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Availability and Use of Willow species in Representative Cold Desert Areas of Northwestern Himalaya,India

Journal of Mountain science 2013年第3期10卷 472-481页

作者： yashwant s.rawat Colin s.EVERsON Centre for Water Resources Research School of AgriculturalEarth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZuluNatal

Willow species （salix fragilis L. and s. alba L.） are important elements of cold desert agroforestry systems in the Lahaul valley, north- western Himalaya. Their ability to grow through shoot-cuttings plantations under extreme and xeric climatic conditions of cold deserts, makes them ecologically suited and socially accepted for forestry programmes. Willow species in cold deserts may combat desertification and can thrive well in these areas as compared to any other species. salixfragilis L. and s. alba L. are under cultivation in the Lahaul valley. However, s. fragilis is widely cultivated under the agroforestry and plantation forestry systems. In the Lahaul valley, willow species are used as subsistence resources and for socio-religious purposes. The present study was carried out to examine the vegetation analysis, density, diversity and distribution of willow species, present status and potential willow plantation sites and uses. The results of present study revealed that a higher species density was recorded at middle altitude villages （Jahlma-3,ooo m asl and Hinsa-2,7oo m asl）, except, a higher density of s. fragilis was at Khoksar （3,200 m asl） in plantation forestry on south-facing slopes. In forests, s. fragilis was planted mainly along the water channels, resulted a low density. The shrubby willow species occurred naturally in the entire Lahaul valley up to an altitude of 3,850 m asl. 81% of households felt the scarcity of willow trees, whereas, 19% of households were satisfied with the willow trees they owned. The majority of willow species were planted in middle altitudes on privately owned irrigated lands. It was rated most potential prospective willow planting siteby the farmers. small size of land-holdings was one of the main constraints for establishing a large number of willow plantations. Commercial aspects of willow species need to be investigated to encourage the farmers to plant more willows further.

关键词： Willow Agroforestry Forestry speciesdiversity Himalaya

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Ecological status and Uses of Juniper species in the Cold Desert Environment of the Lahaul Valley, North-western Himalaya, India

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Journal of Mountain science 2012年第5期9卷 676-686页

作者： yashwant s.rawat Colin s.EVERsON school of Agricultural Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of KwaZulu-Natal

The juniper species Juniperus polycarpos C. Koch, J. indica Bertol. and J. communis L. var. saxatilis （Pallas） are important elements of the forest vegetation in Lahaul valley in the north-western Himalaya. Their ability to grow under the barren and xeric conditions of cold deserts makes them particularly suited for afforestation programmes under these eeologieal conditions. In the Lahaul valley, juniper species are used as subsistence resources and for religious purposes. Excessive removal of juniper wood and leaves by the local population, overgrazing, habitat fragmentation and low regeneration potential are the main obstacles to eonservation of juniper forests in this region. The present study was carried out to assess density, basal area and importance value index （WI） of the local vegetation as well as uses and amounts of juniper wood and leaves removed from the local forests. Pressure on relict juniper forests due to grazing animals and intensive removal of wood and leaves by the loeal population was found to be greater at an altitude above 3,00o m. The results of the study demonstrated that the different juniper speeies were adapted to specific altitude ranges. A higher species density was recorded at lower altitude except for J. indica which was only present at high altitude （〉3,200 m） on south-facing slopes. Density, basal area and IVI of J. polycarpos were higher at Hinsa （2,7oo m） than at Jahlma （3,000 m）. The rapid loss of vegetation due to overuse and habitat degradation has made the eonservation of juniper forests an important priority in the Lahaul valley. J. polycarpos at loweraltitude and J. indica at higher altitude are ecologically the more suitable species for the successful implementation of conservation programmes. The support of rehabilitation programmes by regional authorities is essential for the reestablishment of the local juniper forests.

