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A novel model of the carbon cycle in the Cambrian ocean

Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1759-1778页

作者： Huajian WANG shuichang zhang Xiaomei WANG Jin SU Yuntao YE Yuke LIU Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentChina National Petroleum CorporationBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China

The classic model of the carbon cycle suggests that the extensive burial of ^(12)C-enriched organic carbon leads to a positive carbon isotope(δ^(13)C)excursion(CIE),while massive oxidation of organic carbon results in a negative CIE.However,global events such as the BAsal Cambrian Carbon isotope Excursion(BACE)and the Steptoean Positive Carbon Isotope Excursion(SPICE)are global negative and positive δ^(13)C excursions,respectively,and they also exhibit significant organic carbon burial anomalies,displaying decoupling between carbon isotope anomalies and organic carbon burial.Based on the analyses of the Cambrian carbon cycle and paleoceanographic evolution records from well Tadong2 in the Tarim Basin,we propose a novel model of the carbon cycle in the Cambrian ocean that incorporates oceanic dissolved organic carbon(DOC).Our findings are as follows.(1)The Cambrian ocean maintained substantial DOC reservoirs,which were regulated by ocean currents and paleo-redox conditions and exerted significant influence on the oceanic carbon cycle.(2)The oxidation of the oceanic DOC reservoirs during the early Cambrian led to the BACE and the Asian Phenomenon of the Cambrian petroleum systems,while the expansion of the oceanic DOC reservoirs during the SPICE resulted in a global positive δ^(13)C excursion and the absence of significant organic carbon burial.(3)The deep-basin sedimentary environment in the eastern depression of the Tarim Basin may have fostered the development of organic-rich black shales during the Furongian Series,corresponding to organic carbon burial during the SPICE and representing potential prospects for ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.Future research should focus on the formation mechanism,reserve scale,and influencing factors of the oceanic DOC reservoirs,as well as their resource and environmental effects.It is expected that new breakthroughs will be made in the fields of Earth system science and oil and gas exploration.

关键词： Carbon isotope Organic carbon BACE SPICE Dissolved organic carbon Climate change Black shale

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Preface:Special Topics on Ultra-deep Oil and Gas Exploration

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第4期96卷 1257-1258页

作者： zhang shuichang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Chinese National Petroleum CorporationBeijing 100083China

The term’ultra-deep layers’refers to those sedimentary formations which are currently,or have been,buried at depths exceeding 6000 m.China has continuously achieved major oil and gas breakthroughs in marine ultra-deep exploration,significantly promoting the strategic level of ultra-deep oil and gas resources over recent years.The ultra-deep formations of the cratonic basins in China are predominantly constrained to Precambrian to lower Paleozoic marine stratigraphy.

关键词： formations sedimentary buried

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Autochthonous Dolomitization and Dissolution in the Microbial Carbonate Rocks of the Fengjiawan Formation in the Ordos Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第4期96卷 1376-1387页

作者： zhang Jing zhang Baomin zhang shuichang WANG Huajian Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China

Many euhedral dolomite crystals and related pores are found in the microbial siliceous stromatolite dolomite and siliceous oolitic dolomite in the Fengjiawan Formation of the Mesoproterozoic Jixian System in the southern Ordos Basin.With the application of the microscope,scanning electron microscope,cathodoluminescence and in-situ trace element imaging,it can be seen that different from the phase I dolomite that was damaged by silicification,the intact euhedral phase II dolomite occurred through dolomitization after silicification,concentrated mainly in the organic-rich dark laminae of the stromatolite and the dark spheres and cores of the ooids.A considerable number of phase II dolomite crystals were dissolved,giving rise to mold pores and vugs which constituted the matrix pores and also the major pore space of the Fengjiawan Formation.The formation and dissolution of the dolomite were controlled by the microenvironment favorable,respectively,for carbonate precipitation and dissolution under the influence of microbial biological activities and related biochemical reactions.The driving force and material supply of dolomitization and dissolution were confined to the fabrics enriched with microorganisms,which are highly autochthonous.This mechanism may be a key factor for the development of Precambrian dolomite and related reservoirs,in the context of the domination of microbial rocks.

