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Towards multiple hazard resilient bridges:a methodology for modeling frequent and infrequent time-varying loads Part I,Comprehensive reliability and partial failure probabilities

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2012年第3期11卷 293-301页

作者： zach liang George C.Lee Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University at Buffalo Department of Civil Structural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo

The current AASHTO load and resistance factor design （LRFD） guidelines are formulated based on bridge reliability, which interprets traditional design safety factors into more rigorously deduced factors based on the theory of probability. This is a major advancement in bridge design specifications. However, LRFD is only calibrated for dead and live loads. In cases when extreme loads are significant, they need to be individually assessed. Combining regular loads with extreme loads has been a major challenge, mainly because the extreme loads are time variables and cannot be directly combined with time invariant loads to formulate the probability of structural failure. To overcome these difficulties, this paper suggests a methodology of comprehensive reliability, by introducing the concept of partial failure probability to separate the loads so that each individual load combination under a certain condition can be approximated as time invariant. Based on these conditions, the extreme loads （also referred to as multiple hazard or MH loads） can be broken down into single effects. In Part II of this paper, a further breakdown of these conditional occurrence probabilities into pure conditions is discussed by using a live truck and earthquake loads on a bridge as an example. There are three major steps in establishing load factors from MH load distributions：（1） formulate the failure probabilities; （2） normalize various load distributions; and （3） establish design limit state equations. This paper describes the formulation of the failure probabilities of single and combined loads.

关键词： multiple hazards bridge probability-based design comprehensive reliability partial failure probability

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Bridge pier failure probabilities under combined hazard effects of scour, truck and earthquake. Part Ⅰ: occurrence probabilities

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2013年第2期12卷 229-240页

作者： zach liang George C. Lee Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Unidersity at Buffalo Depart of Civil Structural and Environmental EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo

In many regions of the world, a bridge will experience multiple extreme hazards during its expected service life. The current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials （AASHTO） load and resistance factor design （LRFD） specifications are formulated based on failure probabilities, which are fully calibrated for dead load and nonextreme live loads. Design against earthquake loads is established separately. Design against scour effect is also formulated separately by using the concept of capacity reduction （or increased scour depth）. Furthermore, scour effect cannot be linked directly to an LRFD limit state equation, because the latter is formulated using force-based analysis. This paper （in two parts） presents a probability-based procedure to estimate the combined hazard effects on bridges due to truck, earthquake and scour, by treating the effect of scour as an equivalent load effect so that it can be included in reliability-based bridge failure calculations. In Part I of this series, the general principle of treating the scour depth as an equivalent load effect is presented. The individual and combined partial failure probabilities due to truck, earthquake and scour effects are described. To explain the method of including non-force-based natural hazards effects, two types of common scour failures are considered. In Part 11, the corresponding bridge failure probability, the occurrence of scour as well as simultaneously having both truck load and equivalent scour load are quantitatively discussed.

关键词： multi-hazards load and resistance factor design bridge scour

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Towards establishing practical multi-hazard bridge design limit states

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2013年第3期12卷 333-340页

作者： zach liang George C.Lee Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Unidersity at Buffalo Depart of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo

In the U.S., the current Load and Resistance Factor Design （LRFD） Specifications for highway bridges is a reliability-based formulation that considers failure probabilities of bridge components due to the actions of typical dead load and frequent vehicular loads. Various extreme load effects, such as earthquake and vessel collision, are on the same reliability-based platform. Since these extreme loads are time variables, combining them with not considered frequent. non- extreme loads is a significant challenge. The number of design limit state equations based on these failure probabilities can be unrealistically large and unnecessary from the view point of practical applications. Based on the opinion of AASHTO State Bridge Engineers, many load combinations are insignificant in their states. This paper describes the formulation of a criterion to include only the necessary load combinations to establish the design limit states. This criterion is established by examining the total failure probabilities for all possible time-invariant and time varying load combinations and breaking them down into partial terms. Then, important load combinations can be readily determined quantitatively,

关键词： multi-hazards load and resistance factor design re.liability based bridge design specifications design limit state equations

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Principal axes of M-DOF structures PartⅡ:Dynamic loading

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2003年第1期2卷 39-50页

作者： zach liang GeorgeC.Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Research Associate Professor Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Samuel P.Capen Professor of Engineering

This paper is the second in a two-part series that discusses the principal axes of M-DOF structures subjected to static and dynamic *** primary purpose of this series is to understand the magnitude of the dynamie response of structures to enable better design of structures and response modification devices/*** idealized design condi- tions,the structural responses are obtained by using single directinn input ground motions in the direction of the intended response modification devices/systems,and by assuming that the responses of the structure is deconpleable in three mutual- ly perpendicular *** standard practice has been applied to both new and retrofitted structures using various seis- mic protective *** limited information is available on the effects of neglecting the impact of directional couplings (cross effects of which torsion is a component)of the dynamic response of *** order to quantify such effects,it is necessary to examine the principal axes of structures under both static and dynamic *** this twn-part series,the first paper is concerned with static loading,which provides definitions and fundamental formulations,with the conclusion that cross effects of a statically loaded M-DOF structure resulting from the lack of principal axes are of insignificant magnitude. However,under dynamic or earthquake loading,a relatively small amount of energy transferred across perpendicular direc- tions is accumulated,which may result in significant enlargement of the structural *** paper deals with a formu- lation to define the principal axes of M-DOF structures under dynamic loading and develops quantitative measures to identify cross effects resuhing from the non-existence of principal axes.

