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Cracking conditions of crude oil under different geological environments

Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 77-83页

作者： zhao wenzhi,wang zhaoyun,zhang {3. hongjun research institute of petroleum exploration&Development,petrochina,beijing 100083.china petrochina Res Inst Petr Explorat & Dev Beijing 100083 Peoples R China

There are mainly 3.kinds of existing states of oil generating from source rocks,that is,dispersive liquid hydrocarbon inside of source rock,dispersive liquid hydrocarbon outside of source rock and concentrated liquid hydrocarbon outside of source *** of the differences in thermal history and medium conditions around,and the interaction of organic and inorganic matter,the liquid hydrocarbon with 3.kinds of existing state has different cracking *** gas generation dynamics experiments of crude oil matching different mediums indicate that the distribution of activation energy of methane changes a lot according to medium *** carbonate has a main influence on oil cracking conditions and can largely reduce its activation energy,which reflects the lower cracking temperature of crude *** mudstone takes a second place and the sandstone is the *** catalytic cracking function to the oil of the carbonate,of the mudstone and of the sandstone changes weaken in *** corresponding Ro values of main gas generation period in different mediums are as follows:1.5%―3.8%with pure crude oil,1.2%―3.2%with dispersive crude oil in carbonate,1.3.~3.4% with dispersive crude oil in mudstone and 1.4%―3.6%with dispersive crude oil in *** influence of pressure to crude oil cracking is relatively *** the low heating speed condition, pressure restrains the oil cracking and gas generation,but in the high heating speed condition,pressure has an indistinctive influence to the oil cracking and gas *** also makes a different effort in different evolvement *** the middle and lower Cambrian source rocks in the Tarim Basin as an example,primary oil generating quantity is 223..24×10 8 t,residual oil and oil cracking gas quantity is 806.21×10 8 t and 106.95×10 12 m 3.respectively.

关键词： different existing state oil cracking condition gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type

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Oil cracking: An important way for highly efficient gen- eration of gas from marine source rock kitchen

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2005年第22期50卷 2628-2635页

作者： zhao wenzhi wang zhaoyun zhang {3. wang hongjun wang Yunpeng research institute of petroleum {3. & Development Petro- China Beijing 100083 China Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640. China

The potentials of gas generation by kerogen in the late period and by crude oil cracking are closely related to the origin of natural gas in the high- to over mature ma- rine area and their exploration perspectives. The carbon structure of kerogens, with different types and at different evolution stages, have been experimentally studied using the high magnetic field solid 13. nuclear magnetic resonance technique in order to determine the oil and gas potential of kerogens. Results show that the contents of gas potential carbon(GPC) of types I, II, III kerogens at the high- to over mature stage are very low, indicating their weak gas-generating capacity and limited gas production; however, the content of oil potential carbon(OPC) of the low mature type I kerogen is much higher, implying that a large amount of crude oil generated during the oil-generating period will be the material for later gas generation by oil cracking. The kinetic experiment of gas generation by crude oil cracking shows that, when the temperature is about 160℃(Ro=1.6%), the crude oil will start to produce large amounts of gas; the temperature range for major gas generation of crude oil is higher than that of the kerogens, and the gas production is 2 to 4 times higher than that of kerogens. The natural gas de- rived from oil cracking (called oil-cracked gas) is much abundant in methyl hexamethylene, which is quite different from the natural gas produced by thermal degradation of kerogens (named kerogen degradation gas) at high- to over mature stage.

关键词：石油裂化反应油原退化磁场结构 GPC

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Gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 441-453页

作者： zhao wenzhi1, wang zhaoyun1, HE Haiqing2, zhang Mingjie3. {3. hongjun1, {3. Yunpeng4 & QIN Yong5 1. research institute of petroleum exploration & Development, petrochina, beijing 100083, {13. 2. petrochina exploration & Production, beijing 100011, {13. 3. Department of Geology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, {13. 4. Guangzhou Geochemical institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, {13. 5. {13. University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, {13. 1. research institute of petroleum {3. & Development 100083 PetroChinaBeijin China 2. petrochina exploration & Production 100011 Beijing China 3. Department of Geology Lanzhou University 730000 Lanzhou China 4. Guangzhou Geochemical institute Chinese Academy of Sciences 510640 Guangzhou China 5. china University of Mining and Technology 221000 Xuzhou China

By breaking through the conventional ideology on the study of gas-formation mechanism of source rocks which focused on merely the characteristics of source rocks them- selves, and based on the development and distribution characteristics of marine carbonate source rocks in the medium-to-bottom parts of the Chinese superimposed sedimentary basins as well as various processes in the course of gas generation and reservoir forming, the complex hydrocarbon-generating model of carbonates is established. Such a model concerns not only the “three-stage” gas formation characteristics of carbonates, but also the gas generation process due to a thermal cracking of oil and the re-generation process of gas from heated secondary organic matters during the gas-generation and reservoir-forming course. The high-quality hy- drocarbon generating matter of marine carbonate source rocks determined a high gas-oil ratio and tended to form paleo-oil-reservoirs, representing an enrichment process of organic matters. The thermal cracking of oil in palaeo-oil-reservoirs is an important means for the effective forma- tion of gas reservoirs. The secondary organic matters in carbonate reservoirs may regenerate gas after a secondary deep burial, thus becoming an effective gas source.

