat germ, sweet potato, and potato, and alkaline phosphatase from E. coli;2) demonstrated that the rate of hydrolysis, catalytic efficiency, thermal stability, and optimal pH of these enzymes depended on enzyme sources and the stereochemical or stereoisomeric structures of the substrates;3) revealed that both acid and alkaline phosphatases exhibited broad range of substrate hydrolysis with high affinity for p-nitrophenyl phosphate bis (cyclohexylammonium) than the widely used p-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium hexahydrate for phosphatase assay. Sweet potato had relatively higher reaction kinetics (Vmax, Km, Kcat, Kcat/Km) values with most substrates tested. The order of catalytic activity was in the order: sweet potato > wheat germ > potato, while the order of substrate hydrolyzed was: PnPBC > PnP > PnP2A2E > DG6P2na > DG6Pna > Bis-PnP > phytate. The optimum pH for the acid phosphatase was observed to be 5.0. Generally, the activity of alkaline phosphatase was similar to that of acid phosphatase with optimal pH between 10 and 13, depending on the substrates. Knowledge derived from this work would be helpful in enzyme catalysis in soils and water environments.

关键词： Enzymes Phosphatases Organic Phosphorus Mineralization Wheat Germ Sweet Potato E. coli

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Enzymatic activities and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from selected white rot fungi

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2013年第2期3卷 198-207页

作者： Priscilla M. Mfombep zachary n. senwo Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Alabama gricultural and Mechanical University Normal USA Department of natural Resources & Environmental Design North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro USA

Beta-glucosidase is among the suite of enzymes produced by white rot fungi (WRF) to biodegrade plant biomass. This study investigated the enzymatic activities and kinetic properties of β-glucosidase from seventeen WRF comprised of the following species from various geographical locations: Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricular, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor, Lentinula edodes, and Grifola frondosa. All the WRF studied showed β-glucosidase activities. Significant variations in protein and carbohydrate contents were also recorded. Beta-glucosidase activities after 30 min of incubation ranged from 6.4 μg (T. versicolor) to 225 μg (G. frondosa). The calculated kinetic constant (Km) ranged from 0.47 μM (A. auricular-1120) to 719 μM (L. edodes-7). The Vmax depending on the kinetic transformation model ranged from 0.21 μg·min-1 (T. versicolor) to 9.70 μg·min-1 (G. frondosa-28). Beta-glucosidase activities also exhibited pH optima between 3.5 and 5.0 while temperature optima were between 60°C and 70°C with some media exhibiting a secondary temperature peak at 90°C attributable to the presence of thermostable isoenzyme. WRF if appropriately screened and purified can be harnessed to potentially improve the bio-conversion of cellulose to glucose and also facilitate efficient plant biomass biodegradation and production of useful plant bio-products.

关键词： White Rot Fungi β-Glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21 Enzymatic Activities Kinetic Properties Plant Biomass

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Amino Compounds in Poultry Litter,Litter-Amended Pasture Soils and Grass Shoots

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Pedosphere 2014年第2期24卷 178-185页

作者： Z.Q.HE Z.n.senwo H.X.ZOU I.A.TAZISOnG D.A.MARTEnS USDA-ARS Southern Regional Research Center Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering the University of Maine USDA-ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center

Amino compounds （ACs）, i.e., amino acids and amino sugars, are the major forms of organic nitrogen （n） in animal manure and soil. To increase our understanding on the effect of long-term poultry litter （PL） application on soil AC pools and turnover, in this study, we determined the contents of 21 ACs in 23 PL samples, i5 soil samples collected from 0-20, 20-40, and 40-60 cm layers of five pasture plots with 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 years of PL applications, and 5 grass shoot samples grown on these pasture fields. The contents of 21 ACs were simultaneously determined by methanesulfonic acid hydrolysis/extraction and anion chromatography-pulsed amperometry. PL application increased soil total and individual AC contents with a distribution pattern similar to that of AC in PL. The highest AC-n concentrations were observed in the soils with 10- or 15-year PL applications, inconsistent with the order of annual application rates or eunmlative applied PL amounts. Application of PL increased the AC contents in grass shoots whereby the highest increase of most ACs was with the shoots from the fields that received PL for 5 years. These observations suggested that both freshly applied and residual PL had contributions to the soil AC-n, and that PL application also accelerated AC-n transformation in soil.