关键词： microbial carbonate rock autochthonous dolomitization dissolution Fengjiawan Formation Ordos Basin

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Sedimentary Environments of Cambrian-Ordovician Source Rocks and Ultra-deep Petroleum Accumulation in the Tarim Basin

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第4期96卷 1259-1276页

作者： zhang shuichang SU Jin WANG Xiaomei MA Sihong Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPCBeijing 100083China State Key Laboratory for Enhancing Oil Recovery Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentPetroChinaBeijing 100083China

The Tarim Basin is the only petroliferous basin enriched with marine oil and gas in China.It is presently also the deepest basin for petroleum exploration and development in the world.There are two main sets of marine Source Rocks(SRs)in the Tarim Basin,namely the high over-mature Cambrian-Lower Ordovician(∈-O_(1))and the moderately mature Middle-Upper Ordovician(O_(2-3)).The characteristic biomarkers of SRs and oils indicate that the main origin of the marine petroleum is a mixed source of∈-O_(1) and O_(2-3) SRs.With increasing burial,the hydrocarbon contribution of the∈-O_(1) SRs gradually increases.Accompanied by the superposition of multi-stage hydrocarbon-generation of the SRs and various secondary alteration processes,the emergence and abnormal enrichment of terpenoids,thiophene and trimethylaryl isoprenoid in deep reservoirs indicate a complex genesis of various deep oils and gases.Through the analysis of the biofacies and sedimentary environments of the∈-O_(1) and O_(2-3) SRs,it is shown that the lower Paleozoic high-quality SRs in the Tarim Basin were mainly deposited in a passive continental margin and the gentle slope of the platform,deep-water shelf and slope facies,which has exhibited a good response to the local tectonic-sedimentary environment.The slope of the paleo-uplift is the mutual area for the development of carbonate reservoirs and the deposition of marine SRs,which would be favorable for the accumulation of petroleum.Due to the characteristics of low ground temperature,the latest rapid and deep burial does not cause massive oil-cracking in the paleo-uplift and slope area.Therefore,it is speculated that the marine reservoirs in the slope of the Tabei Uplift are likely to be a favorable area for deep petroleum exploration,while the oilcracking gas would be a potential reserve around the west margin of the Manjiaer Depression.Hydrocarbons were generated from various unit SRs,mainly migrating along the lateral unconformities or reservoirs and the vertical faults.They eventually brought up three

关键词： biomarkers organic carbon isotopes compound specific isotopes marine source rock deep reservoirs

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Petroleum Retention,Intraformational Migration and Segmented Accumulation within the Organic-rich Shale in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin,Northeast China

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地质学报:英文版 2023年第5期97卷 1568-1586页

作者： HUANGFU Yuhui zhang Jinyou zhang shuichang WANG Xiaomei HE Kun GUAN Ping zhang Huanxu zhang Bin WANG Huajian School of Earth and Space Sciences Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China Exploration and Development Research Institute of Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.DaqingHeilongjiang 163712China Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry CNPCBeijing 100083China Grand Energy and Technology Co. Ltd.SuzhouJiangsu 215000China

In this study,organic geochemical and petrological analyses were conducted on 111 shale samples from a well to understand the retention,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation(shale oil enrichment in different intervals is unconnected)features of shale oil within the organic-rich shale in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag.Our study shows that retained petroleum characteristics in the investigated succession are mainly influenced by three factors:organic richness,intraformational migration and segmented accumulation.Organic matter richness primarily controls the amount of retained petroleum,especially the‘live’component indicated by the S_(2)value rather than the total organic carbon(TOC)figure alone.The negative expulsion efficiencies determined by mass-balance calculations of hydrocarbons reveal that petroleum from adjacent organic-rich intervals migrates into the interval of about 2386-2408 m,which is characterized by high free hydrocarbon(S_(1)),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons content,along with a greater difference inδ^(13)C values between polar compounds(including resins and asphaltenes)and saturated hydrocarbons.The depth-dependent heterogeneity of carbon isotope ratios(δ^(13)C)of mud methane gas,δ^(13)C of extracts gross composition(SARA),δ^(13)C of kerogen and SARA content of extracts suggest that the studied succession can be subdivided into four intervals.The shale oil sealing enrichment character in each interval is further corroborated by the distinctδ^(13)C values of mud methane gas in different intervals.Due to the migration of petroleum into the 2386-2408 m interval,the S_(1),OSI and saturated hydrocarbons content of the interval show higher relative values.The maturity of organic matter in the 2471-2500 m interval is at the highest with the smaller size molecular components of the retained petroleum.Thus,favorable‘sweet spots’may be found in the 2386-2408 m interval and the 2471-2500 m interval,according to the experiment results in this study.

