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Deciphering the structural evolution and real active ingredients of iron oxides in photocatalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2024年第8期43卷 27-37页

作者： mengjun zhao Yuhao Guo Na Li Tingjiang Yan Key Laboratory of Catalytic Conversion and Clean Energy in Universities of Shandong Province School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringQufu Normal UniversityQufu273165PR China College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shaanxi University of Science and TechnologyXi'an710021PR China

Photocatalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation reactions can produce high-value-added chemicals for industry,solving the environmental problems caused by excessive CO_(2)*** oxides are commonly used in photocatalytic reactions due to their various structures and suitable band ***,the structural evolution and real active components during photocatalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation reaction are rarely ***,a variety of iron oxides including a-Fe_(2)O_(3),y-Fe_(2)O_(3),Fe_(3)O_(4)and FeO were derived from Prussian blue precursors to investigate the CO_(2)hydrogenation performance,structural evolution and active ***,the typical a-andγ-Fe_(2)O_(3)are converted to Fe_(3)O_(4)during the reaction,while Fe/Fe_(x)O_(y)remains structurally ***,it is confirmed that Fe_(3)O_(4)is the main active component for CO production and the formation of hydrocarbons(CH_(4)and C_(2)-C_(4))are highly dependent on the Fe/Fe_(x)O_(y)*** optimal yields of CO,CH_(4)and C_(2)-C_(4)hydrocarbons over the best catalyst(FeFe-550)can achieve 4 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),350μmol g^(-1)h^(-1)and 150μmol g^(-1)h^(-1),respectively due to their suitable metal/oxide component *** work examines the structural evolution of different iron oxide catalysts in the photocatalytic CO_(2)hydrogenation reaction,identifies the active components as well as reveals the relationship between components and the products,and offers valuable insights into the efficient utilization of CO_(2).

关键词： Iron oxides Photocatalysis CO_(2)hydrogenation Structural evolution

Geochemical characteristics and formation process of natural gas in Kela 2 gas field

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 113-119页

作者： zhao mengjun LU Shuangfang WANG Tingdong LI Jian Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Daqing Petroleum Institute Anda 151400.China Southwest Petroleum Institute Nanchong 637000China

On the basis of a large amount of natural gascomponents and the carbon isotope as well as some otheranalysis data in Kela 2 gas field, the geochemical character-istics, source, origin, and formation process of natural gashave been discussed. The components of gas in the field tendto be 'dry', and the drying coefficient is close to 1.0. Thecarbon isotope tends to be heavier, for instance, the averageof δ13C1 is -27.36‰ and that ofδ13C2 is -18.5‰. Compre-hensive analysis shows that humic natural gas in the Kuqapetroleum system comes mainly from Triassic and Jurassicsource rocks, and the contribution of Jurassic source rocks tothe pool maybe is more than that of Triassic rocks. The maincause that the gas tends to be dry and bears heavier isotopecomposition lies in the fact that Kela 2 natural gas is the ac-cumulation of late production of humic source rocks, and itis affected by the abnormal high pressure as well. Consider-ing the hydrocarbon generating and structural history, wecan regard the gas pool formation processes as twice fillingand twice adjusting （destroying）, that is, the filling anddestroying process in the early Himalayan movement and thefilling and adjusting in the late Himalayan movement.

关键词： natural gas geochemistry source of natural gas reservoir formation process Kela 2 gas field.

Hydrocarbon sources and stages of reservoir formation in Kuqa depression, Tarim Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 62-70页

作者： LIANG Digang ZHANG Shuichang zhao mengjun WANG Feiyu Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Petroleum University of China Beijing 102200China

Kuqa depression bears not only plenty ofnatural gas, but also a large amount of condensate and smallquantity of crude oil. Based on the geochemical correlationbetween the Jurassic and Triassic terrestrial hydrocarbonsource rock, this paper confirms that the natural gas in Kuqadepression belongs to coal-type gas and the main gas sourcerock is attributed to the middle to lower Jurassic coal seriesformation, while the main oil source rock is the upper Tri-assic lacustrine mudstone. The authors indicated that Kuqadepression was slowly subsided in Mesozoic, but rapidlywent down in Late Tertiary, which made the Jurassic andTriassic source rock suddenly deep-buried and rapidlyevolved to high and over-mature phase since 5 Ma. TheTriassic source rock is postponed to the Early Miocene dur-ing 23-12 Ma when entering the oil-generating peak, whilethe Jurassic is suspended to the latest 5 Ma, especially since2.5 Ma to the dry gas-generating period, which is one of thecharacteristics of the source rock thermal evolution in Kuqadepression. This paper presents a two-stage trapping andlate gas trapping model in Kuqa depression whose charac-teristics are: The main oil and gas reservoirs have differentsources. The oil reservoir is formed early while the gas res-ervoir is formed lately. During the early stage, it, mainly asoil, takes long distance lateral migration, while in the laterstage, it, mainly as gas, takes the vertical migration and alsohas lateral migration. The trap formed in different time onthe south and north sides of the depression and evolved intoa distributional pattern with oil in the south part and gas inthe north, also oil on the outer ring and gas on the inner *** paper points out that the late trapping of the naturalgas in Kuqa depression is favorable for the preservation oflarge gas fields.

