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In Vivoand in VitroEvaluation of Permethrin, Cypermethrin or Zeta-Cypermethrin Mixed with Plant Extracts against Susceptible and Resistant (San Alfonso) Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus(Acari: Ixodidae) Strains

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2015年第1期6卷 34-40页

作者： Froylán Ibarra-Velarde Yazmin Alcala-Canto yolanda vera-montenegro Department of Parasitology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zoothecnics National University Autonomous of Mexico Mexico City Mexico

Acaricide resistance is a major problem that hinders the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Mexico. Permethrin (P), cypermethrin (C) and zeta-cypermethrin (Z) have been used to control R. (B.) microplus, and tick populations have developed resistance to these acaricides. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a mixture containing P, C, or Z mixed with plant extracts through in vitro laboratory bioassays, using susceptible and triple resistant (San Alfonso) R. microplus strains. Untreated controls received only water. Results of laboratory bioassays using larval packet tests revealed an efficacy of 100% (P), 100% (Z), and 98.03% (C) using susceptible larvae, and an efficacy of 88.67% (P), 91.51% (C), and 99.27% (Z) on triple-resistant larvae. Egg laying, larvae hatching and efficacy was assessed using ticks collected from treated and untreated animals. Product Z produced a 92.04% efficacy on engorged ticks collected from experimentally-infested cattle, whereas C and P exerted 80.66% and 20.04% efficacy, respectively. Engorged females collected exclusively from control animals were challenged in vitro with the experimental products, and efficacy was as follows: 91.37% (Z), 85.95% (C), and 13.58% (P). Adding plant extracts to a pyrethroid formulation led to dramatic increases of percent reduction of both susceptible and resistant immature ticks in contrast to untreated larvae and susceptible adults. Results from this study may lead to suggesting the adoption of an acari-cide-botanical mixture strategy for tick control worldwide.

关键词： Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Efficacy Pyrethroids + Plant Extracts In Vitro In Vivo

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Comparison of the Efficacy of Two Commercial Coccidicidal Compounds on Experimentally Infected Dogs

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2014年第13期5卷 1163-1170页

作者： Froylan Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Nelyda Saldana-Hernandez Pedro Ochoa-Galvan Department of Parasitology Veterinary FacultyNational University Autonomous of MexicoMexico CityMexico Department of Genetics Veterinary FacultyNational University Autonomous of MexicoMexico CityMexico

The aim of the present study was to compare the coccidicidal efficacy of two commercial compounds for artificially infected dogs. Eighteen cocccidia-free dogs, male and female aged between 2 and 4 months old, were infected each with 20,000 Cystoisospora oocists cultured under laboratory conditions. When the poppies showed high counts of oocysts per gramm (OPG) (McMaster method), they were divided into 3 groups (G). G1 was treated with a compound named One® (Lab. Bio Zoo) containing 150 mg of toltrazuril/tablet, administered daily/5days dosing 1 tablet per 10 kg b.w. G2 received Giacoccide® (Pet’s Pharma) containing 250 mg of sulfadimetoxine and 165 mg of dimetridazole dosing 1 tablet per 10 kg b.w. twice a day for 10 days. G3 served as an untreated control. The puppies were coprologically monitored on Days 0, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 to determine the percentage of OPG. Efficacy was measured based on the OPG reduction on treated animals relative to the untreated control. The results indicated an efficacy for compound One of 78.4%, 100%, 100%, 100%, 100% and 100%, for Days 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25, respectively and for Giacoccide 40.6%, 45.5%, 47.4%, 65.9%, 90.4% and 92.7%, for Days 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25, respectively. No statistical difference was observed on the weight of the treated puppies (p < 0.764), but the control group was statistically different to the treated ones (p < 0.014). It was concluded that compound One showed greater efficacy than Giacoccide for the treatment of canine coccidiosis in artificially infected dogs.

关键词： Efficacy Coccidicides Experimentally Infected Dogs

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Additive Efficiency of Fipronil + Methoprene Compared to Fipronil Alone against Rhipicephalus sanguineusTicks in Naturally Infested Dogs

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2020年第8期11卷 174-187页

作者： Froylán Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Yazmín Acala-Canto Irene Cruz-Mendoza Departamento de Parasitología Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Ciudad de México México