关键词： shale oil oil retention intraformational migration segmented accumulation Gulong Sag

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Carbon Isotope Stratigraphy of the Cambrian System in the Eastern Tarim Basin,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第4期96卷 1277-1293页

作者： WANG Huajian SU Jin WANG Xiaomei YE Yuntao WANG Yu FANG Yu zhang shuichang Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China

The ultra-deep Cambrian System in the Tarim Basin is an important field for petroleum exploration,while fine division of the Cambrian strata remains controversial.In recent years,carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Cambrian System has been established and widely used.Here,we report an integrated profile of carbonate and organic carbon isotopic values(δ^(13)C_(carb)andδ^(13)C_(org))from cuttings of the Tadong2 Well in the eastern Tarim Basin.Three carbon isotope anomalies of BACE,ROECE and SPICE were recognized on theδ^(13)C_(carb)profile.Three apogees and a nadir on theδ^(13)C_(org)profile and the onset of ROECE on theδ^(13)C_(carb)profile were suggested as boundaries of the present four series of the Cambrian System.Suggested boundaries are easily identifiable on the gamma logging profile and is consistent with the previous division scheme,based on biostratigraphic evidence in outcrop sections.Abnormal carbon cycle perturbations and organic carbon burials during the BACE and SPICE events might be related to the reduction and expansion of a huge dissolved organic carbon reservoir in the deep ocean of the ancient Tarim Basin.

关键词： organic carbon black shale dissolved organic carbon BACE SPICE stratigraphic division

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The Biomarkers in the Mesoproterozoic Organic-rich Rocks of North China Craton:Implication for the Precursor and Preservation of Organism in the Prokaryotic Realm

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2022年第1期96卷 293-308页

作者： MA Sihong zhang shuichang SU Jin WANG Xiaomei HE Kun FANG Yu MI Jingkui Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentChina National Petroleum CorporationBeijing 100083China

Mesoproterozoic marine organic-rich rocks are widely distributed in the North China Craton,include the Gaoyuzhuang(GYZ),the Hongshuizhuang(HSZ),and the Xiamaling(XML)formations.According to the T;value and isomerisation ratio of C;homohopanes,the XML,HSZ,and GYZ samples were in low mature,mature and high mature stage,respectively.Biomarker distribution in extractable organic matter(EOM)of three Mesoproterozoic organic-rock samples in different maturity were analysed to reveal the organic precursor and preservation pathway of in the Mesoproterozoic Combined with gold-tube pyrolysates of three Mesoproterozoic samples,it could further illuminate the chemical composition of Mesoproterozoic kerogen,given excluding.The results indicated that the three formations were all deposited under reducing condition and their organic precursors mainly were some aquatic organisms.High content of rearranged hopanes was detected in EOM of XML and HSZ samples,whereas they were relatively low in the high mature GYZ sample.Contrast to that in EOM,the relative concentration of rearranged hopanes sharply decreased in the gold-tube pyrolysates of the XML kerogen,then slightly increased but was still significantly lower than the EOM of XML sample,which indicated that catalysis of clay minerals in the early diagenesis only changed the chemical composition of the unstable functional groups of the kerogen during the preservation.Due to the thriving heterotrophic microbes and low sink rate of particulate organic matter during the Mesoproterozoic,primary producers suffered extensive degradation during sinking process,only some resistant biopolymers lacking of lipid compounds survived from heterotrophic degradation,while heterotrophic microbes contained more proportion of organic precursors.Abundant pristane(Pr)and phytane(Ph)were only released in high mature stage because of the protection of the macromolecular structure of resistant biopolymers which prevented biomarkers from being altered by the thermal stress.The absence of 13α(n-alkyl)-tric

关键词： biomarker kerogen rearranged hopanes primary producer heterotrophic microbe Mesoproterozoic North China Craton

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Gulong shale oil enrichment mechanism and orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第5期50卷 1045-1059页

作者： zhang shuichang zhang Bin WANG Xiaomei FENG Zihui HE Kun WANG Huajian FU Xiuli LIU Yuke YANG Chunlong PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&Development Beijing 100083China CNPC Key Laboratory of Petroleum Geochemistry Beijing 100083China National Key Laboratory for Multi-resource Collaborated Green Development of Continental Shale Oil Daqing 163712China PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd.Daqing 163712China

Through the study of organic matter enrichment,hydrocarbon generation and accumulation process of black shale of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,the enrichment mechanism of Gulong shale oil and the distribution of conventional–unconventional oil are revealed.The Songliao Basin is a huge interior lake basin formed in the Early Cretaceous under the control of the subduction and retreat of the western Pacific plate and the massive horizontal displacement of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Northeast China.During the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation,strong terrestrial hydrological cycle led to the lake level rise of the ancient Songliao Basin and the input of a large amount of nutrients,resulting in planktonic bacteria and algae flourish.Intermittent seawater intrusion events promoted the formation of salinization stratification and anoxic environment in the lake,which were beneficial to the enrichment of organic matters.Biomarkers analysis confirms that the biogenic organic matter of planktonic bacteria and algae modified by microorganisms plays an important role in the formation of high-quality source rocks with high oil generation capability.There are four favorable conditions for the enrichment of light shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin:the moderate organic matter abundance and high oil potential provide sufficient material basis for oil enrichment;high degree of thermal evolution makes shale oil have high GOR and good mobility;low hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency leads to a high content of retained hydrocarbons in the source rock;and the confinement effect of intra-layer cement in the high maturity stage induces the efficient accumulation of light shale oil.The restoration of hydrocarbon accumulation process suggests that liquid hydrocarbons generated in the early(low–medium maturity)stage of the Qingshankou Formation source rocks accumulated in placanticline and slope after long-distance secondary migration,forming high-quality conventional and tigh

