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Evaluation of Ruminal Dry Matter Disappearance and pH of Dry Corn, High-Moisture Corn, and Rye under in Vitro Conditions

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第3期15卷 327-332页

作者： Warren Carl Rusche zachary k.dd Foster smith South Dak.ta State University Brookings South Dakota USA

An in vitro experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of grain type on in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) and pH using ruminal fluid and a buffer reagent. Five beef cows were used for ruminal fluid collection and ruminal fluid was pooled prior to use. The cows used for ruminal fluid collection were maintained on a forage-based diet (60:40 forage to concentrate) for 28 d prior to ruminal fluid collection. Three grain types were evaluated: 1) dry corn (89% dry matter;DRC), 2) high-moisture corn (72% dry matter;HMC) and 3) rye (89% dry matter;RYE). Data were analyzed as a completely randomized design. A total of twenty-one replications of each grain type were used for statistical analysis (n = 63 tubes total). IVDMD was greater (P ≤ 0.05) by 97.1% and 46.4% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Additionally, IVDMD was greater (P = 0.05) by 34.6% for HMC compared to DRC. Final pH was decreased (P ≤ 0.05) for RYE by 12.3% and 2.8% for RYE compared to DRC and HMC, respectively. Also, final pH was decreased (P = 0.05) by 9.8% for HMC compared to DRC. These data indicate that corn harvest method (dry vs. high-moisture) influences IVDMD and final pH and that rye has a greater disappearance of dry matter and lower final pH than corn under in vitro conditions.

关键词： Corn Grain Processing Ruminal Fermentation Rye

Finishing Cattle in All-Natural and Conventional Production Systems

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第2期10卷 237-253页

作者： zachary k. smith Peter T. Anderson Bradley J. Johnson Department of Animal Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA Midwest PMS LLC Firestone CO USA Department of Animal and Food Sciences Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA

Beef cattle producers in the North America have a variety of production and mark.ting options and must choose the best production system for their situation. This review describes considerations involved in choosing between feeding cattle conventionally versus feeding them in programs that prohibit the use of certain technologies. Data from peer-reviewed journals, extension publications, nutritional consultants, governmental organizations, and feed companies were used to construct this review. Most cattle in North America are fed in conventional production systems. Conventional beef production systems typically use steroidal implants, ionophores, and beta-adrenergic agonists to improve animal productivity;as well as feed grade and injectable antimicrobials to control, treat or prevent disease and improve animal health. These technologies have been shown to lower the cost of production, allowing for beef to be competitive in the global protein mark.t. Some consumers have expressed a preference for beef produced without these technologies. These “All-natural” (AN) cattle may bring a premium price in the mark.t. The economic impact of differing productions systems can be described in relation to 1) cost of production, 2) operating costs of the feedlot, 3) price paid for feeder calves, and 4) price received for fed cattle. Conventional production provides the most favorable outcome for factors 1, 2, and 3, while AN production provides the most favorable outcome for item 4. There are also industry wide and societal aspects related to differing beef production systems related to health and safety of beef, land use, and cost of production allowing for a greater share of the global protein mark.t. Technologies used in conventional production are critical tools to North American beef production. Differences in efficiencies between each type of non-conventional production systems must be re-captured in added premiums when cattle are mark.ted and sold. Premiums for AN cattle a

关键词： All-Natural Beef Beta-Adrenergic Agonist Conventional Ionophore

Body Weight and Steroidal Implants Impact Animal Growth Performance, Sera Metabolites, and Pulmonary Arterial Pressure in Feedlot Cattle

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2020年第3期10卷 414-430页

作者： Tyler A. Vogel Joseph M. Neary zachary k. smith Bradley J. Johnson Department of Animal and Food Science Texas Tech University Lubbock TX USA Department of Animal Science South Dakota State University Brookings SD USA