The acaricidal efficiency of fipronil alone and fipronil + methoprene compared to commercial fipronil and commercial fipronil + methoprene, applied by the epicutaneous route (spot-on) in dogs naturally infested with ticks, was assessed. Thirty dogs infested with high loads of ticks were used. On day 0, the dogs were divided into 5 groups of 6 animals each. Each animal was duly identified for individual and group monitoring. Treatments were made based on body weight according to manufacturer’s instructions. Group 1 (G1) received 10.0% fipronil at a single dose of a pipette applied by epicutaneous route in the base of the neck. G2 received 10% fipronil + 10% methoprene in single application similarly to G1. G3 was treated with 9.8% commercial fipronil as before mentioned. G4 received commercial 9.8% fipronil + 9.8% methoprene applied as in previous groups. G5 served as an infected untreated control. Animals were examined by thumb tick counts on days 0 (Treatment day), 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28. Efficacy was measured as a percentage of tick reduction in the treated groups relative to the untreated control. Results indicated an overall efficacy of 88.2%, 93%, 90.4% and 99.3%, respectively. There was no significant statistical difference between the treated groups (P

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Comparative Efficacy of Three Commercial Ectoparasiticides against Fleas in Naturally Infested Dogs

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第5期10卷 234-243页

作者： Froylan Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Yazmin Alcala-Canto Miguel Flores-Ramos Nelyda Saldana-Hernandez Departamento de Parasitologia Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Ciudad de Mexico Mexico

Fleas that infest pets are considered important parasites of both animals and humans. These insects cause irritation and can also transmit zoonotic diseases. Research has led to a rapid expansion in the development of flea control products. In the face of a market that offers dozens of commercial ectoparasiticides for dogs and cats, pet owners and veterinarians must be provided with evidence to support their decision to select a product to control fleas. To compare the efficacy of three commercially available products against companion animal fleas, a trial was conducted on naturally-infested dogs in order to validate their pulicidal activity. Thirty-two flea-infested dogs with fleas were divided into 4 groups (n = 8) for each treatment. Group 1 received one pipette of permethrin as a spot-on dose of 650 mg/ml. The second group received 9.7% fipronil as a spot-on formulation. Group 3 was treated with a spot-on formulation of permethrin 7.40% plus piperonyl butoxide at 7.40%. Group 4 remained as the untreated control. Fleas of all experimental dogs were examined and counted on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the percentage of flea reduction. Results showed a 100% efficacy for all tested products. Identified species were: Ctenocephalides felis (75.7%), Ctenocephalides canis (15.9%) and Pulex irritans (9.5%). Based on these results, it was concluded that the three anti-flea products evaluated under the conditions of this study, produced an excellent efficacy as from the third day after treatment.

关键词： Fleas Dogs Efficacy Fipronil Permethrin Piperonyl Butoxide

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Effectiveness of the Experimental Fosfatriclaben in Comparison with Two Commercial Fasciolicides in Cattle

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2019年第11期10卷 498-506页

作者： Tania Rojas-Campos yolanda vera-montenegro Miguel Flores-Ramos Rafael Castillo Alicia Hernandez-Campos Froylan Ibarra-Velarde Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de ParasitologiaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico CityMexico Facultad de Quimica Departamento de FarmaciaUniversidad Nacional Autonoma de MexicoMexico CityMexico

The aim of the present study was to compare the fasciolicidal efficacy in cattle of an experimental water-soluble compound, named fosfatriclaben, a prodrug of triclabendazole, with two commercial fasciolicides. For this, twenty-four cross mixed milking cows, aged between 1 to 3 years, naturally infected with Fasciola hepatica, were used. To apply the treatment, animals were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each being ranked according to their fecal fluke-egg count from the highest to the lowest number of eggs. The compounds were administered in the groups with a single dose. Group 1 (G1) was treated with 6 mg/kg/IM of fosfatriclaben, G2 was treated with triclabendazole at 12 mg/kg/PO;G3 was treated with 5% closantel at 10 mg/kg/SC and G4 was administered with 5 mL/IM of deionized water and served as untreated control. Fecal samples were analyzed on days—8, 0 (treatment day), 7, 14, 21 and 28 to count the number of fasciola eggs before and after the treatment using the sedimentation test. The efficacy was assessed as the percentage of fluke-egg reduction on treated groups relative to the untreated control. The resulting data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test, using the statistical IBM SPSS 24.0 (2016) program. Results indicated a fluke-egg reduction of 100% for fosfatriclaben along the study;triclabendazole showed an efficacy of 99.7% - 100% from day 7 to day 28. In the case of closantel, values from 98.8% to 99.6% were recorded from day 7 to day 28. No statistical differences between treatments were observed (P < 0.05). It was concluded that the experimental fosfatriclaben administered at 6 mg/kg/IM to naturally infected cattle exerted a fasciolicidal efficacy similar to the drugs of choice for the treatment of fasciolosis (triclabendazole) when administered at 12 mg/kg/ PO, and closantel injected at 10 mg/kg/SC.

