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Ratio of photosynthetically active radiation to global solar radiation above forest canopy in complex terrain: measurements and analyses based on Qingyuan Ker Towers

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Ecological Processes 2024年第2期13卷 204-217页

作者： Shuangtian Li Qiaoling Yan Tian Gao Xingchang Wang Qingwei Wang Fengyuan Yu Deliang Lu Huaqi Liu Jinxin Zhang jiaojun zhu CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Silviculture Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Qingyuan Forest CERN National Observation and Research Station Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS-CSI Joint Laboratory of Research and Development for Monitoring Forest Fluxes of Trace Gases and Isotope Elements Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Ecological Research Northeast Forestry University

Background Understanding of the ratio of photosynthetic photon flux density（Qp） to global solar radiation（Rs）(Qp/Rs) is crucial for applying Rsto ecology-related *** studies reported Qp/Rsand its variations based on measurements from a single observatory tower,instead of multi-site-based measurements over complex *** may neglect spatial heterogeneity in the terrain,creating a gap in an understanding of how terrain affects Qp/Rsand how this effect interacts with meteorological *** Here the Qingyuan Ker Towers（three towers in a valley with different terrains:T1,T2,and T3） were utilized to measure Qpand Rsover mountainous forests of Northeast *** airborne LiDAR system was used to generate a digital elevation model,and sky view factor of sectors（SVFs） divided from the field of view of tower's pyranometer was calculated as a topographic factor to explain the variations of Qp/*** The results identified significant differences in Qp/Rsof the three towers at both daily and half-hour scales,with larger differences on clear days than on overcast ***/Rswas positively correlated with SVFsof T1 and T3,while this correlation was negative with that of *** effect of SVFson Qp/Rsinteracted with clearness index,water vapor pressure and solar zenith *** forest-based importance assessment demonstrated that explanation（R2） on Qp/Rswas improved when SVFswas included in the predictor variable set,indicating that incorporating terrain effects enhances the prediction accuracy of Qp/*** improvement in the R2values was more pronounced on clear days than on overcast days,suggesting that the effect of terrain on Qp/Rsdepended on sky *** All findings suggested that Qp/Rsis affected by terrain,and integrating terrain information into existing Qp/Rsmodels is a feasible solution to improve Qp/Rsestimates in mountainous areas.

关键词： Photosynthetic photon flux density Clearness index Water vapor pressure Solar zenith angle Terrain Sky view factor

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Severe Global Environmental Issues Caused by Canada’s Record-Breaking Wildfires in 2023

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第4期41卷 565-571页

作者： Zhe WANG Zifa WANG Zhiyin ZOU Xueshun CHEN Huangjian WU Wending WANG Hang SU Fang LI Wenru XU Zhihua LIU jiaojun zhu State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China International Center for Climate and Environment Sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China

Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the *** wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 *** wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation *** model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg *** observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global *** better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.

关键词： Canada forest fire greenhouse gases PM_(2.5) transboundary air pollution

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The coupled effect of light and temperature on dormancy release and germination of Pinus koraiensis seeds

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Journal of Forestry Research 2022年第4期33卷 1135-1144页

作者： Min Zhang jiaojun zhu Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China

Elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of environmental factors on seed dormancy and germination will provide guidance for tree *** understanding the coupled effect of light and temperature on dormancy release and germination of Pinus koraiensis seeds,we set up three light conditions(L200:200μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),L20:20μmol m^(-2) s^(-1),L0:0μm^(-2) s^(-1))and four storage temperatures[T-5:-5°C(50 days),T5:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days),T25:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days)+25°C(50 days),T15:-5°C(50 days)+5°C(50 days)+25°C(50 days)+15°C(50 days)]using imbibed seeds,then quantified phytohormones gibberellic acid(GA_(3))and abscisic acid(ABA)during the *** percentage(G_(P)),mean germination time(T_(M)),and germination value(G_(V))under 25/15°C temperature and the three light conditions were then *** levels and germination performances were significantly affected by light and *** consistent trend was found between the phytohormone levels and G_(P) caused by light *** the three light conditions,ABA concentrations in the embryo and endosperm decreased as storage temperature shifted from T-5 to T25 and increased from T25 to T15;GA_(3) decreased in nearly all four storage temperatures.G_(P) reached 40–60%in T25 storage without light *** the three light conditions,G_(P) and G_(V) were higher at T5 and T25 than at T-5 and T15;so T5 and T25 are considered as optimum storage temperatures for dormancy release and *** optimum temperatures,light(L200,L20)significantly increased the G_(P) and G_(V) compared with the dark(L0).At L200 and L20,significant negative correlations between G_(V) and the ABA concentrations and positive correlations between G_(V) and GA/ABA in the seed embryo were *** played a more important role in primary dormancy release and germination;light was unnecessary for primary dormancy *** facilitated seed germination at optimum *** dormancy

