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Artificial intelligence-driven radiomics study in cancer:the role of feature engineering and modeling

Military Medical Research 2024年第1期11卷 115-147页

作者： yuan-Peng Zhang Xin-yun Zhang yu-Ting Cheng Bing Li Xin-Zhi teng Jiang Zhang Saikit Lam Ta Zhou Zong-Rui Ma Jia-Bao Sheng Victor CWTam Shara WYLee Hong Ge Jing Cai Department of Medical Informatics Nantong UniversityNantong 226001JiangsuChina Department of Health Technology and Informatics the Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityHong Kong 999077China The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute Shenzhen 518000GuangdongChina Department of Radiation Oncology the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer HospitalZhengzhou 450008China

Modern medicine is reliant on various medical imaging technologies for non-invasively observing patients’anatomy.However,the interpretation of medical images can be highly subjective and dependent on the expertise of clinicians.Moreover,some potentially useful quantitative information in medical images,especially that which is not visible to the naked eye,is often ignored during clinical practice.In contrast,radiomics performs high-throughput feature extraction from medical images,which enables quantitative analysis of medical images and prediction of various clinical endpoints.Studies have reported that radiomics exhibits promising performance in diagnosis and predicting treatment responses and prognosis,demonstrating its potential to be a non-invasive auxiliary tool for personalized medicine.However,radiomics remains in a developmental phase as numerous technical challenges have yet to be solved,especially in feature engineering and statistical modeling.In this review,we introduce the current utility of radiomics by summarizing research on its application in the diagnosis,prognosis,and prediction of treatment responses in patients with cancer.We focus on machine learning approaches,for feature extraction and selection during feature engineering and for imbalanced datasets and multi-modality fusion during statistical modeling.Furthermore,we introduce the stability,reproducibility,and interpretability of features,and the generalizability and interpretability of models.Finally,we offer possible solutions to current challenges in radiomics research.

关键词： Artificial intelligence Radiomics Feature extraction Feature selection Modeling Interpretability Multimodalities Head and neck cancer

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Supramolecular systems for bioapplications:recent research progress in China

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第5期67卷 1397-1441页

作者： yue-Yang Liu Xiao-Yong yu yu-Chen Pan Hang Yin Shuang Chao yujie Li He Ma Minzan Zuo Kun-Xu teng Jun-Li Hou Yong Chen Dong-Sheng Guo Ruibing Wang yuxin Pei Zhichao Pei Jiang-Fei Xu Xiao-yu Hu Chunju Li Qing-Zheng Yang Leyong Wang yu Liu Zhan-Ting Li State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional MoleculesShanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China Department of Chemistry Fudan UniversityShanghai 200438China College of Chemistry State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic ChemistryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and EngineeringNankai UniversityTianjin 300071China State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine Institute of Chinese Medical SciencesUniversity of MacaoMacao 999078China College of Chemistry&Pharmacy Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics&Molecular Engineering Department of ChemistryTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing 211106China Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Structure and Performance for Functional Molecules College of ChemistryTianjin Normal UniversityTianjin 300387China State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic MaterialsSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

Supramolecular systems feature dynamic,reversible and stimuli-responsive characteristics,which are not easily achieved by molecular entities.The last decade has witnessed tremendous advances in the investigations of supramolecular systems for various bioapplications,which include drug delivery,anticancer therapy,antibacterial therapy,photodynamic therapy,photothermal therapy,combination therapy,antidotes for residual drugs or toxins,and bioimaging and biosensing.Host-guest chemistry has played a key role in the development of such bioactive supramolecular systems,and natural macrocycles(such as cyclodextrins),synthetic macrocycles(such as calixarenes,cucurbit[n]urils,and pillararenes),and porous framework polymers(such as supramolecular organic frameworks and flexible organic frameworks)have been most successfully used as hosts to build different kinds of host-guest systems for attaining designed biofunctions.The self-assembly of rationally designed amphiphilic molecules,macromolecules and polymers represent another important approach for the construction of supramolecular architectures with advanced biofunctions.In this review,we summarize the important contributions made by Chinese researchers in this field,with emphasis on those reported in the past five years.

