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Evaluation.of Rhizobium tropici-Derived Extracellular Polymeric Substan.es on.Selected Soil Properties, Seed Germin.tion. an. Growth of Black-Eyed Peas (Vign. un.uiculata)

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Agricultural Scien.es 2024年第5期15卷 548-564页

作者： Jon.than.Alun.e Metuge Ern.ste Havugiman. Jean.Rugan.irababisha zachary n. senwo Marie Chan.al Mutimawurugo Departmen. of n.tural Resources an. En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama A & M University Normal AL USA Departmen. of Crop Scien.e College of Agriculture Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine University of Rwanda (UR-CAVM) Kigali Rwanda

Rhizobium tropici-derived extracellular polymeric substan.es (EPS) have been.used in.soils to en.an.e soil structures an. mitigate soil erosion.. However, in.ormation.on.their use to improve soil health an. fertility in.icators, an. plan. growth is limited. In.a green.ouse study, we in.estigated their effects on.some soil health, soil fertility in.ices, an. the growth of black-eyed peas (Vign. un.uiculate). Results showed that soils in.ubated with EPS sign.fican.ly in.reased basal soil respiration. soil microbial biomass, perman.an.te oxidizable carbon.(POC), an. poten.ially min.ralizable n.trogen.(PMn.. The EPS shifted microbial population. from bacteria to fun.i an. Gram (−ve) to Gram ( ve) bacteria. However, it had little or n. effects on.soil pH, soil organ.c matter (SOM), an. cation.exchan.e capacity (CEC). The EPS decreased soil moisture loss, in.reased soil aggregate stability, but delayed blacked-eyed peas germin.tion. in.the soils. At 0.1% (w/w) con.en.ration. in.soils, there was in.rease in.plan. root n.dulation. an. vegetative growth. This study was carried out within.40 days of in.ubatin. soils with EPS or growin. the black-eyed peas in.a green.ouse study. The plan. growth parameters were taken.before flowerin. an. fruitin.. Further studies of the effects of in.ubatin. soils with the extracellular polymeric substan.es on.plan. growth. Soil microbial biomass, microbial diversities, an. other soil fertility in.ices are deemed n.cessary.

关键词： Rhizobium tropici Extracellular Polymeric Substan.es Soil Respiration Soil Microbial Biomass Black-Eyed Peas

Validation.of Soil En.yme Activity Assay for a Biogeochemical Cyclin. In.ex in.Biochar Amen.ed Soils

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Advan.es in.En.yme Research 2022年第3期10卷 61-73页

作者： Juan.P. Fren. Mattie Frazier Terren.e G. Gardn.r zachary n. senwo Departmen. of Crop an. Soil Scien.es North Carolina State University Raleigh USA Presen.ly at AgriEco Sustain.ble Solution. LLC. Raleigh USA Departmen. of Biological & En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama A&M University Normal USA

Biochar offers several ben.fits as a soil amen.men., in.ludin. in.reased soil fertility, carbon.sequestration. an. water-holdin. capacity in.n.trien.-poor soils. Here, we performed a series of en.yme assays on.pin. biochar-amen.ed soils, comparin. multiple en.yme activities (EAs) simultan.ously determin.d in.the same soil sample vs. the sum of in.ividual EAs in.olved in.the C, n. S, an. P cycles to provide in.ormation.of the impacts of biochar on.biogeochemical cyclin.. The combin.tion.of these four EAs has been.con.idered an.in.icator of soil health due to their role in.the reaction. that release bioavailable n.trien.s in.the cyclin. of C (β-glucosidase), n.an. C (β-glucosamin.dase), P (acid phosphomon.esterase), an. S (aryl-sulfatase) in.soils. Comparison. of the theoretical EAs an. the Cn.S activity assay approaches in.the biochar-modified soil revealed similar activity tren.s with the differen. con.en.ration. of added biochar. Two years after addin. biochar, study results showed the amen.ed soils did n.t retain.more pn. substrate than.the un.amen.ed con.rol soils in.three differen. pH buffers (5.5, 5.8, an. 6.5) common.y used in.EA reaction.. Fin.lly, we performed a third experimen. to determin. if the biochar previously added to the EAs in.erfered with the reaction.’ en.yme or substrate. The results in.icated that greater activity was measured usin. the combin.d assay, which suggests the Cn.S activity method was less affected by biochar than.the in.ividual EAs. Our fin.in.s in.icate that the poten.ial soil biochemical-health in.ex, Cn.S activity (combin.tion.of four en.ymes) assay is more robust than.the in.ividual EAs an. can.be used as an.altern.tive tool to mon.tor soil fun.tion.n..

关键词： En.yme Activities Biochar Biogeochemical Cycles

En.ymatic Hydrolysis of an.Organ.c Sulfur Compoun.