关键词： amino acids amino sugars broiler feed soil nitrogen

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Validation of Soil Enzyme Activity Assay for a Biogeochemical Cycling Index in Biochar Amended Soils

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Advances in Enzyme Research 2022年第3期10卷 61-73页

作者： Juan P. Frene Mattie Frazier Terrence G. Gardner zachary n. senwo Department of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh USA Presently at AgriEco Sustainable Solutions LLC. Raleigh USA Department of Biological & Environmental Sciences Alabama A&M University Normal USA

Biochar offers several benefits as a soil amendment, including increased soil fertility, carbon sequestration, and water-holding capacity in nutrient-poor soils. Here, we performed a series of enzyme assays on pine biochar-amended soils, comparing multiple enzyme activities (EAs) simultaneously determined in the same soil sample vs. the sum of individual EAs involved in the C, n, S, and P cycles to provide information of the impacts of biochar on biogeochemical cycling. The combination of these four EAs has been considered an indicator of soil health due to their role in the reactions that release bioavailable nutrients in the cycling of C (β-glucosidase), n and C (β-glucosaminidase), P (acid phosphomonoesterase), and S (aryl-sulfatase) in soils. Comparisons of the theoretical EAs and the CnPS activity assay approaches in the biochar-modified soil revealed similar activity trends with the different concentrations of added biochar. Two years after adding biochar, study results showed the amended soils did not retain more pnP substrate than the un-amended control soils in three different pH buffers (5.5, 5.8, and 6.5) commonly used in EA reactions. Finally, we performed a third experiment to determine if the biochar previously added to the EAs interfered with the reactions’ enzyme or substrate. The results indicated that greater activity was measured using the combined assay, which suggests the CnPS activity method was less affected by biochar than the individual EAs. Our findings indicate that the potential soil biochemical-health index, CnPS activity (combination of four enzymes) assay is more robust than the individual EAs and can be used as an alternative tool to monitor soil functioning.

关键词： Enzyme Activities Biochar Biogeochemical Cycles

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Evaluation of Rhizobium tropici-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substances on Selected Soil Properties, Seed Germination, and Growth of Black-Eyed Peas (Vigna unguiculata)

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第5期15卷 548-564页

作者： Jonathan Alunge Metuge Erneste Havugimana Jean Rugandirababisha zachary n. senwo Marie Chantal Mutimawurugo Department of natural Resources and Environmental Sciences Alabama A & M University Normal AL USA Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Rwanda (UR-CAVM) Kigali Rwanda

Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) have been used in soils to enhance soil structures and mitigate soil erosions. However, information on their use to improve soil health and fertility indicators, and plant growth is limited. In a greenhouse study, we investigated their effects on some soil health, soil fertility indices, and the growth of black-eyed peas (Vigna unguiculate). Results showed that soils incubated with EPS significantly increased basal soil respiration, soil microbial biomass, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POC), and potentially mineralizable nitrogen (PMn). The EPS shifted microbial populations from bacteria to fungi and Gram (−ve) to Gram ( ve) bacteria. However, it had little or no effects on soil pH, soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC). The EPS decreased soil moisture loss, increased soil aggregate stability, but delayed blacked-eyed peas germinations in the soils. At 0.1% (w/w) concentrations in soils, there was increase in plant root nodulations and vegetative growth. This study was carried out within 40 days of incubating soils with EPS or growing the black-eyed peas in a greenhouse study. The plant growth parameters were taken before flowering and fruiting. Further studies of the effects of incubating soils with the extracellular polymeric substances on plant growth. Soil microbial biomass, microbial diversities, and other soil fertility indices are deemed necessary.

关键词： Rhizobium tropici Extracellular Polymeric Substances Soil Respiration Soil Microbial Biomass Black-Eyed Peas

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