关键词： Fasciola hepatica Prodrug Triclabendazole Closantel Cattle

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Comparison of the Anthelmintic Efficacy of Three Commercial Products against Ascarids and Capillaria SPP. in Fighting Cocks

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2011年第3期2卷 146-150页

作者： Froylán Ibarra-Velarde Cristina Guerrero-Molina yolanda vera-montenegro Yazmín Alcalá-Canto Evangelina Romero-Callejas Departamento de Parasitologia Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of three commercial compounds against ascarids and Capillaria spp. in naturally infected fighting cocks from Mexico. First experiment.- Forty cocks were selected on the basis of eggs per gram (EPG) counts quantified by the McMaster method. On day 0 the birds were divided into four groups of 10 cocks, each subjected to the treatments. Group 1 received a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets according to body weight (b.w). Group 2 was treated with a single oral dose of 1 mg of ivermectin, 25 mg of praziquantel and 40 mg of fenbendazole given in tablets/b.w. but formulated with a different excipient. Group 3 received a single tablet containing 0.2 mg of abamectin and 30 mg of albendazole. Group 4 served as a non-treated control. Fecal analyses were carried out on days 0 (day of treatment), 7, 14, 21 and 28, being collected from the floor where the cocks were individually caged. Efficacy was measured on the percentage of egg reduction from day 0 with respect the EPG counts from the control group. In a second experiment the study was similarly performed using another cock-farm located at approximately 300 km away from the first one. Results indicated an overall efficacy of 100%, 94.0% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 in the first experiment and 100%, 100%, 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 of the 2nd experiment, respectively. It is concluded that all drugs used exerted high efficacy in fighting cocks naturally infected with helminths.

关键词： Anthelmintic Efficacy Commercial Drugs Fighting Cocks

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Comparison of Two Pour-On Formulations of Ivermectin against Gastrointestinal Worms, Fleas and Lice in Naturally Infected Stray Dogs

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2015年第3期6卷 177-184页

作者： Froylán Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Joaquín Ambía Medina Karla Sánchez-Peralta Pedro Ochoa Galván Departamento de Parasitología Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México D.F. México Laboratorio Salud Animal México D.F. México Departamento de Génetica Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México México D.F. México

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial pour-on ivermectin formulations against intestinal parasites (IP), fleas and lice in naturally infested stray dogs. Eighteen crossbreed dogs with eggs of IP as well as adult fleas and lice were included in the trial. On day 0, the dogs were randomly divided into 3 groups of 6 animals each: a group receiving a single pour-on treatment with 0.5% ivermectin (500 mcg/kg), a group treated similarly with 0.2% iver-mectin (200 mg/kg), and a control group. Fecal and skin analyses were carried out on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 to determine the reduction of eggs and the number of fleas and lice. Weight gain was also measured on day 28. On day 30, the dogs were humanely sacrificed in order to count adult IP. Efficacy was measured as the percentage of the reduction of eggs per gram fecal mass (EPGF), of adult IP, fleas and lice relative to the control group. For the eggs of IP, ivermectin at 0.5% showed an efficacy of 100% against ascarids and 79% against Ancylostoma caninum. ivermectin at 0.2% removed 90.2% of the ascarids and 50.4% of A. caninum. For adult IP, the efficacy of 0.5% iver-mectin against Toxocara canis and A. caninum was 100%, and for 0.2% ivermectin it was 62.4% and 76.4% for T. canis and A. caninum, respectively. Both compounds were 100% effective against lice and 96% and 71.1% efficacious against fleas, respectively. However, neither treatment was effective against Dypilidium caninum. Weight gain in treated dogs was statistically different from that of the controls (p < 0.05). We concluded that 0.5% pour-on ivermectin showed better efficacy than 0.2% pour-on ivermectin in the reduction of eggs and adult intestinal parasites and fleas;it was similarly efficacious against lice.

关键词： Ivermectin Intestinal Worms Fleas and Lice Stray Dogs

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Evaluation of the Fasciolicidal/Nematicidal Efficacy of an Intramuscular Combination of Clorsulon/Levamisole in Naturally Infected Dairy Cattle

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2022年第11期13卷 447-456页

作者： Froylán Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Ignacio Olave-Leiva Antonio Figueroa-Castillo Irene Cruz Mendoza JoaquÍn Ambía-Medina Departamento de Parasitologí a Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Universidad Nacional Aut&ograve noma de México Ciudad de México México Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH) Tulancingo México