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Advan.es in.En.yme Research 2019年第1期7卷 1-13页

作者： Terren.e G. Gardn.r zachary n. senwo Departmen. of Crop an. Soil Scien.es North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA Departmen. of Biological & En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama A&M University Normal AL USA

Sulfatases which cleave sulfate esters in.biological systems are key en.ymes that deserve special atten.ion.due to their sign.fican. roles in.organ.c sulfur (OS) min.ralization.an. in.rgan.c sulfur () release. In.this study, in.vitro experimen.s were con.ucted to evaluate S bon.ed substrate hydrolysis by a commercially available arylsulfatase (EC 3.***.6.1) from Aerobacter aerogen.s. The en.yme-substrate in.eraction. were assessed to determin.: 1) rate of hydrolysis, 2) catalytic efficien.y, 3) thermal stability, an. 4) optimal pH of this en.yme. Arylsulfatase exhibited substrate hydrolysis with a high affin.ty for p-n.trophen.l sulfate (potassium 4-n.trophen.l sulfate (pn.S)). The optimum activity for the en.yme was observed to occur at a pH of 7.1. The optimal temperature was 37°C but ran.ed from 35°C - 45°C. The apparen. Km an. Kcat of the en.yme for pn.S hydrolysis at the optimal pH, an. temperature were determin.d to be 1.03 mM an. 75.73 μM/min. respectively. This work defin.s the catalytic an. kin.tic properties of arylsulfatase (EC 3.***.6.1) an. con.irms the optimal con.ition. for sulfatase activity testin.. The resultin. in.ormation.is useful in.elucidatin. the con.ribution. that in.ividual en.ymes have for specific reaction. rather than.relyin. on.tradition.l total en.yme activity measuremen.s.

关键词： En.ymes Sulfatases Organ.c Sulfur Min.ralization

Phosphatase Hydrolysis of Organ.c Phosphorus Compoun.s

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Advan.es in.En.yme Research 2015年第2期3卷 39-51页

作者： Iren.s A. Tazison. zachary n. senwo Zhon.qi He Departmen. of Biological & En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama A&M University Normal AL USA USDA-ARS Southern.Region.l Research Cen.er New Orleans LA USA

Phosphatases are diverse groups of en.ymes that deserve special atten.ion.because of their sign.fican. roles in.organ.c phosphorus (OP) min.ralization.to in.rgan.c available forms (Pi). This work 1) compared the catalytic poten.ials of commercially acid phosphatase from wheat germ, sweet potato, an. potato, an. alkalin. phosphatase from E. coli;2) demon.trated that the rate of hydrolysis, catalytic efficien.y, thermal stability, an. optimal pH of these en.ymes depen.ed on.en.yme sources an. the stereochemical or stereoisomeric structures of the substrates;3) revealed that both acid an. alkalin. phosphatases exhibited broad ran.e of substrate hydrolysis with high affin.ty for p-n.trophen.l phosphate bis (cyclohexylammon.um) than.the widely used p-n.trophen.l phosphate disodium hexahydrate for phosphatase assay. Sweet potato had relatively higher reaction.kin.tics (Vmax, Km, Kcat, Kcat/Km) values with most substrates tested. The order of catalytic activity was in.the order: sweet potato > wheat germ > potato, while the order of substrate hydrolyzed was: Pn.BC > Pn. > Pn.2A2E > DG6P2n. > DG6Pn. > Bis-Pn. > phytate. The optimum pH for the acid phosphatase was observed to be 5.0. Gen.rally, the activity of alkalin. phosphatase was similar to that of acid phosphatase with optimal pH between.10 an. 13, depen.in. on.the substrates. Kn.wledge derived from this work would be helpful in.en.yme catalysis in.soils an. water en.iron.en.s.

关键词： En.ymes Phosphatases Organ.c Phosphorus Min.ralization Wheat Germ Sweet Potato E. coli

En.ymatic activities an. kin.tic properties of β-glucosidase from selected white rot fun.i

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Advan.es in.Biological Chemistry 2013年第2期3卷 198-207页

作者： Priscilla M. Mfombep zachary n. senwo Omoan.he S. Isikhuemhen Departmen. of Biological & En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama gricultural and Mechanical University Normal USA Departmen. of n.tural Resources & En.iron.en.al Design North Carolina A & T State University Greensboro USA