关键词： hydrocarbon source coal-type gas buried history thermal evolution trapping stage.

Controlling factors for large gas field formation in thrust belt of Kuqa coal derived hydrocarbon foreland basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2002年第S1期47卷 55-61页

作者： SONG Yan JIA Chengzao zhao mengjun TIAN Zuoji Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China PetroChina Beijing 100011China

Kuqa depression is a foreland basin developedwith Mesozoic-Triassic-Jurassic coal-bearing formation. Theresearch results of the coal-derived hydrocarbon forelandbasins in Kuqa depression indicated that the coal-bearingformation can be the rich sources for generating gas becauseof their thickness and rich source rocks with gas-generatingpredominant kerogen. Although the foreland thrust beltmainly acting in compression is very complicated, integrallarge structural traps can be formed. Moreover, the thrustbelt can act as the passage for communication with deepsource rocks. The high quality gypsolish and gypseous mud-stone cap rock developed in the upper formation is the keyfor the formation of the large gas field. The late formation ofreservoirs in the large gas fields depended on the hydrocar-bon-generating history controlled by the foreland basin andthe developing process of foreland thrust belt.

关键词： foreland basin thrust belt coal-bearing formation large gas field.

Coalbed methane genesis, occurrence and accumulation in China

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Petroleum Science 2012年第3期9卷 269-280页

作者： Song Yan Liu Shaobo Zhang Qun Tao Mingxin zhao mengjun Hong Feng Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China China University of Petroleum Beijing 102249China Xi'an Research Institute of China Coal Technology&Engineering Group Corp. Shaanxi 710077China Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875China

Coalbed methane （CBM） is an important type of unconventional gas. Commercial development of CBM in America has been very successful since the 1980s. The CBM industry in Australia and Canada has developed rapidly during the last decade. Commercial development of CBM in China started in the 1990s, and has made great progress. The geological theory of CBM in China has achieved great advancement in genesis, occurrence and accumulation. On the aspect of CBM genesis, five CBM genetic types （primary biogenic gas, secondary biogenic gas, thermal degradation gas, pyrolysis gas and mixed gas） are identified by studying the geochemical characteristics of CBM, and a tracing indicator system is established. The discovery of secondary biogenic gas in medium-high rank coal reservoirs has widened the potential of CBM resources. On the aspect of CBM occurrence, the gas adsorption regulation under combined action of temperature and pressure is revealed by conducting adsorption experiments of different coal ranks under varying temperature and pressure conditions. Besides, by applying the adsorption potential theory in CBM research, the adsorption model under combined action of temperature and pressure is established. The new model can predict CBM resources accurately, and overcome the limitation of the traditional Langmuir model which uses just a single factor to describe the adsorption characteristics of deep buried coal. On the aspect of CBM accumulation, it is proposed that there are three evolutionary stages during CBM accumulation, including gas generation and adsorption, unsaturated gas adsorption, gas desorption-diffusion and preservation. Controlled by tectonic evolution, hydrodynamics and sealing conditions, CBM tends to be regionally enriched in synclines. Advances in geological theory of CBM in China can not only improve understanding of natural gas, but also provide new ideas for further exploration of CBM.

关键词： China coalbed methane genetic type secondary biogenic gas adsorption model syncline enrichment

Differential Hydrocarbon Accumulation Controlled by Structural Styles along the Southern and Northern Tianshan Thrust Belt

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2013年第4期87卷 1109-1119页

作者： SONG Yan zhao mengjun FANG Shihu LI Benliang LIU Shaobo ZHUO Qingong Key Laboratory of Basin Structure and Hydrocarbon Accumulation CNPC State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource and Prospecting Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina

The Kuqa and the Southern Junggar foreland thrust belts, which lie to the southern and northern Tianshan, respectively, were formed under a strong compressional tectonic setting. Due to the differential propagation and deformation under the control of the décollement horizon, the structural deformation styles differ in the Kuqa and Southern Junggar thrust belts. Imbricated stacking is developed in the Kuqa thrust belt, forming a piggyback imbricated pattern of faulted anticline and fault-block structural assemblage dominated by salt structures. In contrast, wedge-shaped thrusts are developed in Southern Junggar, mainly forming vertical laminated patterns of multi-wedge-structure stacks strongly influenced by the décollement horizons. The different deformation patterns and structural styles of the north and south of Tian Shan control the contrasting characteristics of hydrocarbon accumulation in the foreland thrust belts of the Kuqa and the Southern Junggar thrust belts, including the variance in the hydrocarbon trap types, pathway systems and hydrocarbon-bearing horizons. Proven by the hydrocarbon accumulation research and exploration achievements, recent exploration targets should focus on sub-salt piggyback imbricated structural patterns in the Kuqa and the deep laminated patterns in the Southern Junggar thrust belt.