关键词： Songliao Basin Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation Gulong shale oil organic carbon storage orderly distribution of conventional-unconventional oil fault sealing whole petroleum system shale oil enrichment

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Effects of Neo-Tethyan evolution on the petroleum system of Persian Gulf Superbasin

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2023年第1期50卷 1-13页

作者： ZHU Rixiang zhang shuichang WAN Bo zhang Wang LI Yong WANG Huajian LUO Beiwei LIU Yuke HE Zhiliang JIN Zhijun State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 10oo29China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing 100083China China Petrochemical Corporation Ltd. Beijing 100728China Institute of Energy Peking UniversityBeijing 100871China

Considering the Neo-Tethyan tectonic process and the resulting environmental changes,a geodynamic model of“one-way train loading”is proposed to analyze the formation and evolution mechanism of the Persian Gulf Superbasin with the most abundant hydrocarbons in the world.The Persian Gulf Superbasin has long been in a passive continental margin setting since the Late Paleozoic in the process of unidirectional subduction,forming a superior regional space of hydrocarbon accu-mulation.During the Jurassic-Cretaceous,the Persian Gulf Superbasin drifted slowly at low latitudes,and developed multiple superimposed source-reservoir-caprock assemblages as a combined result of several global geological events such as the Hadley Cell,the Equatorial Upwelling Current,and the Jurassic True Polar Wander.The collision during the evolution of the foreland basin since the Cenozoic led to weak destruction,which was conducive to the preservation of oil and gas.Accordingly,it is be-lieved that the slow drifting and long retention in favorable climate zone of the continent are the critical factors for hydrocarbon enrichment.Moreover,the prospects of hydrocarbon potential in other continents in the Neo-Tethyan were proposed.

关键词： Neo-Tethyan domain continental break-up and convergence one-way train loading model environment change Persian Gulf Superbasin

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Origin and Distribution of Hydrogen Sulfide in Oil-Bearing Basins,China

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Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition) 2009年第6期83卷 1188-1201页

作者： ZHU Guangyou zhang shuichang LIANG Yingbo Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development China National Petroleum Corporation Beijing 100083 China State Key Laboratory of Enhanced Oil Recovery （Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development） Beijing 100083 China

The concentration of hydrogen sulfide gas （H2S） varies greatly in the oil-bearing basins of China, from zero to 90%. At present, oil and gas reservoirs with high H2S concentration have been discovered in three basins, viz. the Bohai Bay Basin, Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, whereas natural gas with low H2S concentration has been found in the Ordos Basin, the Songliao Basin and the Junggar Basin. Studies suggest that in China H2S origin types are very complex. In the carbonate reservoir of the Sichuan Basin, the Ordos Basin and the Tarim Basin, as well as the carbonatedominated reservoir in the Luojia area of the Jiyang depression in the Bohai Bay Basin, Wumaying areas of the Huanghua depression, and Zhaolanzhuang areas of the Jizhong depression, the H2S is of Thermochemical Sulfate Reduction （TSR） origin. The H2S is of Bacterial Sulphate Reduction （BSR） origin deduced from the waterflooding operation in the Changheng Oilfield （placanticline oil fields） in the Songliao Basin. H2S originates from thermal decomposition of sulfur-bearing crude oil in the heavy oil area in the Junggar Basin and in the Liaohe heavy oil steam pilot area in the western depression of the Bohai Bay Basin. The origin types are most complex, including TSR and thermal decomposition of sulfcompounds among other combinations of causes. Various methods have been tried to identify the origin mechanism and to predict the distribution of H2S. The origin identification methods for H2S mainly comprise sulfur and carbon isotopes, reservoir petrology, particular biomarkers, and petroleum geology integrated technologies; using a combination of these applications can allow the accurate identification of the origins of H2S. The prediction technologies for primary and secondary origin of H2S have been set up separately.

关键词： H2S TSR BSR distribution origin mechanism oil-bearing basins

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