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International Relations and Diplomacy 2014年第1期2卷 1-15页

作者： yoko Hirose Keio University Kanagawa Japan

A major problem today is the existence of territories, usually breakaway regions that have been part of a larger union under dissatisfactory conditions, which have set themselves up as states but does not recognized by much of the world. Such regions present both regional and global problems. In this study, the Russia-Georgia War and its accompanying domestic politics are examined, including the policies of unrecognized states, using Georgia and Azerbaijan as examples. The Russian factor caused difficulties for Azerbaijan and Georgia in terms of recovering their land; however, the lack of a common standard for state recognition in the international community is also to blame for their difficulties. This study aims to demonstrate the need for a new common standard that considers historical backgrounds and legal aspects in helping such troubled territories return to normal.

关键词： Russia-Georgia War unrecognized states Azerbaijan Georgia

Success Factors for Social Systems to Increase the Number of Organ Donations—From the Perspectives of Mechanisms and Organizational Behaviors

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International Journal of Clinical Medicine 2018年第2期9卷 59-70页

作者： yoko Uryuhara Faculty of Commerce Doshisha University Kyoto Japan

Deceased organ donation is much less prominent in Japan than it is in Western and other Asian countries. Because a shortage of organ donation is a serious social issue in Japan, various solutions to the issue have been considered. Although it was believed that the most critical factor in the organ shortage was the absence of a well-established social system, no prior studies attempted to analyze the issue from the perspective of the mechanisms and organizational behaviors. To identify common success factors of increasing organ donation, we conducted a qualitative survey in 5 countries promoting organ donations on a national level and increasing the number of organ donations. We found several important common factors: 1) to change from an explicit consent system to a presumed consent system with establishment of an appropriate in-hospital system, 2) to increase the level of job satisfaction of healthcare professionals and help them generating better results, 3) to demonstrate managements’ leadership for all staff to realize the importance of organ donations, 4) to establish an environment where medical professionals engaged in organ donations can appreciate autonomous working styles, the recognition of the importance of the work. It is suggested that these successful factors are introduced into Japan with long-, mid-term strategy to enhance organ donation.

关键词： Organ Donation Qualitative Reserch Organizational Behavior Organiza-tional Structure Motivation

The Interpretation of the Reference of ＂Now＂ in Written Messages： An Experimental View

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2017年第8期7卷 455-462页

作者： yoko Mizuta International Christian University

The semantics of pure indexicals ＂I,＂＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ has been discussed in the area of philosophy of language. According to David Kaplan, in face-to-face communication, ＂I,＂＂here,＂ and ＂now＂ refer respectively to the agent, the place, and the time of the context of utterance. In recorded and written messages, however, the identification of pure indexical references is nontrivial, given that there is a gap between the time of utterance and that of interpretation. In the literature, four major views are proposed from a philosophical perspective. While these are theoretically competing, no empirical data or pragmatic analyses have been provided. How is the reference of ＂now＂ in written messages interpreted？ Which views proposed in the literature are supported empirically？ This paper investigates these questions from experimental and pragmatic perspectives.

关键词： reference pure indexicals now written messages experimental pragmatics

Near-Infrared Imaging Using a High-Speed Monitoring Near Infrared Hyperspectral Camera(Compovision)

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光谱学与光谱分析 2015年第4期35卷 865-869页

作者： Daitaro Ishikawa Asako Motomura yoko Igarashi Yukihiro Ozaki Graduate School of Agricultural Science Tohoku University 1-1 Amamiya Tsutsumidori Aobaku Sendai 981-8555 Japan Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. 1 Taya Sakae Yokohama Kanagawa 244-8588 Japan School of Science and Technology Kwansei Gakuin University 2-1 Gakuen Sanda Hyogo 669-1337 Japan

This review paper reports near-infrared(NIR)imaging studies using a newly-developed NIR camera,*** can measure a significantly wide area of 150mm×250mm at high speed of between 2and *** enables a wide spectral region measurement in the 1 000~2 350nm range at 6nm *** investigated the potential of Compovision in the applications to industrial problems such as the evaluation of pharmaceutical tablets and *** studies have demonstrated that NIR imaging based on Compovision can solve several issues such as long acquisition times and relatively low sensitivity of *** imaging with Compovision is strongly expected to be applied not only to pharmaceutical tablet monitoring and polymer characterization but also to various applications such as those to food products,biomedical substances and organic and inorganic materials.