The study objective was to evaluate steer growth performance, sera metabolite responses, carcass characteristics, and pulmonary arterial pressure as affected by body weight at time of implantation and steroidal implant administration. Crossbred steers (n = 20) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a completely randomized design experiment, Factors included: body weight: light (L), or heavy (H) and implant: Non-implanted (NoIMP), or Implanted (IMP) with steer serving as the experimental unit for all analyses. Initial weights for L and H steers were 398 ± 27.6 and 547 ± 25.2 k., respectively. Implanted steers received a terminal implant (200 mg trenbolone acetate and 20 mg estradiol-17β;Revalor-200;Merck.Animal Health, Madison, NJ) on d 0. Cattle within treatments were group housed in common pens (n = 5 steers/pen). Bodyweight, blood samples, and pulmonary arterial pressure were collected on d 0, 14, 35, 70 and 104. Cattle were fed a common diet once daily to provide ad libitum access to feed. The finishing diet contained (DM basis) 13.3% CP, 2.13 Mcal/k. NEm, and 1.45 Mcal/k. NEg. Growth performance (body weight and ADG) and carcass traits were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). Sera metabolites were analyzed as repeated measures over time, with day as the repeated measure. For all analyses, α level k. more per head of DM daily than L cattle and IMP steers consumed 1.0 k. more DM daily than NoIMP steers. Cumulative ADG did not differ between the L and H steers (1.41 vs. 1.52 ± 0.060 k.;P = 0.20). Implanting increased (P k.). No differences (P > 0.05) in ADG were observed in NoIMP vs. IMP cattle beyond d 70 (1.21 vs. 1.01 ± 0.16 k.;P = 0.38). Sera urea-N concentrations were decreased (P < 0.01) in L cattle subjected to IMP during the study and tended to increase over time for the other treatments. Ribfat, HCW,

关键词： Cattle Estradiol Pulmonary Pressure Trenbolone

Utilization of RNA sequencing to investigate olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps:A pilot study

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World Journal of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck.Surgery 2024年第1期10卷 29-36页

作者： Jorge A.Gutierrez III Jeremy L.Barth Rodney J.Schlosser Thomas S.Edwards Timothy L.smith zachary M.Soler Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck.Surgery Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA Department of Regenerative Medicine&Cell Biology Medical University of South CarolinaCharlestonSouth CarolinaUSA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck.Surgery Oregon Health&Science UniversityPortlandOregonUSA

Objectives:Prior research on olfactory dysfunction in chronic rhinosinusitis(CRS)has focused on patients with polyps and suggests that direct inflammation of the olfactory cleft mucosa plays a contributory *** purpose of this study was to evaluate gene expression in superior turbinate mucosal specimens,comparing normosmic and dysosmic CRS patients without polyps(CRSsNP).Methods:Tissue samples were obtained from the superior turbinates of patients with CRSsNP at the time of endoscopic sinus *** subsequently underwent RNA sequencing and functional analysis to investigate biological pathways associated with differentially expressed genes between dysosmic(n=7)and normosmic(n=4)***:Differential gene expression analysis comparing dysosmic and normosmic CRSsNP patients showed upregulation of 563 genes and downregulation of 327 *** stringent criteria for multiple comparisons,one upregulated gene(Immediate Early Response 3[IER3])had an false discovery rate(FDR)correction adjustedP value considered statistically significant(Pk. ***:RNA sequencing of the superior turbinates in patients with CRSsNP can provide valuable information regarding biological pathways and genes involved in olfactory *** study supports literature suggesting that Type 2 inflammation may play a role in olfactory dysfunction in at least some patients with *** study also prompts questions regarding the role of IL-10,rhodopsin-lik. receptors,andIER3 in the pathogenesis of olfactory dysfunction.