关键词： northern and southern TianShan structural style hydrocarbon accumulation,accumulation model

Accumulation process and model for the Ordovician buried hill reservoir in the western Lunnan area,the Tarim Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A01期52卷 224-235页

作者： zhao mengjun PAN WenQing HAN JianFa LIU ShaoBo QIN ShengFei ZHANG BaoMin Central Laboratory of Petroleum Geology Research of RIPED PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development of Tarim Oilfield PetroChina Korla 841000 China

The Ordovician buried hill reservoir in the western Lunnan area, a type of dissolved fracture and cavernous reservoir, is mainly composed of heavy oil. The oil is the mixture sourcing from the Middle-Lower Cambrian and Middle-Lower Ordovician, with three stages of pool forming process: (1) the destruction and parallel migration/accumulation during the late Caledonian to early Hercynian; (2) the oil and gas accumulation during the late Hercynian characterized by adjustment upward along faults and parallel migration/accumulation; (3) the formation of heavy oil during the latest Hercynian. The Ordovician buried hill reservoir is affected by the diffusion of light oil and gas but had no hydrocarbon charging during the late Yanshan period to Himalayan period, but in this period, formed the association of heavy oil and dissolved gas cracked from crude oil with dry coefficient of 0.91-0.96. The study on accumulation process of the Ordovician buried hill reservoir has important implications for the exploration potential of early oil and gas accumulation in the cratonic area of the Tarim Basin.

关键词：原油沥青储备奥陶纪充填周期

Pool-Forming Stages and Enrichment Models of Medium- to High-Rank Coalbed Methane

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2010年第6期84卷 1539-1546页

作者： SONG Yan zhao mengjun HONG Feng LIU Shaobo QIN Shengfei WANG Hongyan Petroleum Geology Research and Laboratory Center Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development CNPC Beijing 100083 China Yangtze University Jingzhou Hubei 434023 China Langfang Branch of Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development CNPC Langfang Hebei 065007 China

The pool-forming mechanism of coalbed methane has its own *** this paper, based on studies on the typical coal-bearing basins in China,it is pointed out that the reservoir formation of medium- to high-rank coalbed methane has experienced three critical stages：the coalbed methane generation and adsorption stage,the coalbed adsorption capacity enhancement stage,and the coalbed methane desorption-diffusion and preservation *** regional tectonic evolution, hydrodynamic conditions and sealing conditions play important roles in the stage of coalbed methane desorption-diffusion and ***- to high-rank coalbed methane has three types of enrichment models,that is,the most favorable,the relatively favorable,and the unfavorable enrichment models.

关键词： coalbed methane reservoir mechanism structure hydrodynamic model

The influence of tectonic evolution on the accumulation and enrichment of coalbed methane (CBM)

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2005年第S1期50卷 1-6页

作者： SONG Yan zhao mengjun LIU Shaobo WANG Hongyan CHEN Zhenhong PetroChina Exploration and Development Research Institute Beijing 100083China School of Earth Sciences Yangtze UniversityJingzhou 434023China Langfang Branch PetroChina Exploration and Development Research InstituteLangfang 065007China

The current accumulation and enrichment of CBM reservoir is a result of the preservation and destruction of former CBM, after the superposing evolution of reversing-and-uplifting and the subsequent evolution within the coal-bearing basin. The critical moment of the CBM reservoir formation is the time when the burying depth of the overlying net thickness amounts to the least in geological history after the gas generation of coal beds. Except the coal-bearing basins of lower metamorphism, most basins suffered the evolution stage of reversion and uplift. The formation of the CBM reservoir is controlled by the beginning and lasting time, and the intensity of reversing and uplifting. The tectonic evolution after reversing and uplifting also affects the accumulation of CBM in coal-bearing basin. The CBM constantly dissipates in the area of chronically uplifting and de-nudating. The area developed overlying sedimentation is advantageous to the preservation of CBM, but also can lead to the reduction of CBM saturation.

关键词： CBM tectonic evolution accumulation and enrichment uplift pattern.