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History and possible mechanisms of prehistoric human migration to the Tibetan Plateau

Science China Earth Sciences 2016年第9期59卷 1765-1778页

作者： zhang dongju DONG GuangHui WANG Hui REN XiaoYan HA PiPu'u QIANG MingRui CHEN FaHui Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems Ministry of Education College of Earth Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Gansu Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Lanzhou 730000 China Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Xining 810007 China Cultural Relic Conservation Institute Lhasa 850000 China

Prehistoric human history on the Tibetan Plateau is a hotly debated topic. Archaeological research on the plateau during the past few decades has enormously improved our understanding of the topic and makes it possible for us to consider the processes and mechanisms of prehistoric human migration to the region. By reviewing the published archaeological research on the Tibetan Plateau, we propose that the first people on the plateau initially spread into the He-Huang region from the Chinese Loess Plateau, and then moved to the low elevation Northeastern Tibetan Plateau and perhaps subsequently to the entire plateau. This process consisted of four stages.(1) During the climatic amelioration of the Last Deglacial period(15–11.6 ka BP), Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers with a developed microlithic technology first spread into the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau.(2) In the early-mid Holocene(11.6–6 ka BP), Epipaleolithic microlithic hunter-gatherers were widely distributed on the northeastern plateau and spread southwards to the interior plateau, possibly with millet agriculture developed in the neighboring low elevation regions.(3) In the mid-late Holocene(6–4 ka BP), Neolithic millet farmers spread into low elevation river valleys in the northeastern and southeastern plateau areas.(4) In the late Holocene(4–2.3 ka BP), Bronze Age barley and wheat farmers further settled on the high elevation regions of the Tibetan Plateau, especially after 3.6 ka BP. Finally, we suggest that all of the reported Paleolithic sites earlier than the LGM on the Tibetan Plateau need further examination.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Prehistoric archaeology Human migration Driving mechanisms

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Subsistence strategies of prehistoric hunter-gatherers on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last Deglaciation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2020年第3期63卷 395-404页

作者： Jian WANG Huan XIA Juanting YAO Xuke SHEN Ting CHENG Qianqian WANG dongju zhang Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Qinghai Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeological Research Xining 810007China

The study of prehistoric hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau is important for understanding the mechanisms and processes of human adaption to high altitude *** to date,only a few Paleolithic sites have been found on the Tibetan Plateau with clear stratigraphy and reliable *** sites are mainly distributed in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the northeastern part of the plateau,and the sporadic fauna and flora remains excavated provide limited information about the subsistence strategies of *** 2014,relatively abundant animal remains were unearthed in the Lower Cultural Layer (LCL,15400-13100 cal yr BP) of the"151 site"located in the Qinghai Lake Basin,providing important information about human subsistence strategies on the Tibetan Plateau during the Last *** analysis of these faunal remains indicates that hunter-gatherers at the"151 site"mainly targeted large ungulates of Bos and wild horse/ass,and only brought back the most nutritious parts of animal carcasses including upper and intermediate limb bones,heads,and trunks (ribs and vertebrae).People then processed and consumed the carcasses around single *** comprehensive analyses of contemporaneous sites in the Qinghai Lake Basin show that a subsistence strategy involving opportunistic hunting of ungulates,high mobility,and short occupation of campsites was used by terminal Pleistocene huntergatherers to adapt to the high-altitude environment on the Tibetan *** subsistence strategy may have been a first step of gradual hunter-gatherer adaptation to the extreme conditions on the Tibetan Plateau after the Last Glacial Maximum,and laid the foundation for the widespread distribution of hunter-gatherers on the plateau during the Holocene.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau Last Deglacial 151 site Hunter-gatherers Taphonomy Zooarchaeology Subsistence strategy

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A study of the construction times of the ancient cities in Ganjia Basin,Gansu Province,China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020年第9期30卷 1467-1480页

作者： XIA Huan zhang dongju WANG Qiang WU Duo DUAN Yanwu CHEN Fahu Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchCASBeijing 100101China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences CASBeijing 100101China

The Ganjia Basin in Xiahe County,Gansu Province,China,is located on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan *** area lies in the transitional zone between the Plateau ethnic groups dominated by ancestral Tibetans,and the Central Plains dynasties dominated by ancestral Han in *** Ganjia Basin is therefore well suited to studying the history of the intermixing of the Han and Tibetan *** this study,we collected samples of organic materials from two ancient cities,Bajiaocheng(BJC) and Sirougucheng(SRGC),in the Ganjia Basin,which were used for radiocarbon *** aims were to determine the construction times and function of the cities,based on the radiocarbon ages,Bayesian age modeling,and the analysis of relevant historical *** results are used to discuss the role of the Ganjia Basin in the conflicts between and the integration of the two ethnic groups during the historical *** conclude that BJC was established during 663–732 CE(Common Era);its early occupation history can be divided into an initial establishment phase(670–780 CE) and a phase of regeneration(880–1030 CE).SRGC was probably built at the time of the transition between the Song and Yuan dynasties(~1271 CE).Combining the dating results with an analysis of the architectural styles and historical records,we conclude that BJC was originally built by the Tubo Kingdom as a military stronghold,and its major functions were military,economic and religious,and to support the major eastward expansion of the *** was most likely a temple-focused city intended to promote Tibetan Buddhism which was a major political and religious leadership for the Tibetans at that time,reflecting changes in the status of different religions in the Ganjia *** addition,the intermixing and blending of the Han and Tibetan groups,reflected by the human activities in the Ganjia Basin,was an important demographic and cultural foundation for the formation of the culturally-diverse but spiritually-u