关键词： host-guest chemistry drug delivery anticancer and antibacterial photodynamic therapy photothermal therapy antidote transmembrane channel bioimaging and biosensing

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Targeting PKM2 signaling cascade with salvianic acid A normalizes tumor blood vessels to facilitate chemotherapeutic drug delivery

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Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B 2024年第5期14卷 2077-2096页

作者： Cheng Qian yueke Zhou teng Zhang Guanglu Dong Mengyao Song yu Tang Zhonghong Wei Suyun yu Qiuhong Shen Wenxing Chen Jaesung P.Choi Juming Yan Chongjin Zhong Li Wan Jia Li Aiyun Wang Yin Lu Yang Zhao Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023China School of Medicine&Holistic Integrative Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210023China Centre for Inflammation Faculty of ScienceCentenary InstituteSchool of Life SciencesUniversity of Technology SydneySydney NSW 2050Australia Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism Department of Pathogenic Biology and ImmunologyNational Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine EducationXuzhou Laboratory of Infection and ImmunityXuzhou Medical UniversityXuzhou 221004China Department of General Surgery Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjing 210029China Macquarie Medical School Faculty of MedicineHuman Health SciencesMacquarie UniversitySydney NSW 2109Australia

Aberrant tumor blood vessels are prone to propel the malignant progression of tumors,and targeting abnormal metabolism of tumor endothelial cells emerges as a promising option to achieve vascular normalization and antagonize tumor progression.Herein,we demonstrated that salvianic acid A(SAA)played a pivotal role in contributing to vascular normalization in the tumor-bearing mice,thereby improving delivery and effectiveness of the chemotherapeutic agent.SAA was capable of inhibiting glycolysis and strengthening endothelial junctions in the human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs)exposed to hypoxia.Mechanistically,SAA was inclined to directly bind to the glycolytic enzyme PKM2,leading to a dramatic decrease in endothelial glycolysis.More importantly,SAA improved the endothelial integrity via activating theβ-Catenin/Claudin-5 signaling axis in a PKM2-dependent manner.Our findings suggest that SAA may serve as a potent agent for inducing tumor vascular normalization.

关键词： Salvianic acid A Tumor vascular normalization PKM2 β-Catenin Claudin-5 Endothelial glycolysis Tight junctions Doxorubicin

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High critical current density in Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12) electrolyte via interfacial engineering with complex hydride

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Rare Metals 2024年第2期43卷 692-701页

作者： Ying-Tong Lv teng-Fei Zhang Zhao-Tong Hu Guang-Lin Xia Ze-Ya Huang Zhen-Hua Liu Li-Hua Que Cai-Ting yuan Fang-Qin Guo Takayuki Ichikawa Xue-Bin yu College of Materials Science and Technology Nanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China Centre for Hydrogenergy College of Materials Science and TechnologyNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016China Department of Materials Science Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering Hiroshima University1-4-1 KagamiyamaHigashi-Hiroshima739-8527Japan

Garnet-type solid-state batteries(SSBs)are considered to be one of the most promising candidates to realize next-generation lithium metal batteries with high energy density and safety.However,the dendrite-induced short-circuit and the poor interfacial contact impeded the practical application.Herein,interface engineering to achieve low interfacial resistance without high temperature calcination was developed,which Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO)was simply coated with complex hydride(Li_(4)(BH_(4))_(3)I(3L1L))in various mass ratios n(Li_(4)(BH_(4))_(3)I)-(100−n)LLZTO(10≤n≤40).The interfacial conductivity increases by more than three orders of magnitude from 8.29×10^(−6)S·cm^(−1)to 1.10×10^(−2)S·cm^(−1).Symmetric Li cells exhibit a high critical current density(CCD)of 4.0 mA·cm^(−2) and an excellent cycling stability for 200 h at 4.0 mA·cm^(−2).SSBs with polymeric sulfur-polyacrylonitrile(SPAN)cathode achieve a high discharge capacity of 1149 mAh·g^(−1) with a capacity retention of 91%after 100 cycles(0.2 C).This attempt guides a simple yet efficient strategy for obtaining a stable Li/LLZTO interface,which would promote the development of solid-state batteries.

关键词： Hydrides Li_(6.4)La_(3)Zr_(1.4)Ta_(0.6)O_(12)(LLZTO) Critical current density Solid-state electrolytes(SSEs) Lithium-sulfur batteries

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Network Pharmacology of xian-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction in Ameliorating Colorectal Cancer

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World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 2024年第1期10卷 83-92页

作者： Ming-Xia Zhao Cheng-Lin Song Qin-Chang Zhang Hao-Jie Du Shu-Qiong Zhang yu-xian Shen Yang Sun Hai-Bo Cheng Wen Lv Department of Pharmacy School of Basic Medical SciencesAnhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina Department of Biopharmaceutical Research Institute Anhui Medical UniversityHefeiAnhuiChina Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsSchool of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Prevention and Treatment of Tumor First Clinical CollegeNanjing University of Chinese MedicineNanjingJiangsuChina Deparment of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologySchool of Life SciencesNanjing UniversityNanjingJiangsuChina Deparment of Gynecology Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Zhejiang ProvinceTongde Hospital of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhouZhejiangChina

Objective:In this study,we screened for therapeutic targets of the xian-Lian-Jie-Du decoction(XLJDD)for colorectal cancer(CRC)and explored the underlying mechanisms using network pharmacology techniques.Methods:Genes associated with CRC were collected from the Gene Cards database.The names of the active compounds of XLJDD were used as keywords in the“chemical name”in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology(TCMSP)database to search the targets.The protein-protein interaction(PPI)network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.8.1.Gene Ontology functional enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)pathway enrichment analyses were performed to identify key target proteins.Results:A total of 234 XLJDD-related targets and 250 cross-targets between XLJDD and CRC were collected based on the TCMSP and HIT 2.0 databases.A PPI network constructed based on the STRING database revealed interactions for all 250 proteins.The network results revealed TP53,MYC,CCND1,AKT1,CASP3,and STAT3 as core potential targets.KEGG pathway analysis of the 250 potential XLJDD targets for CRC in the Metascape database was performed using RStudio software.The top 12 gene ratio aggregated analysis results were visualized in bubble charts.The interleukin(IL)-17 signaling pathway had the highest correlation with the tumor necrosis factor(TNF)signaling pathway.Conclusions:XLJDD may be effective in ameliorating CRC by controlling inflammatory factors related to the IL-17 and TNF pathways and targeting proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes,including MYC,CCND1,CTNNB1,and TP53.

关键词： Colorectal cancer network pharmacology xian-Lian-Jie-Du decoction

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Inhibitory effect of saffron on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma via targeting of ESR1 and CCND1 by its active compound crocetin

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Traditional Medicine Research 2024年第7期9卷 25-34页

作者： Xiao-Jie Wang Ming-Jun Zhang Li-Mei Cui Zhe-Ying Song Ya-Qi Wang yu-teng Yang xiang-Kun Zhao Ya-Kui Mou yu-Mei Li Xi-Cheng Song School of Clinical Medicine Weifang Medical UniversityWeifang 261042China. Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck SurgeryYantai Yuhuangding HospitalQingdao UniversityYantai 264000China. Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases Yantai 264000China. Yantai Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngologic Diseases Yantai Yuhuangding HospitalYantai 264000China. The 2nd Medical College of Binzhou Medical University Yantai 264000China.

Background:Traditional Chinese medicine is promising for managing challenging and complex disorders,including cancer,and in particular,saffron is applied in treating various cancer types.However,its potential therapeutic efficacy and active components in managing squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck(HNSCC)remain unclear yet.Methods:Using network pharmacology approaches,active ingredients of saffron,their target genes,and HNSCC-related genes were identified.Enrichment analyses were conducted for determining molecular functions and pathways enriched by genes that overlapped between the saffron target gene set and the HNSCC gene set.Among the four known active ingredients of saffron,crocetin was found to have the strongest inhibitory impact on HNSCC,based on the findings of cell viability and migration assays.Therefore,the potential target genes of crocetin in HNSCC cells were examined using molecular docking experiments and were confirmed by qPCR.Result s:Four active ingredients of saffron and 184 of their target genes were identified.Further,a total of 34 overlapping saffron-/HNSCC-associated targets related to the four active ingredients were screened,and crocetin was chosen for further investigation because it had the strongest inhibitory effect on HNSCC cells.Molecular docking experiments indicated that ESR1 and CCND1 were the target genes of crocetin.These results were confirmed through qPCR analysis,in which crocetin was found to lower the expression of the ESR1 and CCND1 genes in AMC-HN-8 and FaDu cells.Conclusion:According to our results,crocetin is a primary active anti-cancer component of saffron that may have potential in the development of novel HNSCC-treating medications.However,more thorough molecular research is necessary for confirming these results and elucidating the anti-cancer mechanism underlying saffron.