关键词： Juniper Distribution Utilization Pattern Agroforestry Forest Conservation

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Willow (salix fragilis Linn.):A Multipurpose Tree species under Pest Attack in the Cold Desert of Lahaul Valley,Northwestern Himalaya,India

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AMBIO－人类环境杂志 2006年第1期35卷 43-48,F0003页

作者： yashwant s.rawat santaram s．0inam subhash C．R．Vishvakarma． Chandra P．Kuniyal Jagdish C Kuniyal 闫巍（译）何永涛（校）印度喜马拉雅环境与发展研究所印度草本植物研究与发展研究所不详

爆竹柳（salix fragilis）是拉胡尔（Lahaul）山谷冻原地区（位于印度喜马拉雅西北部）本地农林生态系统中分布最为广泛的一个柳树树种。目前，严重的害虫侵袭以及其他植物传染病已经威胁到该树种的生存状况。作为一种多用途的柳树，爆... 详细信息

爆竹柳（salix fragilis）是拉胡尔（Lahaul）山谷冻原地区（位于印度喜马拉雅西北部）本地农林生态系统中分布最为广泛的一个柳树树种。目前，严重的害虫侵袭以及其他植物传染病已经威胁到该树种的生存状况。作为一种多用途的柳树，爆竹柳不仅具有提高植被覆盖度的功能，同时也是一种重要的薪材和饲料来源。本研究对区内Khoksa、Jahlma和Hinsa等三个村庄的爆竹柳进行了较为详细的调查。结果表明，爆竹柳分别为Khoksa、Jahlma和Hinsa三个村庄提供了69．5％、29％、42％的薪材来源。但令人吃惊的是，目前该地区仅有30．0±20．1％的爆竹柳处于健康状态，55．2±16．1％已经枯萎，14．8±6．1％由于受到害虫入侵和其他植物传染病的共同威胁而即将枯萎。建议以试验为基础，引进当地的野生种以及喜马拉雅类似地区的其他驯化种，以求维持拉胡尔地区原有农林生态系统中的柳树种植模式。

关键词：喜马拉雅多用途西北部柳树 Linn 山谷印度侵袭病虫害农林生态系统

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Van Panchayats as an Effective Tool in Conserving Biodiversity at Local Level

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Journal of Environmental Protection 2010年第3期1卷 278-283页

作者： Vardan singh rawat yashwant singh rawat 不详

Forest vegetation of a community managed forest was studied along four aspects. Quercus leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii was the dominant species on each of the two aspects. Across the aspects the total tree density ranged between 193 to 324.3 ind/ha, sapling density between 119 to 258.6 ind/ha and seedling density from 249.98 to 845 ind/ha. The shrub density varied from 199.99 to 406.32 ind/ha and herb density from 9466.66 to 52483.33 ind/ha. The total basal area varied from 0.06 to 7.15 m2/ha at eastern and north facing aspect for Quercus leucotrichophora and Pinus roxburghii respectively showing that the forest is in young stage. species diversity value for tree layer varied from 0.21 to 1.23 while concentration of dominance value ranged from 0.56 to 0.94. It was noticed that with an increase in species diversity concentration of dominance value decreases indicating inverse relationship between diversity and dominance.

关键词： Van Panchayat Aspect Diversity Bhatkholi Community Managed Forest

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Optimization of Groundwater Level Monitoring Network Using GIs-based Geostatistical Method and Multi-parameter Analysis:A Case study in Wainganga sub-basin,India

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Chinese Geographical science 2017年第2期27卷 201-215页

作者： Kumar singh CHANDAN Bhaskar Katpatal yashwant Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering Visvesvaraya National Institute of TechnologyNagpur 440010India