关键词： chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps olfactory dysfunction RNA sequencing

Impact of Chromium Propionate Supplementation and Days of Adaptation on Energy Status in Newly Weaned Steer Calves^*

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2023年第4期13卷 409-420页

作者： zachary k.dd Foster smith Department of Animal Science South Dakota State University Brookings USA

The objective of this research was to evaluate the influences that supplemental dietary chromium propionate (CrP;0 or 0.4 mg·k.-1 added to the total diet on a DM basis) has on plasma indicators of energy status in newly weaned steers upon introduction to the feedlot. For this experiment single source, Angus steers (n = 28;BW = 289 ± 12.0 k.) from a ranch in Western South Dak.ta were weaned and immediately shipped 579 k. to the Ruminant Nutrition Center (RNC) in Brook.ngs, SD. Steers were allotted to one of four 7.6 m × 7.6 m pens (2 pens/diet;7 steers/pen) at 4 d post-arrival to the RNC and test diets were initiated. No anabolic implant was used in this study. Subsequent BW measurements were obtained at 1400 h, to accommodate a post-prandial timing for blood sampling. This was 4 h after initial access to feed, and immediately prior to the afternoon feed delivery. Weights and blood sampling occurred on d 5, 12, 19, and 33. Whole blood samples were collected from all steers via jugular venipuncture and separated as plasma. There were no diet x day interactions (P ≥ 0.51) for plasma glucose, insulin, or urea-N. Plasma glucose, insulin, and urea-n levels were similar between diets (P ≥ 0.35). Plasma glucose and urea-n levels were not different across days (P ≥ 0.59). Insulin levels differed as a result of days of adaptation and were greatest (P = 0.01) on d 12 regardless of diet. There tended (P = 0.12) to be a diet x day interaction for NEFA levels. Plasma NEFA levels tended to be lower (P = 0.13) for calves fed CrP on d 5, and were greater (P = 0.09) on d 12 in calves fed CrP. The shift in NEFA on d 12 coincided with the spik. in insulin levels. Both events occurred at the time that NEg intak. was approaching the acclimated plateau and neither event impacted glucose status. In non-ruminants, elevated insulin concentrations decrease circulating NEFA levels. We detected minimal differences in regard to plasma indicators of lipid metabolism in this

关键词： Beef Steers Chromium Feedlot Adaptation Insulin Newly Weaned

The Determinants of Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investment:A Closer Look

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2018年第4期13卷 577-601页

作者： Muhammad Zubair Mumtaz zachary Alexander smith School of Social Sciences&Humanities National University of Sciences&TechnologyH-12IslamabadPakistan Department of Economics Saint Leo UniversitySaint LeoFL 33574USA

Over the last fifteen years, China rapidly expanded its outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) through remark.ble economic growth and the “go global” policy. Chinese firms explored investment avenues especially in developing and emerging countries. As a result, China became the third largest contributor of OFDI. We examine the determinants of Chinese OFDI in 67 countries during the period lasting from 2006 to 2015 using the feasible generalized least square method. We find that the size of the economy, mark.t opportunities, cost advantages due to low wage structure, ease of doing business, country risk. and geographical proximity are the prominent factors leading to changes in Chinese OFDI in developing and emerging economies. We find that China’s investments in different developing and emerging countries are driven by a different set of factors and the determinants of Chinese OFDI vary in low and high per capita income countries.

关键词： China outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) emerging and developing countries globalization

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胞外囊泡异质性无标记表征技术研究进展

中国科学：化学 2022年第9期52卷 1636-1648页

作者：戴一川于亚军王献立江仔玲储开芹 zachary J.smith 中国科学技术大学精密机械与精密仪器系安徽省教育部精密科学仪器安徽普通高校重点实验室合肥230027 中国科学技术大学苏州高等研究院苏州215127

胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是细胞在信息传递和环境调控时产生的磷脂双分子层膜包裹的囊泡(尺寸为30~1000 nm).近十五年,其生物及临床相关研究发展迅猛,已被视为是细胞间信息传递、癌宿主调节等动态过程的关键因素之一.尽管... 详细信息