关键词： principal axes of M-DOF structures structural response couplings cross effect theoretical base dynamic loading peak response estimation

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On similitude law of sub-systems

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2006年第1期5卷 133-142页

作者： zach liang George C.Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research University at BuffaloState University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA

Based on Buckingham＇s π-Theorem, dimensional analysis has achieved considerable success over the past near-century. Model testing has long been a powerful tool in both scientific studies and engineering applications. However, the prototype objects are becoming more and more complicated nowadays, and many of the prototype systems can contain several sub-systems. The conventional theories on model-prototype similarity and dimensional analysis have only limited application since the π-Theorem itself does not distinguish between the original system and subsystems. This is particularly true in the field of structural dynamics, where the structure is often modeled as a multi-degree-of-freedom system. In this paper, we attempt to show that, if a system can be decoupled into several nontrivial subsystems, then, in each subsystem, the number of π-terms will be reduced and therefore simplify the model testing. On the other hand, if a system cannot be decoupled into subsystems, then using model testing with reduced π-term analysis, both experimentally and theoretically, may introduce severe errors.

关键词： similitude law Buckingham's π-theorem model testing sub-systems

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Peak earthquake response of structures under multi-component excitations

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2007年第4期6卷 357-370页

作者： Jianwei Song zach liang Yi-Lun Chu George C. Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering State University of New York at Buffalo USA

Accurate estimation of the peak seismic responses of structures is important in earthquake resistant design. The internal force distributions and the seismic responses of structures are quite complex, since ground motions are multidirectional. One key issue is the uncertainty of the incident angle between the directions of ground motion and the reference axes of the structure. Different assumed seismic incidences can result in different peak values within the scope of design spectrum analysis for a given structure and earthquake ground motion record combination. Using time history analysis to determine the maximum structural responses excited by a given earthquake record requires repetitive calculations to determine the critical incident angle. This paper presents a transformation approach for relatively accurate and rapid determination of the maximum peak responses of a linear structure subjected to three-dimensional excitations within all possible seismic incident angles. The responses can be deformations, internal forces, strains and so on. An irregular building structure model is established using SAP2000 program. Several typical earthquake records and an artificial white noise are applied to the structure model to illustrate the variation of the maximum structural responses for different incident angles. Numerical results show that for many structural parameters, the variation can be greater than 100%. This method can be directly applied to time history analysis of structures using existing computer software to determine the peak responses without carrying out the analyses for all possible incident angles. It can also be used to verify and/or modify aseismic designs by using response spectrum analysis.

关键词： multi-component ground motion time history analysis peak structural response axis rotation

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Estimation of peak relative velocity and peak absolute acceleration of linear SDOF systems

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Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration 2007年第1期6卷 1-10页

作者： Jianwei Song Yi-Lun Chu zach liang George C. Lee Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University at Buffalo State University of New York USA

In the seismic analysis and design of structures, the true velocity and absolute acceleration are usually approximated by their corresponding pseudo-values. This approach is simple and works well for structures with small damping （say, less than 15%）. When the damping of a structure is enhanced for the purpose of response reduction, it may result in large analysis and design errors. Based on theory of random vibration and the established mechanism of seismic response spectra analysis, a method is developed （1） to predict the relative velocity spectra with any damping ratio level directly from the 5% standard pseudo-acceleration spectrum; and （2） to estimate the peak absolute acceleration. The accuracy of both is validated by using two selected ensembles of ground motion records.

关键词： damping device velocity spectrum absolute acceleration spectrum response spectrum analysis

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规范反应谱在消能减振设计中的应用

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建筑结构 2008年第3期38卷 101-105页

作者：张树传王亚勇 zach liang George C.Lee 天津大学土木工程系 300072 中国建筑科学研究院北京100013 MCEER University at BuffaloNY14260 厦门市建筑设计院有限公司 361004

振型分析反应谱法是结构减震消能分析中的重要方法。为比较阻尼比不为5%时的反应谱与阻尼比为5%时的反应谱的情况,介绍了阻尼衰减因子B的概念,同时编制了该衰减因子与特征周期、结构自振周期及总阻尼比之间关系的表格。可方便地用于反... 详细信息