关键词： Seed germination Gibberellic acid Abscisic acid Germination percentage Cold stratification Primary dormancy

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关于“气候智慧林业”研究的思考

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林业科学 2024年第7期60卷 1-7页

作者：朱教君王高峰张怀清高添中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所森林生态与保育全国重点实验室(中国科学院)辽宁清原森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站沈阳110016 美国克莱姆森大学林业与环境保护系克莱姆森29634 中国林业科学研究院资源信息研究所北京100091

气候智慧林业于2020年之后兴起,是集智慧林业、气候林业和生态林业于一体的协同发展新组合。气候智慧林业是利用智能化和数字驱动的新一代信息与人工智能(AI)技术,通过改变传统的林业科学科研与管理范式,更好地理解森林生态系统与气候... 详细信息

气候智慧林业于2020年之后兴起,是集智慧林业、气候林业和生态林业于一体的协同发展新组合。气候智慧林业是利用智能化和数字驱动的新一代信息与人工智能(AI)技术,通过改变传统的林业科学科研与管理范式,更好地理解森林生态系统与气候变化相互影响的机制;在此基础上,提出基于自然的气候解决方案,实现森林生态系统功能的高效、稳定、可持续目标,最终达到人与自然和谐发展。与传统林业和生态林业相似,气候智慧林业也需要强大的科学研究基础。气候智慧林业研究需要回答的核心科学问题是森林生态系统与气候变化相互影响的机制,其研究方向包括:1)森林生态系统碳汇的监测、计量与核算,以及碳汇对减缓气候变化的时间效应;2)森林生态系统韧性(抵抗力、恢复力、适应力)的形成及其对气候变化和自然干扰的响应机制;3)森林生态系统碳汇的形成、维持与提升机制,包括管理措施和木材生产利用对碳汇的影响、碳汇与其他功能之间的平衡;4)人工智能和多源遥感驱动的森林智能数据采集系统;5)基于信息化+AI和专家决策的气候智慧林业管理系统。加强上述研究,有利于增强森林生态系统韧性,以更好适应气候变化或减缓气候变化的负面影响,提升森林缓解气候变化的能力,为增强森林的多种生态功能与林产品供给能力提供科技支撑。

关键词：气候智慧林业气候变化碳汇人工智能数字孪生森林经营

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A review of ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests

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Journal of Forestry Research 2021年第2期32卷 435-448页

作者： jiaojun zhu Lining Song Yu Lei CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China Liaoning Key Laboratory for Management of Non-Commercial Forests Shenyang 110016People’s Republic of China 不详

A protective forest,including shelterbelt,windbreak,and shelter forest as its synonyms,is characterized by the protective functions of various forest types distributed or planted on ecologically fragile areas or nearby the objects that need to be protected using the ecological effects of *** mechanisms for management practices of protective forests is one of the disciplinary orientations in forest ecology and *** protective forest studies are dependent on forestry eco-engineering,such as the Great Plains Shelterbelt Project in the United States,the Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature in the Soviet Union,and the Three-North Afforestation Program in *** development of sustainable management of protective forests has been given increasing attention by governments,scientists,and media due to their impacts on environment conservation and global *** introduce forestry ecoengineering and provide a review of their main ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective *** mechanisms for management systems currently applied are emphasized,i.e.,the theory of protection maturity and phase-directional management;the relationship between structure and protective functions and structural optimization measures;and,the decline mechanism and ecological restoration *** addition,several unresolved problems in management practices of protective forests are discussed as well as the prospects for ecological mechanisms for management practices of protective forests in the future,which include:(1)theories and technologies for management practices of protective forests at the landscape or regional scale;(2)the decline mechanisms and corresponding ecological restoration approaches across multiple scales;and,(3)the comprehensive assessment of forestry eco-engineering at large-scales based on ecosystem principles.