Groundwater is one of the most important resources, its monitoring and optimized management has now become the priority to satisfy the demand of rapidly increasing population. In many developing countries, optimized groundwater level monitoring networks are rarely designed to build up a strong groundwater level data base, and to reduce operation time and cost. The paper presents application of geostatistical method to optimize existing network of observation wells for 18 sub-watersheds within the Wainganga sub-basin located in the central part of India. The average groundwater level fluctuation(GWLF) from 37 observation wells is compared with parameters like lineament density, recharge, density of irrigation wells, land use and hydrogeology(LiRDLH) of Wainganga sub-basin and analyzed stochastically in Geographic Information system(GIs) environment using simple, ordinary, disjunctive and universal kriging methods. semivariogram analyses have been performed separately for all kriging methods to fit the best theoretical model with experimental model. Results from gaussian, spherical, exponential and circular theoretical models were compared with those of experimental models obtained from the groundwater level data. spatial analyses conclude that the exponential semivariogram model obtained from ordinary kriging gives the best fit model. study demonstrates that ordinary kriging gives the optimal solution and additional number of observation wells can be added utilizing the error variance for optimal design of groundwater level monitoring networks. This study describes the use of Geostatistics methods in GIs to predict the groundwater level and upgrade groundwater level monitoring networks from the randomly distributed observation wells considering multiple parameters such as GWLF and LiRDLH. The method proposed in the present study is observed to be an efficient method for selecting observation well locations in a complex geological set up. The study concludes that mini

关键词： observation wells groundwater kriging semivariogram Geographic Information system (GIs)

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A leaf image localization based algorithm for different crops disease classification

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Information Processing in Agriculture 2022年第3期9卷 456-474页

作者： yashwant Kurmi suchi Gangwar ECE Department Maulana Azad National Institute of TechnologyBhopalIndia Agriculture Department RKDF UniversityBhopalIndia

Agricultural crop production is a major contributing element to any country’s *** maintain the economic growth of any country plants disease detection is a leading factor in *** contribution of the proposed algorithm is to optimize the extracted infor-mation from the available resources for the betterment of the result without any additional *** proposed technique basically localizes the leaf region prior to the image classification into healthy and *** novelty of this work is to fuse the information extracted from the available resources and optimize it to enhance the expected *** leaf colors are analyzed using color transformation for the seed region *** mapping of a low-dimensional RGB color image into L*a*b color space provides an expansion of the spectral *** neighboring pixels-based leaf region growing is applied on the initial *** order to refine the leaf boundary and the disease-affected areas,we employed a random sample consensus(RANsAC)for suitable curve *** feature sets using bag of visual words,Fisher vectors,and handcrafted features are extracted followed by classification using logistic regression,multilayer perceptron model,and support vector *** performance of the proposal is analyzed through PlantVillage datasets of apple,bell pepper,cherry,corn,grape,potato,and *** simulation-based analysis of the proposed contextualization-based image categorization process outperforms as compared with the state of *** proposed approach provides average accuracy and area under the curve of 0.932 and 0.903,respectively.

关键词： Image segmentation and classification Computer-aided diagnosis Crop’s leaf image Tomato leaf image localization

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Aliasing Errors in Parallel signature Analyzers

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Journal of Computer science & Technology 1990年第1期5卷 24-40页

作者：闵应骅 yashwant K. Malaiya 金博平 CAD Laboratory Institute of Computing Technology Academia Sinica Colorado state University U.S.A. school of MPC & E Macquarie University Australia

A Linear Feedback shift Register (LFsR)can be used to compress test response data as a signature Analyzer(sA). Parallel signature Analyzers (PsAs) implemented as multiple input LFsRs are faster and re- quire less hardware overhead than serial signature Analyzers (ssAs)for compacting test response data for Built-In serf-Test (BIsT)in IC or hoard-testing environments. However, the sAs are prone to aliasing errors because of some specific types of error patterns. An alias is a faulty output signature that is identical to the fault-free signature. A penetrating analysis of detecting capability of sAs depends strongly on mathematical manipulations, instead of being aware of some special cases or examples. In addition , the analysis should not be restricted to a particular structure of LFsR, but be appropriate for various structures of LFsRs. This pa- per presents necessary and sufficient conditions for aliasing errors based on a complete mathematical descrip- tion of various types of sAs. An LFsR reconfiguration scheme is suggested which will prevent any aliasing double errors. such a prevention cannot be obtained by any extension of an LFsR.