关键词： Near infrared spectroscopy Imaging Hyperspectral camera

Characterization of particle size and settling velocity of cohesive sediments affected by a neutral exopolymer

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2012年第4期27卷 473-485页

作者： Xiao-ling TAN Guo-ping ZHANG Hang YIN Allen H.REED yoko FURUKAWA Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil ＆ Environmental EngineeringLouisiana State University Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering Louisiana State University Graduate Research Assistant Department of Civil & Environmental EngineeringLouisiana State University Research Scientist Seafloor Sciences BranchNaval Research LaboratoryStennis Space Center

In natural waters,exopolymers or extracellular polymeric substances(EPS) exuded by microorganisms interact with clay particles,resulting in the flocculation of clays and hence alteration to the properties of suspended cohesive *** investigate and further understand how neutral EPS affect cohesive sediment transport and the final sediment yield,an experimental study was conducted on laboratory-prepared clay and guar gum(used as an analog for neutral EPS) suspensions to characterize EPS-induced flocculation and the settling velocity of resultant *** different clays consisting of kaolinite,illite,Ca-montmorillonite,and Na-montmorillonite were studied to examine the influence of different layer charges on clay flocculation induced by neutral *** size was determined by a laser particle size analyzer,and settling velocity estimated by analyzing the time-series floc settling images captured by an optical *** indicate that neutral EPS promote clay-EPS flocculation for all four clays with the particle/floc size significantly increased from～0.1-60μm to as large as～600μ***' layer charge has a profound influence on the clay-EPS *** the same floc size,the settling velocity of clay-EPS flocs is typically smaller than that of pure clay flocs,which is attributed to the reduced density of flocs caused by the EPS. However,for flocs of the same composition(*** clay or hybrid clay-EPS mixture),the settling velocity increases with *** fractal dimension of these clay-EPS flocs estimated from settling velocity ranges from 1.39 to 1.47,which are smaller than that of pure clay flocs,indicating that these flocs are less compacted than the pure clay flocs.

关键词： Clay Exopolymer Flocculation Fractal dimension Particle size Settling velocity

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钠离子电池用电解质材料的研究进展

中国科学：技术科学 2020年第3期50卷 247-260页

作者：解晓华 murayama Mariko 关苏军赵新为长江师范学院绿色智慧环境学院重庆408100 Department of Physics Tokyo University of ScienceTokyo 162-8601Japan

钠离子电池因钠源丰富、成本较低而受到科研工作者的广泛关注.钠离子电池主要由正极、负极、电解质、电流收集器等部分组成.相对于电极材料的研究,电解质材料的研究相对较少.但作为电池的组成部分,电解质却起着平衡及传输电荷的重要作用... 详细信息

钠离子电池因钠源丰富、成本较低而受到科研工作者的广泛关注.钠离子电池主要由正极、负极、电解质、电流收集器等部分组成.相对于电极材料的研究,电解质材料的研究相对较少.但作为电池的组成部分,电解质却起着平衡及传输电荷的重要作用,其各组分的前线轨道(frontier molecular orbitals)能量不仅决定了电池的电化学平台,也影响着电池的热稳定性,而且,其稳定性及离子电导率是决定电池性能的关键参数.本文从优秀电解质应具备的特点入手,综述了常见液态电解质及固态电解质材料的结构特点、性质及主要改进方法.

关键词：钠离子电池电解质离子电导率研究进展

Sex differences and effects of oestrogen in rat gastric mucosal defence

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第3期23卷 426-436页

作者： Richard Shore Hakan Bjorne yoko Omoto Anna Siemiatkowska Jan-Ake Gustafsson Mats Lindblad Lena Holm Department of Clinical Sciences Intervention and Technology(CLINTEC)Karolinska InstitutetS-14186 StockholmSweden Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University HospitalS-17176 StockholmSweden Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Karolinska InstitutetS-17177 StockholmSweden Department of Endocrine and Breast Surgery Graduate School of Medical ScienceKyoto Prefectural University of Medicine 465 Kajii-choHirokoji AgaruKawaramachi-doriKamigyo-kuKyoto 602-0841Japan Department of Medical Cell Biology Uppsala UniversityS-75123 UppsalaSweden Center of Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signalling University of HoustonHoustonTX 77004United States Department of Clinical Sciences Intervention and Technology(CLINTEC)Karolinska InstitutetS-14186 StockholmSweden

AIM To evaluate sex differences and the effects of oestrogen administration in rat gastric mucosal *** Sex differences in gastric mucus thickness and accumulation rate, absolute gastric mucosal blood flow using microspheres, the integrity of the gastric mucosal epithelium in response to a chemical irritant and the effects of oestrogen administration on relative gastric mucosal blood flow in an acute setting was assessed in an in vivo rat experimental model. Subsequently, sex differences in the distribution of oestrogen receptors and calcitonin gene related peptide in the gastric mucosa of animals exposed to oestrogen in the above experiments was evaluated using *** The absolute blood flow in the GI-tract was generally higher in males, but only significantly different in the corpus part of the stomach (1.12 ± 0.12 m L/min·g in males and 0.51 ± 0.03 m L/min·g in females) (P = 0.002). After removal of the loosely adherent mucus layer the thickness of the firmly adherent mucus layer in males and females was 79 ± 1 μm and 80 ± 3 μm respectively. After 60 min the mucus thickness increased to 113 ± 3 μm in males and 121 ± 3 μm in females with no statistically significant difference seen between the sexes. Following oestrogen administration(0.1 followed by 1 μg/kg·min), mean blood flow in the gastric mucosa decreased by 31% [68 ± 13 perfusion units (PFU)] in males which was significantly different compared to baseline(P = 0.02). In females however, mean blood flow remained largely unchanged with a 4% (5 ± 33 PFU) reduction. The permeability of the gastric mucosa increased to a higher level in females than in males (P = 0.01) after taurocholate challenge. However, the calculated mean clearance increase did not significantly differ between the sexes [0.1 ± 0.04 to 1.1 ± 0.1 m L/min·100 g in males and 0.4 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.3 m L/min·100 g in females(P = 0.065)]. There were no significant differences between 17β-Estradiol treated males (me

