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Population Genetic Structure of the Medicinal Plant Vitex rotundifolia in China: Implications for its Use and Conservation

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2008年第9期50卷 1118-1129页

作者： Yuan Hu Yu Zhu qiao-yan zhang Hai-Liang Xin Lu-Ping Qin Bao-Rong Lu Khalid Rahman Han-Chen Zheng Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing 100853 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China Faculty of Science School of Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores University Liverpool L3 3AF England UK

Vitex rotundifolia L. is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine. For its efficient use and conservation, genetic diversity and clonal variation of V. rotundifolia populations in China were investigated using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Fourteen natural populations were included to estimate genetic diversity, and a large population with 135 individuals was used to analyze clonal variation and fine-scale spatial genetic structure. The overall genetic diversity （GD） of V. rotundifolia populations in China was moderate （GD=0.190）, with about 40% within-population variation. Across all populations surveyed, the average within-population diversity was moderate （P = 22.6%; GD = 0.086）. A relatively high genetic differentiation （Gst = 0.587） among populations was detected based on the analysis of molecular variance data. Such characteristics of V. rotundifofia are likely attributed to its sexual/asexual reproduction and limited gene flow. The genotypic diversity （D = 0.992） was greater than the average values of a clonal plant, indicating its significant reproduction through seedlings. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed a clear within-population structure with gene clusters of approximately 20 m. Genetic diversity patterns of V. rotundifolia in China provide a useful guide for its efficient use and conservation by selecting particular populations displaying greater variation that may contain required medicinal compounds, and by sampling individuals in a population at 〉20 m spatial intervals to avoid collecting individuals with identical or similar genotypes.

关键词： beach vitex medicinal plant conservation Vitex rotundifolia gene cluster genetic diversity sampling strategy spatial structure.

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Qualitative Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Cnidium monnieri Using UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS

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Chinese Herbal Medicines 2016年第4期8卷 323-330页

作者： Min Jia Yi-min Li Xin Zhai yang yang Chun-yan Li qiao-yan zhang Lu-ping Qin Department of Pharmacognosy School of PharmacySecond Military Medical University

Objective To identify the coumarins constituents in Cnidium monnieri and classify ten samples into three groups and this helpful chemical information could be used for the further pharmacological and clinical study on C. monnieri. Methods Qualitative analysis of coumarins in C. monnieri was detected by UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS. Quadrupole TOF/MS in either full scan mode or extracted ion mode was used for the qualitative analysis of the constituents. Relative peak area of each component was used for the hierarchical cluster analysis. Results According to UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS data, chemical structures of 28 coumarins in the fruits of C. monnieri were identified, including 19 simple coumarins, seven linear coumarins, and two angular coumarins. Among these constituents, ten coumarins were firstly identified in C. monnieri. In addition, hierarchical cluster analysis suggested that C. monnieri from different regions could be classified into four groups, and this clustering was correlated to the distribution significantly, Xuzhou could be regarded as the genuine producing area. Conclusion UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS is a viable method for qualitative analysis and quality evaluation of coumarins from the fruit of C. monnieri. Coumarins in C. monnieri exists intra-species variance, which indicates significant meaning for the quality control and choice of famous region drug for C. monnieri in the clinic medication.

关键词： Cnidium monnieri coumarins qualitative analysis quality control UHPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS

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Co/Co_(7)Fe_(3)heterostructures with controllable alloying degree on carbon spheres as bifunctional electrocatalyst forrechargeable zinc-air batteries

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2025年第2期32卷 476-487页

作者： Junkang Chen Yongyue Zhuang yanxin qiao Yu zhang Aihua Yuan Hu Zhou School of Materials Science and Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiang 212003China School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Jiangsu University of Science and TechnologyZhenjiang 212003China

Exploring efficient and nonprecious metal electrocatalysts of oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)and oxygen evolution reaction(OER)is crucial for developing rechargeable zinc-air batteries(ZABs).Herein,an alloying-degree control strategy was employed to fabricate nitrogen-doped carbon sphere(NCS)decorated with dual-phase Co/Co_(7)Fe_(3)heterojunctions(CoFe@NCS).The phase composition of materials has been adjusted by controlling the alloying *** optimal CoFe_(0.08)@NCS electrocatalyst displays a half-wave potential of 0.80 V for ORR and an overpotential of 283 mV at 10 mA·cm^(-2)for OER in an alkaline *** intriguing bifunctional electrocatalytic activity and durability is attributed to the hierarchically porous structure and interfacial electron coupling of highly-active Co_(7)Fe_(3)alloy and metallic Co *** the CoFe_(0.08)@NCS material is used as air-cathode catalyst of rechargeable liquid-state zinc-air battery(ZAB),the device shows a high peak power-density(157 mW·cm^(-2))and maintains a stable voltage gap over 150 h,outperforming those of the benchmark(Pt/C+RuO_(2))-based *** particular,the as-fabricated solid-state flexible ZAB delivers a reliable compatibility under different bending *** work provides a promising strategy to develop metal/alloy-based electrocatalysts for the application in renewable energy conversion technologies.