关键词： carbonate, three-stage hydrocarbon generation, inhibitive effect of maturity, oil-cracking gas, second-ary asphalt gas.

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Identification of marine natural gases with different origin sources

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 148-164页

作者： wang YunPeng 1 ,zhao ChangYi 2 ,wang zhaoyun 2 ,wang hongjun 2 ,TIAN Jin 1 ,ZOU YanRong 1 &LIU JinZhong1 1State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,china 2institute of Geology,research institute of petroleum exploration and Development,petrochina,{13. State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640 China institute of Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083

Kinetic experiments of gas generation for typical samples of marine gas precursors including low-maturity kerogen,residual kerogen and oil as well as dispersed liquid hydrocarbon(DLH)in source rocks were performed by closed system,and the evolution trends of molecular and isotopic compositions of natural gases from different precursors against the maturity(R0%)at laboratory conditions were *** diagrams of gas origin were calibrated by using the experimental data.A diagram based on the ratio of normal and isomerous butane and pentane(i/nC4-i/nC5)was proposed and used to identify the origins of the typical marine natural gases in the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, *** the maturities of natural gases were estimated by using the statistical relationships between the gaseous molecular carbon isotopic data and maturities(δ13.-R 0 %)with different *** results indicate that the molecular and isotopic compositions of simulated gases from different precursors are different from each *** example,the dryness index of the oil-cracking gas is the lowest;the dryness indices of gases from DLH and kerogen in closed system are almost the same;and the dryness index of gases from residual kerogen is extremely high,indicating that the kerogen gases are very dry;the contents of non-hydrocarbon gases in kerogen-cracking gases are far higher than those in oil-cracking and DLH-cracking *** molecular carbon isotopes of oil-cracking gases are the lightest,those of kerogen in closed system and GLH-cracking gases are the second lightest,and those of cracking gases from residual kerogen are the *** calibration results indicate that the diagrams of ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3.andδ13.2-δ13.3.ln(C2/C3.can discriminate primary and secondary cracking gases,but cannot be used to identify gas origin sources,while the diagram of i/nC4-i/nC5 can differentiate the gases from different *** application results of these diagrams show that gas mixtures ext

关键词： marine organic matter gas origin sources kerogen oil-cracking gas origin identification carbon isotope

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Analysis on forming conditions of deep marine reservoirs and their concentration belts in superimposed basins in china

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 12-27页

作者： zhao wenzhi, wang ZeCheng, zhang {3. & wang hongjun research institute of petroleum exploration and Development, petrochina, beijing 100083, {13.

By taking the Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin as examples, the conditions for deep marine reservoir formation were illustrated in three aspects listed below: late-stage superimposition style, burial history and structural deformation of the marine stratigraphic system. The burial history of marine source rocks can be divided into three types, i.e., type I, type II and type III, which are obviously different from the case with present hydrocarbon phases in terms of hydrocarbon generation and petroleum-reservoir formation. Based on evolution history, the structural belts in the marine stratigraphic sequence can also be divided into four types, i.e. earlier normal fault-later fault-fold type, earlier uplift-later fault-fold type, earlier uplift-later flattened slope type, and earlier depression-later thrust type. In this paper, a successive gas generation model was proposed, and it was particularly pointed out that coupling of geothermal field annealing evolution and tectonic subsidence and late gas generation from dispersed liquid hydrocarbon in highly matured to over-matured source rocks are key factors for formation of marine petroleum reservoirs. The geological conditions for formation of high-grade reservoirs in deep marine system, covering early hydrocarbon injection, deep denudation and buried dolomitization, were summarized. It was finally concluded that three major structural belts, i.e. paleo-uplift belt characterized by composite hydrocarbon accumulation, paleo-fault belt and high-energy sedimentary facies belt, were involved in marine hydrocarbon accumulation.