The aim of the present study was to assess the fasciolicidal and nematicidal efficacy of a new combination of clorsulon/levamisole, which was formulated for intramuscular administration, in dairy cattle. For the study, sixteen Holstein-Freisian dairy cows were selected for inclusion in the trial based on finding Fasciola hepatica eggs or gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in the feces. Ten of these cows were naturally infected with F. hepatica, and 6 were naturally infected with GIN. On Day 0 (zero), all animals were treated with a combination of clorsulon (2.5 mg/kg/IM and levamisole (2.5 mg/kg/IM) administered at the dose recommended by the manufacturer (1 ml/20kg/bw). Subsequently, their feces were analyzed on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 post treatments by the Flukefinder sedimentation method and McMaster technique to determine the percentages of egg reduction in the animals, with reference to the egg load count on day 0. The results obtained in the current work indicated an efficacy of 100% that was determined by the percentage reduction of eggs of F. hepatica and/or GIN. This new fasciolicide/nematicide formulation exerted a remarkable effect and can be considered a new alternative to control F. hepatica and gastrointestinal worms in dairy cattle.

关键词： Efficacy Fasciola Hepatica Gastrointestinal Nematodes Clorsulon Levamisole Cattle

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Maximum Entropy Ecological Niche Prediction of the Current Potential Geographical Distribution of EimeriaSpecies of Cattle, Sheep and Goats in Mexico

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Open Journal of Animal Sciences 2019年第2期9卷 234-248页

作者： Yazmin Alcala-Canto Aldo Alberti-Navarro Juan Antonio Figueroa-Castillo Froylan Ibarra-Velarde yolanda vera-montenegro Maria Eugenia Cervantes-Valencia Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Parasitología UNAM Mexico City Mexico Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Rumiantes UNAM Mexico City Mexico Facultad de Medicina Departamento de Biologia Celular y Tisular UNAM Mexico City Mexico

Coccidiosis is a gastrointestinal disease caused by parasites of the genus Eimeria. To produce the ecological niche model for the geographic distribution of Eimeria species, the maximum entropy algorithm (MaxEnt) was used and 19 bioclimatic variables with a spatial resolution of 30 arc-seconds (approximately 1 km2) were downloaded from the World Climate Database. These were reduced to BIO2, BIO3, BIO4, BIO7 and BIO15 for each species after examining cross-correlations among them to account multicollinearity. A jackknife analysis was included to assess the contribution of five bioclimatic variables and the fit of the model was evaluated with the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Under a current climate scenario, the jackknife evaluation of the MaxEnt model showed that BIO4 (temperature seasonality) made the greatest contribution to the distribution model for 22 Eimeria species;whereas BIO7 (temperature annual range) was the most important factor that contributes to the distribution model of 10 species. The habitat suitability model based on the maximum entropy theory was supported by AUC values higher than 0.9 and predicted that the suitable habitats for different species of Eimeria are present in southern, eastern and western areas of Mexico. Our study may support future studies exploring factors that constrain the distribution of Eimeria as well as strategies aimed at reducing the disease prevalence.

关键词： Eimeria MaxEnt Ruminants Coccidiosis Habitat Suitability

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In Vitroand in VivoEfficacy of an Experimental Compound against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplusTicks

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第1期4卷 41-45页

作者： Guadalupe Santillán-Velazquez Froylán Ibarra-Velarde Blas Flores Pérez Margarita Romero-Avila Yazmin Alcalá-Canto Héctor Salgado-Zamora yolanda vera montenegro Department of Parasitology Veterinary Faculty of Medicin and Zootechnics National University Autonomus of Mexico Mexico City Mexico Faculty of Chemistry National University Autonomus of Mexico Mexico City Mexico Laboratory of Organic Chemistry School of Biological Sciences National Politechnic Institute Mexico City Mexico

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ixodicide efficacy of the experimental compound 712-BF-016 against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks in vitro and in cattle. The in vitro efficacy was initially tested against R. Boophilus microplus larvae using the Larval Packet Test (LPT). In a 2nd study the ixodicide efficacy was tested against adult ticks using the Adult Inmersion Test (AIT). Finally, a field test with the compound was carried out using 24 steers experimentally infested with R. (Boophilus) microplus ticks which were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each for treatment. Groups 1 and 2 received the experimental compound at concentrations of 16% and 20%, respectively, which were applied as an aspersion in a total volume of 4 liters/animal. Group 3 was equally treated but with a commercial ixodicide containing cipermethrin at a 16% concentration. Group 4 served as untreated control. The efficacy was measured on days 1, 2, 3 after treatment as the percentage of ticks present from the treated groups, relative to the ticks present in the untreated control. The results indicated a percentage mortality of 93.21% for LPT and 98.02% for AIT. The efficacy produced in cattle was 61.78%, 76.43% and 85.34% for groups 1, 2 y 3, respectively. It is concluded that there was no concordance between the results obtained in vitro with those found in cattle. Possibly the excipient used for the formulation of the experimental compound was not suitable and had some influence on the results.

关键词： Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ixodicide LPT AIT Cattle

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