关键词： Ecologically fragile areas Ecological effects Forestry eco-engineering Management systems Assessment of protective forests

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Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus resorption of woody species in response to climatic conditions and soil nutrients： a meta-analysis

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Journal of Forestry Research 2018年第4期29卷 904-912页

作者： Tao Yan jiaojun zhu Kai Yang CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied Ecology Shenyang 110016 People' s Republic of China Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 People's Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 People's Republic of China

Nutrient resorption before abscission is an important nutrient conservation mechanism regulated by climatic conditions and soil nutrients. However, our current understanding of leaf nutrient resorption is primarily derived from site-specific studies or from the use of greenleaf nutrient concentrations to represent those in soils. It remains unknown how nutrient resorption responds to natural soil-nutrient concentrations at a global scale. The effects of plant functional groups, climatic conditions, and soil nutrients and their interactions on leaf nutrient resorption are also unknown. In this study, we established a global database derived from 85 published papers, including 547 reports of nitrogen and phosphorus resorption efficiency （NRE and PRE）, climatic factors （LAT, latitude; MAT, mean annual temperature; MAP, mean annual precipitation） and soil-nutrient data （STN, soil total nitrogen; STP, soil total phosphorus） across 111 research sites. The results demonstrated that mean NRE and PRE were 48.4 and 53.3%, respectively. NRE of trees was lower than those of shrubs. NRE and PRE of coniferous species were both higher than those of broad-leaved species. Evergreen species had higher PRE than did deciduous species. NRE was negatively related to STN, but PRE and STP were not related. Both NRE and PRE decreased with increasing MAT and MAP but increased with increasing LAT. Plant functional groups, climate and soil nutrients jointly explained 22 and 32% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively. It is important to note that climate （especially MAT） explained 12 and 29% of the variations in NRE and PRE, respectively, implying that continuing global warming will exert an increasingly profound influence on plant nutrient cycles.

关键词： Global Climate change Nutrient resorptionefficiency Tree Shrub

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Roles of abscisic acid and gibberellins in maintaining primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds

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Journal of Forestry Research 2020年第6期31卷 2423-2434页

作者： Yuan Song jiaojun zhu Qiaoling Yan Qingyuan Forest CERN Chinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016People’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China

Primary dormancy of seeds of Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis *** Zucc.)after dispersal in the autumn and the induction of secondary dormancy the fi rst summer following seed dispersal limit the regeneration of mixed broadleaved Korean pine forests in Northeast *** study was to determine how changes in the levels of abscisic acid(ABA)and gibberellic acid(GA)maintain primary and secondary dormancy of Korean pine seeds under germination *** transferred seeds with one of fi ve primary dormancy states or three secondary dormancy states to germination conditions and measured changes in the levels of ABA,GA 1+3(GA 1 and GA 3)and GA 4+7(GA 4 and GA 7)in the seed coat,megagametophyte and embryo during *** coat ABA levels in primary dormant seeds(PDS)and ABA levels in various parts of secondary dormant seeds(SDS)gradually declined during incubation but were still higher than in seeds for which dormancy was progressively *** 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in embryos greatly decreased 35%and 24%,respectively,during incubation of SDS,and thus,the ratio of ABA to GA 4+7 in embryos and megagametophytes signifi cantly *** ratio of ABA to GA 1+3 in various parts of SDS increased slightly during *** contrast,in seeds for which secondary dormancy was already released,GA 4+7 and GA 1+3 levels in the embryo,GA 4+7/ABA ratio in the embryo and seed coat,and the GA 1+3/ABA in the embryo and megagametophyte signifi cantly increased during *** was no trend in the changes in the levels of ABA,GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in embryos and megagametophytes of PDS or the levels of GA 4+7 or GA 1+3 in megagametophytes of SDS during *** results suggest that high ABA levels in the seed coat maintain primary dormancy of Korean pine *** of secondary dormancy involves a reduction of GA 4+7,GA 1+3,GA 4+7/ABA,and GA 1+3/ABA and the retention of high ABA levels.

关键词： Abscisic acid Gibberellic acid 4 and acid 7 Gibberellic acid 1 and acid 3 Korean pine Primary dormancy Secondary dormancy

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Effects of gaps on regeneration of woody plants: a meta-analysis

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第3期25卷 501-510页

作者： jiaojun zhu Deliang Lu Weidong Zhang State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest Ecology Institute of Applied Ecology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Forest gaps, openings in the canopy caused by death of one or more trees, have a profound effect on forest regeneration and drive the forest growth cycle. It is therefore necessary to understand the effects of forest gaps on regeneration for modern forest management. In order to provide a quantitative assessment of the effects of forest gaps on regen-eration of woody plants, we conducted this review of gap effects on woody plant regeneration on the basis of 527 observations from 42 indi-vidual papers, and reported the results of these data in a meta-analysis. Overall, densities of regenerated woody plants were significantly greater （359%） in forest gaps than on the closed-canopy forest floor. The regen-eration density in gaps of plantation forests was significantly greater （P＆lt;0.05） than that of natural forest because the regeneration in gaps of plan-tation forests was improved by both gap effects and experimental meas-ures. Similarly, in comparison to natural gaps, regeneration was better enhanced in artificial gaps. Regeneration density exhibited a significantly positive correlation with gap size, but a negative correlation with gap age because the gap size decreased with increasing gap age. Shade tolerance of woody plants affected regeneration density in gaps and understory. Average regeneration density of shade-tolerant species exhibited a sig-nificantly positive response to gaps but densities remained lower in total than those of intermediate and shade-intolerant species. Gap effects on regeneration decreased in response to increasing temperature and pre-cipitation because of the limiting effects of lower temperature and moisture on woody plant regeneration. In summary, forest gaps enhance woody plant regeneration, and the effects of gaps varied by forest type, gap characteristics, environmental factors and plant traits. The results of this meta-analysis are useful for better understanding the effects and roles of gaps on forest regeneration and forest manage