关键词： Ganjia Basin radiocarbon dating Bajiaocheng Sirougucheng ethnic amalgamation Tubo

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Reliability of radiocarbon dating on various fractions of loess-soil sequence for Dadiwan section in the western Chinese Loess Plateau

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2014年第4期8卷 540-546页

作者： Zongli WANG Hui ZHAO Guanghui DONG Aifeng ZHOU Jianbao LIU dongju zhang MOE Key Laboratory of West China's Environmental System Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China

The accurate radiocarbon dating of loess-soil sequences plays an essential role in the reconstruction of the environmental and climatic changes in continental settings during the last glaciation and Holocene. However, our knowledge about the reliability of radiocarbon ages of various fractions of soil and loess samples is still insufficient. Here, we present our study results on radio- carbon ages based on bulk organic matter, humin fraction, and carbonate of samples collected from a loess-paleosol section in the western Chinese Loess Plateau. We compare these observations with the optically stimulated luminescence ages and charcoal radiocarbon ages to evaluate the reliability of these fractions. We observed that the radio- carbon ages of humin fraction are very close to those of charcoal and are consistent with the optically stimulated luminescence ages within the experimental errors. We observed a significant deviation in the radiocarbon ages of carbonate and bulk organic matter from those of charcoal and optically stimulated luminescence ages, likely due to the dilution of these fractions during the pedogenetic process. Our results reveal that, except for charcoal, the humin fraction may yield reliable laC ages for the Chinese loess-soil sequence.

关键词： loess-soil sequence humin fraction charcoal,organic matter radiocarbon dating

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The evolution of prehistoric arrowheads in northern China and its influential factors

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第9期66卷 2109-2124页

作者： Juanting YAO Huan XIA Ting LI Dongpeng LIN Yuanxin LI Xuke SHEN Jian WANG dongju zhang Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth and Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China

Prehistoric projectile weapons are crucial for understanding the hunting behavior,survival strategies,and subsistence patterns of prehistoric *** were the primary prehistoric projectile weapon,and here we review the spatiotemporal distribution and changes in the morphology,quantity,and materials composition of arrowheads in the northern regions of China from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic periods to the Bronze Age,together with the factors that influenced these *** results reveal that primitive stone arrowheads appeared sporadically in the Middle Paleolithic ***,the“broad spectrum revolution”and microblade technology during the Upper Paleolithic promoted the regional-scale diffusion of broad and thick stone arrowheads in northern *** the Neolithic period,relatively narrow and thin stone and bone arrowheads spread rapidly across the entire Yellow River Basin and most of northeastern *** dominance of these two types of arrowheads alternated,during the period of 7000–5000 yr BP,the number of arrowheads peaked,possibly closely related to changes in the role of hunting(fishing and hunting)and gathering in the subsistence economy,human population size,and the emergence and development of a grinding *** the Bronze Age,a significant number of bronze arrowheads appeared,and the total number of arrowheads increased again,and their distribution expanded to northwestern *** emergence of a bronze smelting technology and inter-group conflicts may have been the primary factors influencing this *** results demonstrate that arrowheads were always an essential component of prehistoric tool *** to technological developments in subsistence strategies,the morphology,function,and popularity of arrowheads underwent substantial changes during different ***,a comprehensive study of prehistoric arrowheads can help better understand the subsistence patterns and processes of economic and societa

关键词： Northern China Prehistoric arrowheads Spatio-temporal distribution Morphology changes Subsistence patterns

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典型频哪醇重排反应的机理及基团迁移规律的研究——一个研究型计算化学实验

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大学化学 2024年第4期39卷 305-313页

作者：赵容浩梁一钒史梦瑶朱荣秀张冬菊山东大学化学与化工学院济南250100

频哪醇重排是本科有机化学课程的重要内容,但学生对重排机理、区域选择性和基团迁移规律不能很好地理解掌握。为了加强学生对频哪醇重排反应的理解,我们设计了一个利用计算化学方法解决有机化学问题的实验。通过直观的图像和具体的数据... 详细信息

频哪醇重排是本科有机化学课程的重要内容,但学生对重排机理、区域选择性和基团迁移规律不能很好地理解掌握。为了加强学生对频哪醇重排反应的理解,我们设计了一个利用计算化学方法解决有机化学问题的实验。通过直观的图像和具体的数据清楚地展现出:能形成稳定碳正离子中间体的底物主要以分步重排机理进行,而不能形成稳定中间体的底物则按协同重排机理进行。计算结果验证了反应的区域选择性取决于邻二醇质子化羟基的位置以及基团的迁移能力,明确了基团迁移能力的顺序为氢>芳基>烷基,并从微观角度对其进行了合理解释。