振型分析反应谱法是结构减震消能分析中的重要方法。为比较阻尼比不为5%时的反应谱与阻尼比为5%时的反应谱的情况,介绍了阻尼衰减因子B的概念,同时编制了该衰减因子与特征周期、结构自振周期及总阻尼比之间关系的表格。可方便地用于反应谱法消能减振结构的阻尼设计。

关键词：反应谱消能减振阻尼衰减因子阻尼比

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EXAMPLES OF RECENT ADVANCES IN SEISMIC STRUCTURAL TESTS

EXAMPLES OF RECENT ADVANCES IN SEISMIC STRUCTURAL TESTS

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2007年全国砌体结构基本理论与工程应用学术会议

作者： Allen J.Clark Rod Larson Tony Y.Yang Bozidar Stojadinovic Jack P.Moehle Robert Tremblay Nilolay Velev Sina Merzouq Martin Leclerc Pierre Leger Bruno Massicotte Caroline Blais Colin Rogers M.Pangiotou Jose I.Restrepo Robert E.Englekirk Nathan Johnson M.Saiid Saiidi David Sanders Richard T.Ranf Marc Eberhard Andrei M.Reinhorn Mettupalayam V.Sivaselvan zach liang Mark Pittman Scot Weinreber MTS Systems Corporation Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California at Berkeley Group for Research and Studies in Structural Engineering.Department of Civil Geological and Mining Engineering.Ecole Polytechnique Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics McGill University Department of Structural Engineering University of California at San Diego Englekirk Partners Consulting Structural Engineers Inc. University of Nevada University of Washington Department of Civil Structural and Environmental Engineering University of Buffalo

＜正＞Earthquake damage of property and loss and injury of human life *** many laboratories worldwide have increased their abilities to mitigate the hazards of these reoccurring natural *** paper presents new experimental techniques and applications from five laboratories,one in Canada,and four in the United *** new techniques and technologies range from combining computational analyses with structural testing with strong wall and strong floor at the University of California at Berkelely, a new technique for increasing the capability of a medium size uniaxial shaking table at Ecole Polytechnique,a description of the world’s highest capacity outdoor shaking table at the University of California at San Diego,testing with multiple biaxial shaking tables at the University of Reno,Nevada,and finally,the combination of strong wall dynamic structural actuators with a shaking table and real time computational sub-structuring computations at the University at Buffalo（SUNY）.These new capabilities allow the researcher to increase the size of the specimens of interest,allowing much better results to study nonlinear behaviors and failure mechanisms.

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温哥华公寓

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城市环境设计 2019年第2期118卷 210-219页

作者： Carl McDonald Melissa Bauld Aaron Mark Alan Tansey Alex Wu Alexandra Gustafsson Alina Tamosiunaite Amina Blacksher Aran Coakley Arash Adel Ahmadian Armen Menendian Barbora Srpkova Ben Zunkeler Benjamin Caldwell Benjamin Novacinski Bennett Gale Birk Daugaard Blake Theodore Smith Brian Foster Brian Rome Carolien Schippers Christopher James Malcolm Jr. Christopher Junkin Christopher Tron David Brown David Dottelonde Deborah Campbell Doug Stechschulte Douglass Alligood Edward Yung Elena Bresciani Filip Milovanovic Francesca Portesine Gabriel Hernandez Solano Gabriel Jewell-Vitale Hector Garcia Ivy Hume Jan Leenknegt Janice Rim John Kim Josiah Poland Julian liang Julianne Gola Julie Kaufman Karol Bogdan Borkowski Kurt Nieminen Lauren Turner Lorenz Krisai Lucio Santos Marcella Martinez Martin Voelkle Matthew Dlugosz Megan Ng Michael Robert Taylor Otilia Pupezeanu Paula Domka Phillip MacDougall Ryan Yang Sean Franklin Sebastian Grogaard Simon Scheller Spencer Hayden Taylor Fulton Terrence Chew Terry Lallak Thomas Smith Tianqi Zhang Tobias Hjortdal Tran Le Valentina Mele Xinyu Wang Yaziel Juarbe Yoanna Shivarova zach Walters Zhifei Xu Andrew Latreille Glotman Simpson Urban YVR 运小红

温哥华公寓的建成预示着这个年轻的城市正在打开城市政策制定的新局面。它将成为从Granville大桥进入温哥华市中心的城市大门。塔楼和群房的设计是对新城市主义地域类型中的"温哥华主义"建筑的全新解读,配合一座纤细的塔楼,试图保留城... 详细信息

温哥华公寓的建成预示着这个年轻的城市正在打开城市政策制定的新局面。它将成为从Granville大桥进入温哥华市中心的城市大门。塔楼和群房的设计是对新城市主义地域类型中的"温哥华主义"建筑的全新解读,配合一座纤细的塔楼,试图保留城市视觉通廊并激活步行通道。住宅塔楼借助高度和毗邻河流的地理位置,是唯一可以同时享受水景和山景的建筑,坐拥温哥华广袤的自然风光。

关键词：温哥华平面图 Dialog 立面图

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