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Traditional Irrigation Management in Betmera-Hiwane, Ethiopia: The Main Peculiarities for the Persistence of Irrigation Practices

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Journal of Mountain Science 2006年第2期3卷 139-146页

作者： Solomon Habtu kitamura yoshinobu Faculty of Agriculture Tottori University 4-101 Koyama-cho Minami Tottori 680-8553 Japan

Traditional irrigation, as part of the ancient agricultural practices in northern Ethiopia (Tigray), has persisted for long time since 500 B.C., while many newly introduced irrigation projects have usually failed there. The main objective of this study is thus to investigate the peculiarities pertinent to irrigation management and those having contributed for the persistence of traditional irrigation practices for a long period of time. The experience gained from such areas can definitely help make irrigation management system of new irrigation schemes sustainable. Betmera-Hiwane, one of the ancient traditional irrigation areas in Tigray region, was selected for the field study. Direct observations through field visits accompanied by interviews to farmers, local officials, local knowledgeable individuals and higher officials were made. After analyzing the collected primary and secondary information, the main peculiarities that contributed to the persistence of traditional irrigation areas were identified, and they are: the presence of communally constructed local rules, locally designed hydraulic control structures, ownership feeling of the irrigators and accountability of water distributors to the irrigation management, the culture for mobilizing communal resources and the culture of self-initiating local water management strategies.

关键词：传统灌溉管理水资源管理节水管理埃塞俄比亚

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Land and Water Use in Rice-upland Crop Rotation Areas in Lower Ili River Basin, Kazakhstan

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Journal of Northeast Agricultural University(English Edition) 2010年第4期17卷 8-13页

作者： SHIMIZU Katsuyuki kitamura yoshinobu ANZAI Toshihiko KUBOTA Jumpei Faculty of Agriculture Tottori University The Graduate School of Agriculture Tottori University Research Institute for Humanity and Nature

The lower Ili River Basin is located in semi-arid area, and the annual rainfall is 177mm. Therefore, the irrigation is inevitable for agriculture. Large-scale irrigated agriculture had been developed since 1960＇s in the lower parts of the river and the total irrigated area is about 32 000 hm2. In the project area, the paddy rice-upland crop rotation has been practiced. Due to the domestic water use for hydropower and agriculture as well as water use among riparian countries, the deficit of water for agriculture in the lower part has been concerned. The authors, therefore, conducted the field survey and water balance analysis of the Akdara irrigation project in the lower Ill River Basin in order to assess the land and water uses. Moreover, the impact of the water use on water environment to the basin was analyzed. The following results were obtained as following （1） the groundwater level in the irrigated district varied from 1.5 m to 3.5 m through year. （2） 1970＇s groundwater level was drastically raised from 8 m to 3 m and the groundwater had been recharged in this period. （3） Water use efficiency of agriculture, which is the ratio of total evapotranspiration to the total water withdrawal was as low as 0.23.

关键词： crop rotation water balance overall irrigation efficiency groundwater fluctuation dry land

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Evapotranspiration from citrus trees growing in sandy soil under drip irrigation with saline water

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Science China Earth Sciences 2002年第Z1期45卷 41-46页

作者：杨胜利 Shin-ichi Takeuchi Tomohisa Yano yoshinobu kitamura Arid Land Research Center Tottori University 1390 Hamaska Tottori 680-0001 Japan Faculty of Engineering Kyushu Kyouritsu University Kitakyushu 807-8585 Japan Faculty of Agriculture Tottori University Tottori 680-8553 Japan

An experiment on evapotranspiration from citrus trees under irrigation with saline waterwas carried out for 4 months. Two lysimeters planted with a citrus tree in the green house wereused. One lysimeter was irrigated with saline water (NaCl and CaCl2 of 2000 mg/L equivalence,EC = 3.8 dS/m, SAR = 5.9) and the other was irrigated with freshwater using drip irrigation. Theapplied irrigation water was 1.2 times that of the evapotranspiration on the previous *** was calculated as the change in lysimeter weight recorded every 30 *** lysimeters were filled with soil with 95.8% sand. The results of the experiment were as follows.(i) The evapotranspiration from citrus tree was reduced after irrigation with saline water. Theevapotranspiration returns to normal after leaching. However it takes months to exhaust the saltfrom the tree. ( ii ) To estimate the impact of irrigation with saline water on the evapotranspirationfrom citrus trees, the reduction coefficient due to salt stress (Ks) was used in this *** under irrigation with saline water (ETs) can be calculated from evapotranspira-tion under irrigation with freshwater (ET) by the equation ETs = Ks× ET. Ks can be expressed as afunction of ECsw. (iii) The critical soil-water electrical conductivity (ECsw) is 9.5 dS/m, beyondwhich adverse effects on evapotranspiration begin to appear. If ECsw can be controlled at below9.5 dS/m, saline water can be safely used for irrigation.

关键词： lysimeter, drip irrigation, saline water, reduction coefficient due to salt stress, evapotranspiration.

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