关键词：频哪醇重排反应机理迁移能力密度泛函理论计算

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生物炭对油莎豆产量及品质的影响

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作物研究 2024年第2期38卷 104-108页

作者：别海于沐张东举张向歌李居政王保林张果王瑞华郑州市农业科技研究院河南郑州450005 河南省农业科学院经济作物研究所河南郑州450002

为了明确生物炭施用对油莎豆产量和品质的影响,于2022—2023年在郑州市农科院须水试验场以郑油莎1号为材料,设置不同的肥料用量处理,对不同处理油莎豆的产量、品质指标及其相关性进行分析。结果表明:T1处理(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O均为64... 详细信息

为了明确生物炭施用对油莎豆产量和品质的影响,于2022—2023年在郑州市农科院须水试验场以郑油莎1号为材料,设置不同的肥料用量处理,对不同处理油莎豆的产量、品质指标及其相关性进行分析。结果表明:T1处理(N、P_(2)O_(5)、K_(2)O均为64.5 kg/km^(2)、生物炭1350 kg/km^(2))油莎豆的产量、百粒质量和脂肪含量最高。相关分析表明,油莎豆产量与百粒质量显著正相关,与淀粉和脂肪含量正相关;百粒质量与淀粉含量极显著正相关(0.808),与蛋白质含量(-0.866)、总糖含量(-0.961)和水分含量(-0.777)极显著负相关;蛋白质和总糖含量极显著正相关(0.922)。总糖含量的直接通径系数最大,为2.141,是影响油莎豆产量的最大因素。综合分析,生物炭的施用有利于油莎豆产量和品质的提高。

关键词：油莎豆施肥生物炭产量品质

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环辛四烯的结构、芳香性及其异构化反应

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大学化学 2024年第1期39卷 351-358页

作者：凡维钱旭清王宇轩杨佳璐张孙秋骏王信凝韩俊骁鹿成龙张冬菊山东大学化学与化工学院济南250100

环辛四烯为八个sp2碳原子构成的环状轮烯,对其结构和性能的理解涉及一系列化学基本理论和基本概念的应用。本文通过本科生创新实验指导学生用计算化学方法研究了环辛四烯的电子结构、几何构型、芳香性、异构化反应等内容,以期引导学生... 详细信息

环辛四烯为八个sp2碳原子构成的环状轮烯,对其结构和性能的理解涉及一系列化学基本理论和基本概念的应用。本文通过本科生创新实验指导学生用计算化学方法研究了环辛四烯的电子结构、几何构型、芳香性、异构化反应等内容,以期引导学生达成如下学习目标:1)充分认识结构决定性能、性能反映结构的科学思想;2)了解Hückel分子轨道法(HMO)处理4n型π电子体系的局限性;3)区分芳香性、反芳香性和非芳香性等基本概念,理解判定共轭π电子体系基态(单重态)芳香性的Hückel规则以及激发态(三重态)芳香性的Baird规则;4)明确计算化学方法是理解物质结构和性能的重要手段。

关键词：环辛四烯 Hückel分子轨道法芳香性量子化学计算

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Theoretical Elucidation of the Mechanism and Kinetic Phenomena on the Esterification of Alpha-Tocopherol with Succinic Anhydride: Catalyses of Histamine Derivatives ***-based Ionic Liquids

Theoretical Elucidation of the Mechanism and Kinetic Phenome...

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第十三届全国量子化学会议

作者： Yaru Jing Chengbu Liu dongju zhang Institute of Theoretical Chemistry Shandong University

DFT calculations have been conducted to gain insight into the mechanism of the esterification of α-tocopheryl succinate catalyzed by histamine derivatives or imidazolium-based ionic liquids, developed by Tan et al.1 A intrinsically consistent reaction model is proposed for two reactions catalyzed by the histamine derivative and the imidazolium-based ionic liquid, respectively, which involves a ratedetering, concerted nucleophilic substitution process and a facile proton transfer process. The calculated barrier difference of two reactions together with their respective features, a "catalyst amount" catalytic reaction for the histamine derivativecontaining system vs. a "catalyst excess" catalytic reaction for the ionic liquidcontaining system, rationalize well the experimentally observed kinetics that the histamine-catalyzed reaction has faster initial rate but longer reaction time while the ionic liquid-catalyzed reaction is initiated slowly but completed in a much short time.

关键词： α-tocopheryl succinate histamine derivative imidazolium-based ionic liquid DFT

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New portraits of the Denisovans

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Science Bulletin 2020年第1期65卷 1-3,M0003页

作者： dongju zhang Huan Xia Ting Cheng Fahu Chen Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems(Ministry of Education) College of Earth Environmental SciencesLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology(LAE) Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth System SciencesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Denisovans,well known for their high-coverage genetic sequences,are considered to be a new human species genetically distinct from Neanderthals and modern humans[1].As a close sister group of Neanderthals,Denisovans not only interbred w让h Neanderthals[2],but they also contributed genetically to extant humans,including modern populations in parts of Oceania and Asia,aboriginal Americans and high-alt让ude modern Tibetans[3-5].

关键词： Tibetan 丹尼索瓦人 sister

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