关键词： saffron hub genes crocetin network pharmacology analysis HNSCC ESR1 CCND1

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Syntheses and properties of associative acrylamide copolymers containing short hydrophobic chains used in a friction reducer for slick-water fracturing

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1889-1901页

作者： Ya-Xing Dai xian-Li Zhang Si-yuan Liu Feng-Run-Ze Zhang Yi-Xi Zhang yu-Tong Sang Jing-Xi Zheng Zhao-Sheng Liu Peng Zhang College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chongqing University of Science and Technology College of Ecology and Environment Chongqing Resources and Environmental Protection of University China Property Project Department of Dezhou Mining Property Service Center Shengli Oilfield Company of Sinopec

Two allyldimethylalkyl quaternary ammonium salt（AQAS） monomers, N,N-dimethylallylphenylpropylammonium bromide（AQAS1） and N,N-dimethylallylnonylammonium bromide（AQAS2）, were synthesized and used to prepare modified polyacrylamide materials. Two new drag reducers were synthesized from acrylamide（AM）, sodium acrylate（Na AA） and a cationic modified monomer（AQAS1 or AQAS2） via aqueous solution polymerization, and the copolymers were named P（AM/Na AA/AQAS1） and P（AM/Na AA/AQAS2）, respectively. The structures of the drag reduction agents were confirmed by IR and1H NMR spectroscopies. The molecular weight（Mw） of P（AM/Na AA/AQAS1） was 1.79 × 10～6g/mol. When the copolymer concentration was 1000 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min, in fresh water the highest drag reduction rate was 75.8%, in 10,000 mg/L Na Cl solution the drag reduction rate decreased to 72.9%. The molecular weight of P（AM/Na AA/AQAS2） was 3.17 × 10～6g/mol. When the copolymer concentration was500 mg/L and the flow rate was 45 L/min, the drag reduction rate reached 75.2%, and in 10,000 mg/L Na Cl solution the drag reduction rate was 73.3%, decreased by approximately 1.9%. The drag reduction rate for partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide（HPAM） was also investigated, and the results showed that the drag reduction rates for 500 and 1000 mg/L HPAM solutions were merely 43.2% and 49.0% in brine, respectively. Compared with HPAM, both of the above copolymers presented better drag reduction capacities.

关键词： Shale gas Slick water Drag reducer Modified monomer Copolymerization

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A likely paleo-autotetraploidization event shaped the high conservation of Nyssaceae genome

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Horticultural Plant Journal 2024年第3期10卷 911-930页

作者： Yishan Feng Zhenyi Wang Qimeng Xiao Jia teng Jianyu Wang Zijian yu Jiaqi Wang Qiang Xu Yan Zhang Shaoqi Shen Shoutong Bao yu Li Zimo Yan yue Ding Zihan Liu yuxian Li Tianyu Lei Min yuan Xiu-Qing Li Jinpeng Wang Department of Bioinformatics School of Life SciencesNorth China University of Science and TechnologyTangshanHebei 063000China Fredericton Research and Development Centre Agriculture and Agri-Food CanadaFrederictonNew Brunswick E3B 4Z7Canada State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Scientific knowledge about the ancestral genome of core eudicot plant kingdom can potentially have profound impacts on both basic and applied research,including evolution,genetics,genomics,ecology,agriculture,forestry,and global climate.To investigate which plant conserves best the core eudicots common ancestor genome,we compared Arcto-Tertiary relict Nyssaceae and 30 other eudicot plant families.The genomes of Davidia involucrata(a known living fossil),Camptotheca acuminata and Nyssa sinensis,one per existent genus of Nyssaceae,were performed comparative genomic analysis.We found that Nyssaceae originated from a single Nyssaceae common tetraploidization event(NCT)-autotetraploidization 28-31 Mya after the core eudicot common hexaploidization(ECH).We identified Nyssaceae orthologous and paralogous genes,determined its chromosomal evolutionary trajectory,and reconstructed the Nyssaceae most recent ancestor genome.D.involucrata genome contained the entire seven paleochromosomes and 17 ECH-generated eudicot common ancestor chromosomes and was the slowest in mutation among the analyzed 42 species of 31 plant families.Combing both its high retention of paleochromosomes and its low mutation rate,D.involucrata provides the best case in conservation of the core eudicot paleogenome.