Beta-glucosidase is amon. the suite of en.ymes produced by white rot fun.i (WRF) to biodegrade plan. biomass. This study in.estigated the en.ymatic activities an. kin.tic properties of β-glucosidase from seven.een.WRF comprised of the followin. species from various geographical location.: Pleurotus ostreatus, Auricularia auricular, Polyporus squamosus, Trametes versicolor, Len.in.la edodes, an. Grifola fron.osa. All the WRF studied showed β-glucosidase activities. Sign.fican. variation. in.protein.an. carbohydrate con.en.s were also recorded. Beta-glucosidase activities after 30 min.of in.ubation.ran.ed from 6.4 μg (T. versicolor) to 225 μg (G. fron.osa). The calculated kin.tic con.tan. (Km) ran.ed from 0.47 μM (A. auricular-1120) to 719 μM (L. edodes-7). The Vmax depen.in. on.the kin.tic tran.formation.model ran.ed from 0.21 μg·min.1 (T. versicolor) to 9.70 μg·min.1 (G. fron.osa-28). Beta-glucosidase activities also exhibited pH optima between.3.5 an. 5.0 while temperature optima were between.60°C an. 70°C with some media exhibitin. a secon.ary temperature peak at 90°C attributable to the presen.e of thermostable isoen.yme. WRF if appropriately screen.d an. purified can.be harn.ssed to poten.ially improve the bio-con.ersion.of cellulose to glucose an. also facilitate efficien. plan. biomass biodegradation.an. production.of useful plan. bio-products.

关键词： White Rot Fun.i β-Glucosidase EC 3.2.1.21 En.ymatic Activities Kin.tic Properties Plan. Biomass

Microbial Composition. an. En.ymes of a Forest Ecosystem in.Alabama: In.tial Respon.e to Thin.in. an. Burn.n. Man.gemen. Selection.

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Open.Journ.l of Forestry 2018年第3期8卷 328-343页

作者： Fritz A. n.oko Terren.e G. Gardn.r zachary n. senwo Veron.ca Acosta-Martin.z Departmen. of Biological an. En.iron.en.al Scien.es College of Agricultural Life and Natural Sciences Alabama A & M University Normal AL USA Departmen. of Soil Scien.e North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory Wind Erosion and Water Conservation Unit Lubbock TX USA

Prescribed burn.n. an. tree thin.in. are common.y used restoration.practices for US forests man.gemen. to in.rease forest productivity an. en.an.e plan. an. an.mal diversity. The impact of these practices in.Alabama’s Ban.head n.tion.l Forest (Bn.) to soil microbial compon.n.s an. overall forest soil health are un.n.wn. We hypothesized that microbial assemblages an. en.yme activities are con.in.ously chan.in. in.forest ecosystems especially due to man.gemen. selection.. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess chan.es in.microbial commun.ty composition. (fun.al vs bacterial population.) via fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profilin. an. several en.yme activities (β-glucosamin.dase, acid phosphatase, arylsulfatase, β-glucosidase, xylan.se, laccase, an. man.an.se peroxidase) critical to soil organ.c matter (SOM) dyn.mics an. biogeochemical cyclin.. In.this forest, heavily-thin.ed plots without burn.n. or less frequen. burn.n. treatmen.s seemed to provide more favorable con.ition. (higher pH an. lower C:n.ratios) for C an. n.min.ralization. This may explain.a slight in.rease (by 12%) detected in.fun.i:bacteria (F:B) ratio in.the heavily-thin.ed plots relative to the con.rol. Thin.ed (lightly an. heavily) plots showed greater lign.n.lytic (laccase an. Mn.) activities an. lower β-glucosidase an. β-glucosamin.dase activities compared to the n.-thin.ed plots probably due to in.rease deposition. of woody recalcitran. C materials. We observed sign.fican. but n.gative correlation. between.the lign.n.lytic laccase an. man.an.se peroxidase (Lac an. Mn.) en.ymes respectively, with MBC (?0.45* an. ?0.68** respectively) an. MBn.(?0.43* an. ?0.65** respectively). Prescribed burn.n. treatmen. reduced microbial biomass C an. n.of the 9-yr burn.d plot/lightly thin.ed plotsprobably due to depletion.of labile C sources with the high temperatures, leavin. mostly recalcitran. C sources as available soil substrates. Gram-positive bacteria (i15:0, a15:0, i17:0, an. a17:0), actin.m

关键词： Forest Soil Health Forest Ecosystems Microbial Composition. En.yme Metabolisms Thin.in. an. Burn.n.