关键词： forest gap regeneration disturbance gap size gap age,shade tolerance

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The amelioration of degraded larch(Larix olgensis)soil depends on the proportion of Aralia elata litter in *** agroforestry systems

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Journal of Forestry Research 2023年第4期34卷 1065-1076页

作者： Pingzhen Gao jiaojun zhu Qiaoling Yan Kai Yang Jinxin Zhang Qingyuan Forest CERN National Observation and Research StationShenyang 110016Liaoning ProvinceChina CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management Institute of Applied EcologyShenyang 110016China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Research has indicated that introducing Aralia elata into larch plantations forms an agroforestry system which could provide economic benefi ts for local farmers and improve degraded ***,the impact of litter mixtures on soil chemical and microbial properties in this agroforestry system are unclear,which limits effi cient management of the agroforestry system.A 365-d incubation experiment examined the eff ect of litter mixtures of diff erent proportions of larch(L)and ***(A)on soil chemical and microbial *** results show that levels of mineral N,available P,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,cumulative C mineralization,and activities of hydrolases and oxidases increased with an increase of *** in the litter *** of total soil carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorous did not change(except for total nitrogen).Compared with larch litter alone,levels of mineral N,available P,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,cumulative C mineralization,and the activities of hydrolases and oxidases increased by 7.6–433.5%.Most chemical and microbial properties were positively correlated with mixed litter proportions and the initial levels of N,P,K,Ca,Mg,Mn,Zn and Cu in the litter,while negatively correlated with the initial concentrations of C,Fe and lignin,C/N and lignin/N *** results indicate that *** litter can improve degraded larch soil and the degree depends on the proportion of *** litter in the litter mixtures.

关键词： Larch-based agroforestry Incubation experiment Litter mixtures Litter quality Soil properties

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Response of Pinus koraiensis seedling growth to different light conditions based on the assessment of photosynthesis in current and one-year-old needles

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第1期25卷 53-62页

作者： jiaojun zhu Kai Wang Yirong Sun Qiaoling Yan State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology Qingyuan Experimental Station of Forest EcologyInstitute of Applied EcologyChinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

As one of the three major five-leaved pines in the northern hemisphere, Pinus koraiensis is the most important dominant tree species in the natural mixed-broadleaved Korean pine forests. However, the regeneration of P koraiensis under the canopy of secondary forest stands is poor because of the light limitation. This study was conducted to understand how P koraiensis seedlings adapt to different light intensities and what would be the optimum light level for their establishment and growth. Three repetition plots with four light intensities （15%, 30%, 60% and 100% of the natural incident irradiances, achieved by suspending layers of black nylon net above and surrounding the plots） were set up under natural climate conditions in a montane region in eastern Liaoning Province, Northeast China. A total of 80 P koraiensis seedlings with similar height and root collar diameter were transplanted into four plots. After one year of acclimation to the specific light conditions, the seasonal variations of the photosynthetic variables and needle traits of the current and one-year-old needles, and the growth parameters were observed under four light intensities. The results indicated that：（1） The seedling at 60% treatment exhibited the greatest growth, which agreed with the response of the light-saturated photosynthetic rates （Amax） and the dark respiration rate （Rd） in the current and one-year-old needles, i.e., Rd at 60% treatment was significantly lower than that at 100% treatment, but Amax did not differ between the seedlings at 100% and 60% treatments. （2） The P. koraiensis seedlings have a certain photosynthetic plasticity to adapt the light conditions by adjusting their needle traits and regulating the physiological processes, because Amax, Rd, light saturation point and compensation point, the needle mass area, needle nitrogen and chlorophyll contents were significantly （p〈0.05） correlated with the light intensities. Especially, Am,x at 100% and 60% treatments was signif

关键词： light requirement needle age needle trait photosynthetic plasticity Pinus koraiensis

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