胞外囊泡(extracellular vesicles,EVs)是细胞在信息传递和环境调控时产生的磷脂双分子层膜包裹的囊泡(尺寸为30~1000 nm).近十五年,其生物及临床相关研究发展迅猛,已被视为是细胞间信息传递、癌宿主调节等动态过程的关键因素之一.尽管胞外囊泡具有重要的生物学功能,但其尺寸小、结构脆弱且易聚集,传统生化分析和检测技术难以对其实现精准表征.目前,EVs相关的大多数表征技术采用“批量分析”形式,仅提供大量外泌体的平均结果.为了加深对胞外囊泡异质性的认识,以单个EVs为目标的表征技术将成为新的趋势.本文概述了单颗粒水平胞外囊泡表征的光学和非光学的无标记表征方法,包括拉曼显微、等离激元技术、原子力显微和电子显微技术等.相比于传统整体分析方法,单颗粒水平胞外囊泡表征能够提供更加丰富的信息,在生物医药基础研究领域有着广阔前景.

关键词： EVs 外泌体细胞外囊泡无标记技术光学表征技术

Generation of Rate-of-Injection (ROI) profile for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model of Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) using machine learning

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能源与人工智能(英文) 2022年第2期8卷 100-115页

作者： zachary Williams Ahmed Moiz k.anh Cung Mik. smith Thomas Briggs Christopher Bitsis Jason Miwa Southwest Research Institute United States

Injector configuration and spray characteristics are important parameters that define diesel combustion and emissions performance. One of the critical spray inputs is the Rate-of-Injection (ROI) profile. The ROI profile depends on the spray’s operating conditions, including nozzle geometry (e.g., nozzle diameter), injection pressure, and injection duration. Besides, the internal nozzle flow phenomenon and external ambient conditions can further impact fuel introduction characteristics. This study measured the ROI profile of a heavy-duty (multi-hole) diesel injector using the Bosch tube technique. Injection pressure and injection duration were varied from 600 to 2600 bar and 0.5–3.0 ms, respectively. After post-processing, measurement data were then used to train numerical models, including a developed machine learning (ML) model that can create very similar ROI profiles with experimental data. Next, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation used the ROI profile generated by ML model. For comparison, there are other simplified ROI profiles used in similar CFD simulation configuration. Results showed that the any difference in ROI profiles could affect the combustion and emissions significantly. This further emphasizes the need to provide high-fidelity spray input in terms of ROI profile for CFD simulation. The current ML model can deliver a realistic ROI profile for any given rail pressure and injection duration.

关键词： Rate of Injection Diesel injector Machine learning CFD

Subnanometer-resolved chemical imaging via multivariate analysis of tip-enhanced Raman maps

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Light(Science & Applications) 2017年第1期6卷 382-389页

作者： Song Jiang Xianbiao Zhang Yao Zhang Chunrui Hu Rui Zhang Yang Zhang Yuan Liao zachary J smith Zhenchao Dong JG Hou Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information&Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230026China Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui 230026China

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(TERS)is a powerful surface analysis technique that can provide subnanometer-resolved images of nanostructures with site-specific chemical ***,due to the limitation of weak.Raman signals and the resultant difficulty in achieving TERS imaging with good signal-to-noise ratios(SNRs),the conventional single-peak.analysis is unsuitable for distinguishing complex molecular architectures at the subnanometer *** we demonstrate that the combination of subnanometer-resolved TERS imaging and advanced multivariate analysis can provide an unbiased panoramic view of the chemical identity and spatial distribution of different molecules on surfaces,yielding high-quality chemical images despite limited SNRs in individual pixel-level *** methodology allows us to exploit the full power of TERS imaging and unambiguously distinguish between adjacent molecules with a resolution of~0.4 nm,as well as to resolve submolecular features and the differences in molecular adsorption *** results provide a promising methodology that promotes TERS imaging as a routine analytical technique for the analysis of complex nanostructures on surfaces.

关键词： chemical imaging hyperspectral imaging multivariate analysis nanoimaging tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy