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Simulation of hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins: taking the Heihe Mainstream River as an example

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第1期6卷 16-26页

作者： ZhenLiang YIN HongLang XIAO SongBing ZOU Rui ZHU ZhiXiang LU YongChao LAN yongping shen Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology of Inland River Basin Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University

The hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins are complicated.It is absolutely significant to quantify mountainous runoff for social,economic and ecological purposes.This paper takes the mountainous watershed of the Heihe Mainstream River as a study area to simulate the hydrological processes of mountainous watersheds in inland river basins by using the soil and water assessment tool(SWAT)model.SWAT simulation results show that both the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency and the determination coefficient values of the calibration period(January 1995 to December 2002)and validation period(January 2002 to December 2009)are higher than 0.90,and the percent bias is controlled within±5%,indicating that the simulation results are satisfactory.According to the SWAT performance,we discussed the yearly and monthly variation trends of the mountainous runoff and the runoff components.The results show that from 1996 to 2009,an indistinctive rising trend was observed for the yearly mountainous runoff,which is mainly recharged by lateral flow,and followed by shallow groundwater runoff and surface runoff.The monthly variation demonstrates that the mountainous runoff decreases slightly from May to July,contrary to other months.The mountainous runoff is mainly recharged by shallow groundwater runoff in January,February,and from October to December,by surface runoff in March and April,and by lateral flow from May to September.

关键词： hydrological process mountainous runoff inland river basin soil and water assessment tool the Heihe Mainstream River

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Monitoring of frozen soil hydrology in macro-scale in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2000年第12期45卷 1143-1149页

作者： Yongjian Ding Baisheng Ye Shiying Liu yongping shen Shaoling Wang Meixie Yang Chinese Acad Sci Lanzhou Inst Glaciol & Geocryol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China

Monitoring of frozen soil hydrology in macro-scale was performed by Chinese and Japanese scientists from 1997 to 1998. Quality measured data were obtained. Measured data on soil moisture and temperature are preliminarily analyzed. Based on profiles of soil temperature and moisture in individual measured sites, intra-annual freezing and melting process of soil is discussed. Maximum frozen and thawed depths and frozen days in various depths are estimated. The work emphasized the spatial distribution on soil temperature and moisture in macro-scale and the effect of topography on conditions of soil water and heat.

关键词： active layer of frozen soil soil temperature soil moisture monitoring in macro-scale.

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Will Glacier No.1 Tianshan exist in the 22^(nd) century?

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2011年第3期3卷 206-215页

作者： WenYing Wang yongping shen Chang＇an University Xi＇an Shaanxi 710054 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China

Mountains have been described as the water towers of the world. Almost all major rivers have their sources in mountains; glaciers are important water resources that contribute meltwater to river discharge. Glaciers participate in the global water cycle and, with their solid water storage, are an important component of the water balance. As solid reservoirs, glaciers continue to receive the mass nourishment of solid precipitation from the atmosphere, and their meltwater feed and regulate fiver discharge. Physical changes in glaciers are an indicator of climate change. Over the past half century, the global temperature has increased by 1-2 ℃, which emphasizes the urgent task of monitoring glaciers and predicting their trend. As an example, we have investigated, researched, and surveyed Glacier No. 1 in the Urumqi River source, Tianshan （abbr. Glacier No. 1 Tianshan or Glacier No.l） for half a century. We have found an increase by degrees of the glacial regression during the last 400 years and discovered a terminal moraine which is forming today. The global temperature is rising continually, while the local glacial temperature is 0.4 times that of the global temperature change. Thus, we forecast that Glacier No. 1 Tianshan will disappear during the late 21 st Century （2074-2100 A.D.）.

关键词： glacier retreat change forecast

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New progress and problems of Quaternary moraine dating in the Tibetan Plateau

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2014年第3期6卷 183-189页

作者： BenXing Zheng yongping shen KeQin Jiao XiuFeng Yin Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences

Since the 20th century, numerous Quaternary moraine dating methods have emerged, including lichenometric, moraine 14C, quartz sand thermoluminescence （TL）, electron spin resonance （ESR）, optically stimulated luminescence （OSL） and 10Be, 26A1, 36C1, 3H, 21Ne nuclide dating methods. These dating methods are widely applied to determine moraine ages and have provided a large dataset. Unfortunately each method has its defects. In this paper, we will review these various dating methods and provide some comments.

关键词： Quaternary moraine dating new progress problems Tibetan Plateau

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Impacts of climate change on glacial water resources and hydrological cycles in the Yangtze River source region,the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China:A Progress Report

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2009年第6期1卷 475-495页

作者： yongping shen GuoYa Wang GenXu Wang JianChen Pu Xin Wang Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu730000 China Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China

The Yangtze River Source Region has an area of 137,704 km2.Its mean annual runoff of 12.52 billion m3,which was recorded by the Chumda Hydrological Station in 1961–2000,accounts for only 0.13 percent of the Yangtze River's total annual streamflow.The extensive rivers,lakes,wetlands,glaciers,snow fields,and permafrost of the Yangtze River Source Region,as well as the region's vast alpine grasslands,play a critical role in storing and regulating the flow of water not only in the upper Yangtze River watershed of Qinghai,Sichuan,the Tibet Autonomous Region (TAR) (Tibet) and Yunnan,but also throughout the entire lower Yangtze River basin.Climate change has been the dominant factor in recent fluctuation in the volume of the Yangtze River Source Region's glacier resources.The Chumda Hydrological Station on the lower Tongtian River has registered a mean annual glacial meltwater of 1.13 billion m3 for the period 1961–2000,makes up 9 percent of the total annual runoff.Glacial meltwater makes up a significant percentage of streamflow in the Yangtze River Source Region,the major rivers of the upper Yangtze River Source Region:the Togto,Dam Chu,Garchu,and Bi Chu (Bu Chu) rivers all originate at large glaciers along the Tanggula Range.Glaciers in the Yangtze River Source Region are typical continental-type glaciers with most glacial meltwater flow occurring June–August;the close correlation between June–August river flows and temperature illustrates the important role of glacial meltwater in feeding rivers.Glaciers in the source region have undergone a long period of rapid ablation beginning in 1993.Examination of flow and temperature data for the 1961–2000 period shows that the annual melting period for glacial ice,snow,and frozen ground in the Yangtze River Source Region now begins earlier because of increasing spring temperatures,resulting in the reduction of summer flood season peak runoffs;meanwhile,increased rates of glacier ablation have resulted in more uneven annual distribution of runoff in the source region.The annu

关键词： climate change glacial water resources hydrological cycles the Yangtze River Source Region

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Responses to climate warming of hydrological processes in the upper Kelan River in the Altay Mountains, Xinjiang, China

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2010年第4期2卷 315-327页

作者： yongping shen GuoYa Wang QingBai Wu NingLian Wang WeiYi Mao HongChao Su Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China The Climate Center of Xinjiang Meteorological Bureau UrumqiXinjiang 830002China Xinjiang Hydrology and Water Resource Bureau UrumqiXinjiang 830000China

Kelan River is a branch of the Ertix River, originating in the Altay Mountains in Xinjiang, northwestern China. The upper streams of the Kelan River are located on the southern slope of the Altay Mountains; they arise from small glacial lakes at an elevation of more than 2,500 m. The total water-collection area of the studied basin, from 988 to 3,480 m, is about 1,655 km2. Almost 95 percent of the basin area is covered with snow in winter. The westerly air masses deplete nearly all the moisture that comes in the form of snow during the winter months in the upper and middle reaches of the basin. That annual flow from the basin is about 382 mm, about 45 percent of which is contributed by snowmelt. The mean annual precipitation in the basin is about 620 mm, which is primarily concentrated in the upper and middle basin. The Kelan River system could be vulnerable to climate change because of substantial contribution from snowmelt runoff. The hydrological system could be altered significantly because of a warming of the climate. The impact of climate change on the hydrological cycle and events would pose an additional threat to the Altay region. The Kelan River, a typical snow-dominated watershed, has more area at higher elevations and accumulates snow during the winter. The peak flow occurs as a result of snow-melting during the late spring or early summer. Stream flow varies strongly throughout the year because of seasonal cycles of precipitation, snowpack, temperature, and groundwater. Changes in the temperature and precipitation affect the timing and volume of stream-flow. The stream-flow consists of contributions from meltwater of snow and ice and from runoff of rainfall. Therefore, it has low flow in winter, high flow during the spring and early summer as the snowpack melts, and less flows during the late summer. Because of the warming of the current climate change, hydrology processes of the Kelan River have undergone marked changes, as evidenced by the shift of the maximum flood peak discharge from May to June;

关键词： climate warming snowmelt runoff response upper Kelan River the Altay Mountains

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Sensitivity of mountain runoff to climate change for Urumqi and Kaidu rivers originating from the Tianshan Mountains

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2011年第3期3卷 274-280页

作者： YongChao Lan ZhengYao Ma yongping shen ChengFang La Jie Song XingLin Hu HongWei Din Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology in Inland River Basin Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of Gansu Province Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau of the Upper Yellow River Headwater of the Yellow River Conservancy Committee Lanzhou Gansu 730030 China Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology Gansu Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development Zhangye Gansu 734000 China

The mountain watersheds of Kaidu River and Urumqi River, which separately originate from the south and north-side of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang, are selected as the study area. The characteristics and trends on variation of temperature, precipitation and runoff, and the correlativity between temperature, precipitation, and runoffwere analyzed based on the past 40 years of observational data from the correlative hydrological and weather stations in the study areas. Various weather scene combinations are assumed and the response models of runoff to climate change are established in order to evaluate the sensitivity of runoff to climate change in the study areas based on the foregoing analysis, Results show that all variations of temperature, precipitation, and runoff overall present an oscillating and increasing trend since the 1960s and this increase are quite evident after 1990. There is a markedly positive correlation between mountain runoff, temperature, and precipitation while there are obvious regional differences of responding degree to precipitation and temperature between mountain runoff of Ummqi River and Kaidu River Basins Also, mountain runoff of Urumqi River Basin is more sensitive to precipitation change than that of Kaidu River Basin, and mountain runoff of Kaidu River Basin is more sensitive to temperature change than that of Ummqi River Basin.

关键词： south slope north slope Tianshan Mountains Kaidu River Urumqi River climate change sensitivity

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Possible change on the runoff in the upper Yellow River basin under global climate change

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2009年第2期1卷 157-164页

作者： YongChao Lan Jun Wen JunJie Chang YeXin Xu yongping shen XingLin Hu JinQi Lu Key Laboratory of Ecohydrology and Integrated River Basin Science Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouGansu 730000China Institute of the Riverhead Region of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Committee of the Yellow River BasinLanzhouGansu 730000China Institute of the Riverhead Region of the Yellow River Water Conservancy Committee of the Yellow River BasinLanzhouGansu 730030China

In this study, the characteristics and changing trends of temperature, precipitation, and runoff in the upper Yellow River basin up Tangnag station are analyzed by using hydrological and meteorological data in the past 50 years from observation stations in the basin. Further, in this study, the evolving trend of runoff in the future decades is forecasted in the basin based on the method of suppositional climate scenes combination. The results indicate temperature variation in the basin has an evident positive relation with global warming, and the precipitation variations are quite complicated in the basin because of differences of located geographic positions during the past 50 years. Runoff in the basin has been decreasing continually since the end of the 1980s because the mean temperature in the basin has been rising and precipitation in the main areas of runoff formation in the basin has been decreasing. Runoff will largely decrease if precipitation decreases and temperature rises continuously, whereas runoff will increase if temperature is invariable and precipitation increases largely; the increase magnitude of runoff may be more than that of precipitation because of the synchronously increasing supply of meltwater from snow, glacier, and frozen soils in future several decades.

关键词： global climate change upper Yellow River runoff variation circulation

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Hydrology and water resources variation and its response to regional climate change in Xinjiang

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2010年第4期20卷 599-612页

作者： XU Changchun CHEN Yaning YANG Yuhui HAO Xingming shen yongping Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology and Desert Environment Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography CAS Urumqi 830011 China Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology School of Resources and Environmental Science Xinjiang University Urumqi 830046 China Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute CAS Lanzhou 730000 China

Based on the surface runoff, temperature and precipitation data over the last 50 years from eight representative rivers in Xinjiang, using Mann-Kendall trend and jump detection method, the paper investigated the long-term trend and jump point of time series, the surface runoff, mean annual temperature and annual precipitation. Meanwhile, the paper analyzed the relationship between runoff and temperature and precipitation, and the flood frequency and peak flow. Results showed that climate of all parts of Xinjiang conformably has experienced an increase in temperature and precipitation since the mid-1980s. Northern Xinjiang was the area that changed most significantly followed by southern and eastern Xinjiang. Affected by temperature and precipitation variation, river runoff had changed both inter-annually and intra-annually. The surface runoff of most rivers has increased significantly since the early 1990s, and some of them have even witnessed the earlier spring floods, later summer floods and increasing flood peaks. The variation characteristics were closely related with the replenishment types of rivers. Flood frequency and peak flow increased all over Xinjiang. Climate warming has had an effect on the regional hydrological cycle.

关键词： hydrology and water resources climate change Xinjiang

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Regional difference of annual precipitation and discharge variation over west China during the last 50 years

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Science China Earth Sciences 2007年第6期50卷 936-945页

作者： DING YongJian YE Baisheng HAN TianDing shen yongping LIU ShiYin Cold&Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute(CAREERI) Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China

Using annual precipitation and discharge data measured in the past five decades,this paper analyzed the regional differences over west China in terms of climate and discharge variations,and investigated the relationship between the regional characteristics and the activities of South and East Asian sum-mer monsoon. Results revealed that the precipitation and discharge in the upper reaches of the Yellow River (Central West China) have a negative correlation with those in Xinjiang (northwest China) and the Yarlung Zangbo River (the upper reaches of the Brahmaputra Rive,southwest China) regions. The geographical patterns of precipitation and discharge variations are different over west China,i.e. the regional climate displays the alteration of dry-wet-dry or wet-dry-wet from north to south in west China. The negative correlation of annual discharges between Xinjiang and the upper reaches of the Yellow River is found statistically significant in the decadal scale,and that between the Yarlung Zangbo River and the upper reaches of the Yellow River is found active in the interannual scale. The regional char-acteristics indicate that the discharge/precipitation variations in the upper reaches of the Yellow River are dominated by the East Asian summer monsoon while their variations in Xinjiang are affected by both the west wind and East Asian summer monsoon.

关键词： annual discharge variation Asian monsoon West China precipitation

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