Biodegradation.an. Sugar Release from Can.la Plan. Biomass by Selected White Rot Fun.i

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Advan.es in.Biological Chemistry 2014年第6期4卷 395-406页

作者： Omoan.he S. Isikhuemhen.n.n. A. Mikiashvili zachary n. senwo Elijah I. Ohimain Departmen. of n.tural Resources & En.iron.en.al Design North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro USA Departmen. of Biological & En.iron.en.al Scien.es Alabama Agricultural & Mechanical University Normal USA n.ger Delta Un.versity Wilberforce Island Nigeria

Can.la crop is rich in.plan. biomass. It is con.idered a major cash crop in.n.rth America an. a poten.ial source for biofuel. We evaluated six strain. of white rot basidiomycetes un.er solid state fermen.ation.(SSF) for their poten.ials to secrete oxidative an. hydrolytic en.ymes to biodegrade can.la plan. biomass (CPB), an. release sugars. Fuscoporia gilva an. Pleurotus tuberregium produced high amoun. of laccase (440.86 U/L an. 480.63 U/L at day 7), as well as carboxylmethylcellulase (CMCase) (4.78 U/mL at day 21 an. 3.13 U/mL at day 14) an. xylan.se (4.48 U/mL an. 7.8 U/mL at day 21), respectively. Bjerkan.era adusta showed high amoun. of Mn. (50.4 U/L) an. peroxidase (64.5 U/L), relative to the other strain.. Loss of organ.c matter peaked after 21 days of in.ubation.in.all the tested strain.;however, the best result (34.0%) was shown.in.P. tuberregium. The highest lign.n.loss was observed in.Coriolopsis caperata strain.. Amon. the sugar polymers, hemicellulose was highly degraded by P. tuberregium an. P. pulmon.rius (4.1% - 4.6%), while cellulose (3.3% - 4.3%) was main.y degraded by F. gilva an. B. adusta. Glucose was the domin.n. sugar released by all the fun.i tested, with the highest con.en.ration.of 1.25 mg/mL produced by B. adusta at day 14 of in.ubation. Results in.icate that selected white rot fun.i can.achieve sign.fican. delign.fication.of CPB within.14 days of solid state fermen.ation. Their importan.e in.low cost pretreatmen. of lign.cellulosic biomass prior to con.ersion.in.o biofuels an. bio-products of econ.mic importan.e is discussed.

关键词： Can.la Plan. Biomass Bio-Delign.fication White Rot Fun.i Lign.cellulose

Stability An.lysis an. Performan.e Evaluation.of Additive Mixed-Precision.Run.e-Kutta Methods

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Commun.cation. on.Applied Mathematics an. Computation 2024年第1期6卷 705-738页

作者： Ben.Burn.tt Sigal Gottlieb zachary J.Gran. Cen.er for Scien.ific Computin. an. Data Scien.e Research UMass DartmouthNorth DartmouthMassachusettsUSA CSME Michigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA

Additive Run.e-Kutta methods design.d for preservin. highly accurate solution. in.mixed-precision.computation.were previously proposed an. *** specially design.d methods use reduced precision.for the implicit computation. an. full precision.for the explicit *** this work,we an.lyze the stability properties of these methods an. their sen.itivity to the low-precision.roun.in. errors,an. demon.trate their performan.e in.terms of accuracy an. *** develop codes in.FORTRAn.an. Julia to solve n.n.in.ar systems of ODEs an. PDEs usin. the mixed-precision.additive Run.e-Kutta(MP-ARK)*** con.ergen.e,accuracy,an. run.ime of these methods are *** show that for a given.level of accuracy,suitably chosen.MP-ARK methods may provide sign.fican. reduction. in.run.ime.

关键词： Mixed precision Run.e-Kutta methods Additive methods Accuracy

Evaluation.of Rumin.l Dry Matter Disappearan.e an. pH of Dry Corn. High-Moisture Corn. an. Rye un.er in.Vitro Con.ition.

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Agricultural Scien.es 2024年第3期15卷 327-332页

作者： Warren.Carl Rusche zachary Kidd Foster Smith South Dakota State Un.versity Brookings South Dakota USA

An.in.vitro experimen. was con.ucted to evaluate the effects of grain.type on.in.vitro dry matter disappearan.e (IVDMD) an. pH usin. rumin.l fluid an. a buffer reagen.. Five beef cows were used for rumin.l fluid collection.an. rumin.l fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for rumin.l fluid collection.were main.ain.d on.a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to con.en.rate) for 28 d prior to rumin.l fluid collection. Three grain.types were evaluated: 1) dry corn.(89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn.(72% dry matter;HMC) an. 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were an.lyzed as a completely ran.omized design. A total of twen.y-on. replication. of each grain.type were used for statistical an.lysis (n.= 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% an. 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC an. HMC, respectively. Addition.lly, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Fin.l pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% an. 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC an. HMC, respectively. Also, fin.l pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data in.icate that corn.harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) in.luen.es IVDMD an. fin.l pH an. that rye has a greater disappearan.e of dry matter an. lower fin.l pH than.corn.un.er in.vitro con.ition..

关键词： Corn Grain.Processin. Rumin.l Fermen.ation Rye