关键词： Sex differences Gastric mucosal defence Blood flow Oestrogen Gastric physiology Mucus

Involvement of A5/A7 noradrenergic neurons and B2 serotonergic neurons in nociceptive processing:a fiber photometry study

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Neural Regeneration Research 2022年第4期17卷 881-886页

作者： Shunpei Moriya Akira Yamashita Daiki Masukawa Junichi Sakaguchi yoko Ikoma Yoshimune Sameshima Yuki Kambe Akihiro Yamanaka Tomoyuki Kuwaki Department of Physiology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental ScienceKagoshimaJapan Department of Molecular Pharmacologyand Neurobiology Yokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan Department of Pharmacology Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental ScienceKagoshimaJapan Research Institute of Environmental Medicine Nagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan

In the central nervous system,the A6 noradrenaline(NA)and the B3 serotonin(5-HT)cell groups are well-recognized players in the descending antinociceptive system,while other NA/5-HT cell groups are not well characterized.A5/A7 NA and B25-HT cells project to the spinal horn and form descending *** recorded G-Ca MP6 green fluorescence signal intensities in the A5/A7 NA and the B25-HT cell groups of awake mice in response to acute tail pinch stimuli,acute heat stimuli,and in the context of a non-noxious control test,using fiber photometry with a calcium imaging *** first introduced G-Ca MP6 in the A5/A7 NA or B25-HT neuronal soma,using transgenic mice carrying the tetracycline-controlled transactivator transgene under the control of either a dopamineβ-hydroxylase or a tryptophan hydroxylase-2 promoters and by the site-specific injection of adeno-associated virus(AAV-Tet O(3 G)-G-Ca MP6).After confirming the specific expression patterns of G-Ca MP6,we recorded G-Ca MP6 green fluorescence signals in these sites in awake mice in response to acute nociceptive stimuli.G-Ca MP6 fluorescence intensity in the A5,A7,and B2 cell groups was rapidly increased in response to acute nociceptive stimuli and soon after,it returned to baseline fluorescence *** was not observed in the non-noxious control *** results indicate that acute nociceptive stimuli rapidly increase the activities of A5/A7 NA or B25-HT neurons but the non-noxious stimuli do *** present study suggests that A5/A7 NA or B25-HT neurons play important roles in nociceptive processing in the central nervous *** suggest that A5/A7/B2 neurons may be new therapeutic *** performed procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Use Committee of Kagoshima University(MD17105)on February 22,2018.

关键词： A5 NA neurons A7 NA neurons B25-HT neurons DBH-tTA mice fiber photometry G-CaMP6 mCherry monoaminergic signaling nociception TPH-t TA mice

Exploring factors that motivate nursing students to engage in skills practice in a laboratory setting:A descriptive qualitative design

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International Journal of Nursing Sciences 2021年第1期8卷 79-86,I0006页

作者： yoko Nakayoshi Miyuki Takase Mayumi Niitani Takiko Imai Mari Okada Kumiko Yamamoto Yuri Takei School of Nursing Yasuda Women’s UniversityJapan School of Nursing Prefectural University of HiroshimJapan Division of Health Science Graduate School of MedicineOsaka UniversityJapan

Objectives:The aim of this study was to explore factors that motivate students to engage in skills practice in a laboratory setting,and to identify their motivation types and the regulatory ***:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 nursing students from three universities between November 2017 and January 2018.A thematic analysis was used to identify factors associated with students’motivation to engage in skills practice in a *** types and the regulatory styles of student motivation were identified based on the self-determination ***:Seven motivating factors were *** factors included the students’desire“to acquire the skills necessary to work as a nurse”,the“desire to improve skills in preparation for clinical practicum”,and their felt“obligations to patients as a nurse”.Moreover,“the impetus to study arising from the objective evaluation of oneself and others”and“wanting to pass the skills examination”motivated the students to engage in skills practice.A“learning environment that facilitates students’learning”and the“supportive involvement of educators”facilitated their *** on the self-determination theory,the students were found to embrace extrinsic motivation with four regulatory styles of motivation,namely integrated,identified,introjected,and external ***:Nurse educators should understand the motivating factors of students,and help students embrace a more internally controlled motivation by helping them envision their future careers as nurses,and by fostering their ethical duty to care for patients.

关键词： Laboratories Learning Motivation Nursing students Clinical competence

Art and management——referring to Peter Drucker’s work

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Art and management——referring to Peter Drucker’s work