关键词： Nyssaceae Polyploidization Multigenome alignment Evolutionary rate Autotetraploidization Karyotype evolution

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To explore the pathogenesis of anterior resection syndrome by magnetic resonance imaging rectal defecography

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery 2024年第2期16卷 529-538页

作者： Ling-Hou Meng xian-Wei Mo Bing-yu Yang Hai-Quan Qin Qing-Zhou Song Xin-Xin He Qiang Li Zheng Wang Chang-Lin Mo Guo-Hai Yang Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Colorectal CancerGuangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionChina Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionChina Department of Radiology Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionChina First Department of Chemotherapy Guangxi Medical University Cancer HospitalNanning 530021Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous RegionChina

BACKGROUND Over 90%of rectal cancer patients develop low anterior resection syndrome(LARS)after sphincter-preserving resection.The current globally recognized evaluation method has many drawbacks and its subjectivity is too strong,which hinders the research and treatment of LARS.AIM To evaluate the anorectal function after colorectal cancer surgery by quantifying the index of magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)defecography,and pathogenesis of LARS.METHODS We evaluated 34 patients using the standard LARS score,and a new LARS evaluation index was established using the dynamic images of MRI defecography to verify the LARS score.RESULTS In the LARS score model,there were 10(29.41%)mild and 24(70.58%)severe cases of LARS.The comparison of defecation rate between the two groups was 29.36±14.17%versus 46.83±18.62%(P=0.004);and MRI-rectal compliance(MRI-RC)score was 3.63±1.96 versus 7.0±3.21(P=0.001).Severe and mild LARS had significant differences using the two evaluation methods.There was a significant negative correlation between LARS and MRI-RC score(P<0.001),and they had a negative correlation with defecation rate(P=0.028).CONCLUSION MRI defecography and standard LARS score can both be used as an evaluation index to study the pathogenesis of LARS.

关键词： Anterior resection syndrome Colorectal cancer Diagnostic evaluation system Magnetic resonance imaging defecography Pathogenesis

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Modulating p-type doping of two-dimensional material palladium diselenide

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Nano Research 2024年第4期17卷 3232-3244页

作者： Jiali Yang yu Liu En-Yang Wang Jinbo Pang Shirong Huang Thomas Gemming Jinshun Bi Alicja Bachmatiuk Hao Jia Shu-xian Hu Chongyun Jiang Hong Liu Gianaurelio Cuniberti Weijia Zhou Mark H Rümmeli Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research(iAIR) University of JinanJinan 250022China Institute for Materials Chemistry Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden(IFW Dresden)20 Helmholtz StrasseDresden 01069Germany State Key Lab of Transducer Technology Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200050China College of Energy Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006China Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215006China School of Integrated Circuits University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 101408China Institute of Microelectronics of Tianjin Binhai New Area Tianjin 300451China Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Lukasiewicz Research Network PORT Polish Center for Technology DevelopmentStablowicka 147Wroclaw 54-066Poland School of Mathematics and Physics University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China College of electronic information and optical engineering Nankai UniversityTianjin 300350China Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials Polish Academy of SciencesM.Curie Sklodowskiej 34Zabrze 41-819Poland Center for Energy and Environmental Technologies VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava17.Listopadu 15Ostrava 70833Czech Republic State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials Center of Bio&Micro/Nano Functional MaterialsShandong UniversityJinan 250100China Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science Technische Universität DresdenDresden 01062Germany Dresden Center for Intelligent Materials(GCL DCIM) Technische Universität DresdenDresden 01062Germany Institute for Materials Science and Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials Technische Universität DresdenDresden 01069Germany Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden Technische Universität DresdenDresden 01069Germany

The van der Waals heterostructures have evolved as novel materials for complementing the Si-based semiconductor technologies.Group-10 noble metal dichalcogenides(e.g.,PtS_(2),PtSe_(2),PdS_(2),and PdSe_(2))have been listed into two-dimensional(2D)materials toolkit to assemble van der Waals heterostructures.Among them,PdSe_(2) demonstrates advantages of high stability in air,high mobility,and wide tunable bandgap.However,the regulation of p-type doping of PdSe_(2) remains unsolved problem prior to fabricating p–n junction as a fundamental platform of semiconductor physics.Besides,a quantitative method for the controllable doping of PdSe_(2) is yet to be reported.In this study,the doping level of PdSe_(2) was correlated with the concentration of Lewis acids,for example,SnCl_(4),used for soaking.Considering the transfer characteristics,the threshold voltage(the gate voltage corresponding to the minimum drain current)increased after SnCl_(4) soaking treatment.PdSe_(2) transistors were soaked in SnCl_(4) solutions with five different concentrations.The threshold voltages from the as-obtained transfer curves were extracted for linear fitting to the threshold voltage versus doping concentration correlation equation.This study provides in-depth insights into the controllable p-type doping of PdSe_(2).It may also push forward the research of the regulation of conductivity behaviors of 2D materials.

关键词： two-dimensional(2D)materials Lewis acid treatment p-type doping field-effect transistors transfer characteristic

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