关键词： superposition basin marine formation deep zone dispersed liquid hydrocarbon geothermal field structural deformation

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Analysis on forming conditions of deep marine reservoirs and their concentration belts in superimposed basins in china

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A01期52卷 12-27页

作者： zhao wenzhi wang ZeCheng zhang {3. wang hongjun research institute of petroleum {3. and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China

关键词：叠加盆地海洋形成碳酸氢盐深海地带

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Lithological architecture, geological processes and energy-field environments are major factors for the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs*

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第10期 15-24页

作者： zhao wenzhi, wang Zecheng, LI Xiaoqing, wang {3. and wang zhaoyun (research institute of petroleum exploration & Development, petrochina, beijing 100083, china Energy Department, china University of Geosciences, beijing 100083, china) research institute of petroleum {3. & Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Energy Department China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

The formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by three major factors;lithological architecture, geological processes and energy-field environments. Among the three major factors, lithological architecture provides the storing medium for hydrocarbon; geological processes include hydrocarbon generation, migration, accumulation, preservation and modification; and energy-field environments refer to the various geothermal and geodynamic forces that affect the lithological architecture and drive the geological processes. In this study, we take Kela-2 and Sulige gas reservoirs as two examples to study relationships among the three major factors, and explain how these factors influence the scale and quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

关键词： hydrocarbon reservoir formation energy field environments lithological architecture geological processes Kela-2 gas pool Sulige gas pool.

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Control of coupling among three major factors for formation of high-efficiency gas reservoir——A case study on the oolitic beach gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A01期52卷 201-214页

作者： wang ZeCheng zhao wenzhi zhang {3. wang hongjun YU Qian institute of Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China research institute of petroleum {3. and Development Beijing 100083 China Testing Center of petroleum Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development Beijing 100083 China Chengdu institute of Geology and Mineral Resources Chengdu 610082 China

Through a case study of the high-efficiency gas reservoir in Feixianguan Formation in the northeast Sichuan Basin, quantitative and semi-quantitative analyses of key elements such as hydrocarbon generation, migration and accumulation, and reservoir evolution as well as their interplay in the critical moment of reservoir formation controlled by the energy field were carried out, by means of numerical modeling of the energy field. It was found that the climax time for Permian hydrocarbon generation was Late Triassic-Early Jurassic and accumulation of oil and gas has resulted in large-scale paleoreservoirs in paleostructural traps in Feixianguan Formation, a process facilitated by fractures connecting the sources. The paleoreservoirs have been turned into high-efficiency gas kitchens due to pyrolysis, which resulted from deep burial at a temperature of 170―210 ℃ as induced by tremendously thick sedimentation in the foreland basin of Daba Mountain in Late Jurassic-Cretaceous period. Meanwhile, abundant acid gas like H2S produced from thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR) at high temperatures leads to extensive dissolution of dolostone in the paleoreservoirs, which may in turn result in modification of the reservoirs and preservation of the reservoir rock porosity. The present distribution of gas reservoirs was ultimately determined in the processes of adjustment, cooling and decompression of the paleoreservoirs resulting from intense deformation in the front of Daba Mountain during the Himalayan orogeny.

关键词：数字模型高效率储存四川盆地资源开发

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 201-214页

作者： wang ZeCheng1, zhao wenzhi2, zhang {3.3. wang hongjun1 & YU Qian4 1 institute of Geology, research institute of petroleum exploration and Development, beijing 100083, {13. 2 research institute of petroleum exploration and Development, beijing 100083, {13. 3.Testing Center of petroleum Geology, research institute of petroleum exploration and Development, beijing 100083, {13. 4 Chengdu institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chengdu 610082, {13.

关键词： energy field coupling numerical modeling high-efficiency gas reservoir Feixianguan Formation Sichuan Basin

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Relationship between the later strong gas-charging and the improvement of the reservoir capacity in deep Ordovician carbonate reservoir in Tazhong area, Tarim Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2009年第17期54卷 3076-3089页

作者： zhao wenzhi ZHU GuangYou zhang shuichang {3. XueFeng SUN YuShan wang hongjun YANG HaiJun HAN JianFa research institute of petroleum {3. and Development PetroChina Beijing 100083 China research institute of petroleum {3. and Development Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChina Korla 841000 China

Some large-scale oil-gas fields have recently been discovered in marine carbonate in china, especially the significant discoveries in deep reservoir that reveals a favorable exploration prospect. Tazhong area is the first-order tectonic unit in Tarim Basin, where there are nearly trillion cubic meters of natural gas resources in the Ordovician limestone reef flat complex in Lianglitage Formation. The reservoir is shelf edge reef flat complex, characterized by ultra-low porosity, low permeability and strong heterogeneous, with a current burial depth of 4500―6500 m. Studies find that the formation and distribution of deep reservoir of the Lianglitage Formation were controlled not only by the early high-energy sedimentary facies and corrosion, but the fracture network formed by the strong gas-charging process since the Himalayan epoch, which played an important role in optimizing and improving reservoir properties. This paper discusses the relationship between the strong later gas-charging and the improvement of the reservoir capacity in deep Ordovician carbonate reservoir, and also builts the corresponding mechanisms and modes, which is favorable for the prediction and evaluation of the advantageous exploration targets.

关键词：碳酸盐岩储层塔里木盆地塔中地区煤气收费奥陶系天然气资源能力勘探前景

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