关键词： Aliasing Errors in Parallel signature Analyzers MF XOR

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Land use and land cover changes in Jahlma watershed of the Lahaul valley,cold desert region of the northwestern Himalaya,India

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Journal of Mountain science 2005年第2期2卷 129-136页

作者： santaram s. OINAM yashwant s. rawat R. s. KHOIYANGBAM KHWAIRAKPAM Gajananda Jagdish C. KUNIYAL s. C. R. VIsHVAKARMA G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and Development Himachal UnitMohal-KulluHimachal Pradesh-175 126IndiaG.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentHimachal UnitMohal-KulluHimachal Pradesh-175 126IndiaG.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentHimachal UnitMohal-KulluHimachal Pradesh-175 126IndiaShriram Institute For Industrial Research19University RoadDelhi-110 007IndiaG.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentHimachal UnitMohal-KulluHimachal Pradesh-175 126IndiaG.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment and DevelopmentHimachal UnitMohal-KulluHimachal Pradesh-175 126India

Land use and land cover changes that occurred during the period from 1991 to 2001 in the Jahlma watershed of the Lahaul valley,a cold desert region of the northwestern Himalaya,were evaluated using land use data and visual interpretation of IRs satellite imageries. The results revealed that out of the six major land use forms within the watershed,land areas under agriculture,kitchen garden and settlement land were found increased,whereas a declining trend was recorded in areas under grassland,barren land and salix plantation. The cultivated land within the watershed increased from 54.87 % (total of agriculture land,kitchen garden,grassland,barren land,salix plantation and residential area) in 1991 to 56.89 % in 2001,corresponding to an expansion of 4.41 ha. On the other hand,the areas of grassland decreased from 31.41 % in 1991 to 29.81 % in 2001. such a dramatic land use and land cover changes taking place within the 33 km2 watershed area in a single decade clearly indicates the prevailing danger of land degradation and environmental deterioration in the region.

关键词：土地利用分水岭峡谷印度卫星图像土地覆盖度

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Thermo-Mechanical Processing of Iron-Phosphorous-Carbon Alloys

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Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering 2011年第1期10卷 93-100页

作者： yashwant Mehta P. s. Mishra Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Indian Institute of TechnologyRoorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand -247667 India Department of Metallurgical Engineering National Institute of Technology SrinagarHazratbal Srinagar J & K– 190006 India

Phosphorous is widely considered as an impurity in steels. Consequently, its role as an important alloying element in iron could never be established. The present paper deals with the exploitation of phosphorous as a useful alloying element in iron in conjunction with carbon by way of improved thermo-mechanical processing leading to a tough steel equivalent to high strength low alloy steels. It was observed that phosphorous is pushed towards ferrite grains by carbon which in turn forms pearlite along ferrite grains. suitable adjustment in the amounts of carbon and phosphorous yields an attractive set of mechanical properties after appropriate processing. Typical chemistry and processing combinations yields UTs: 700 MPa and % El: 25% Area under the stress-strain curve: 60 Joules.

关键词： Iron-Phosphorous-Carbon alloys Microstructure Heat treatment MechanicalProperties.

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First rib fractures： not always a hallmark of severe trauma a report of three cases

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2013年第4期16卷 251-253页

作者： Atin Jaiswal yashwant s Tanwar Masood Habib Vijay Jain Department of Orthopaedics Bokaro General Hospital Bokaro India Department of Orthopaedics PGIMER & Dr RML Hospital New Delhi India

According to medical literature, fracture of the first rib is quite rare and the bilateral condition is especially rare. This type of fracture is usually associated with severe intrathoracic trauma and other bony or neurovascular injuries, thus can be considered as a harbinger of major trauma. However here we present three cases of low velocity first rib fractures without any major trauma or multisystem injuries. All the three patients were treated conservatively and did well on simple analgesics and rest and had no early or late complications. It can be seen that not all the first rib fractures are associated with major trauma or multisystem injuries. There is a variant of first rib fracture with low velocity injuries which is not associated with any major complications in contrast to majority of first rib fractures associated with high velocity injuries. Causative factor of such injuries may be violent muscular contraction of scalenus anterior or serratus anterior, but not direct trauma.

关键词： Rib fractures Wounds and injuries Multiple trauma

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