关键词： bifunctional electrocatalysts oxygen reduction reaction oxygen evolution reaction zinc-air battery metal/alloy carbon sphere

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Clinical study on the treatment of acute pancreatitis with external application of Yi-Dan Therapy based on the method of“stagnation requiring dispersion”:study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

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Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research 2024年第2期6卷 1-7页

作者： Pei-Xin Ge Bo-Yi Jia Nai-Wei zhang Li-Bao An qiao-yan zhang yan-Mei Cai Xiao-Na zhang Shao-Dong Hao Hong-Jie Cheng Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Beijing100029China Department of Gastrointestinal Disease Fangshan HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 102488China.

Background:Acute pancreatitis is an unpredictable and potentially lethal disease,causing tremendous pain in *** initial treatment of acute pancreatitis in modern medicine is supportive,but it is generally ineffective in relieving abdominal pain and *** Chinese medicine has been shown to be more effective in regulating the body’s homeostasis and reducing the clinical symptoms of ***-Dan ointment,derived from Dahuang-Mudan Decoction,is an effective external ointment for treating acute *** aim of this trial is to investigate the clinical efficacy of Yi-Dan ointment,providing a valuable complement to existing treatment options for ***:This is a randomized controlled clinical trial with two parallel *** in the control group were given basic treatment and nursing for 7 days;in the treatment group,Yi-Dan ointment was applied externally in addition to basic treatment and *** main indicator is the overall efficacy,serum amylase,acute physiology and chronic health evaluationⅡscore,symptom score,inflammatory markers,and classification of computed ***:The trial results will provide high-quality evidence for Yi-Dan ointment,and provide a complement to existing treatment options for pancreatitis.

关键词： acute pancreatitis traditional Chinese medicine external treatment Yi-Dan ointment randomized controlled trial

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Mechanism of Zuojin Pill in the treatment of anxiety disorder and Major depressive disorder based on network pharmacology and molecular docking validation

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Gastroenterology & Hepatology Research 2023年第1期5卷 19-26页

作者： Pei-Xin Ge Hong-Jie Cheng Wei-Fang Liu yan-Mei Cai qiao-yan zhang Shuang Dai Bo-Yi Jia Graduate School Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 100029China Third Affiliated Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese medicine Beijing 100105China Department of Gastrointestinal Disease Fangshan HospitalBeijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing 102401China

Background:Zuojin Pill(ZJP)is a classic Chinese herbal prescription with good efficacy in the treatment of Anxiety disorder(AD)and Major depressive disorder(MDD).Nevertheless,the potential mechanisms of ZJP remain *** on network pharmacology and molecular docking methods,this study aims to elucidate the possible mechanism of ZJP in the treatment of AD and ***:The components and targets of Rhizoma Coptidis and Fructus Evodiae were collected from TCMSP,ETCM,HERB,SWISSADME and STITCH *** disease targets related to MDD and AD were collected from DISGENET,GENECARDS and OMIM ***-protein interaction network was constructed by STRING database,GO and KEGG enrichment analysis was performed by METASCAPE database,and“drugs-components-targets network”was constructed by Cytoscape *** docking verification was performed by Sailvina2.0 ***:ZJP may act on AKT1,IL6,TNF and other targets through caffeine,isorhamnetin,berberine and other components,regulating the Inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels,Serotonergic synapse,Dopaminergic synapse,PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,and other *** results of molecular docking showed that berberine had the best binding activity with the core ***:ZJP can exert anti-anxiety and anti-depression effects through multiple components,multiple targets and multiple pathways.

关键词： Network pharmacology Zuojin Pill Major depressive disorder Anxiety disorder Molecular docking mechanism of action

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The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO):Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer,2021

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Cancer Communications 2021年第8期41卷 747-795页

作者： Feng-Hua Wang Xiao-Tian zhang Yuan-Fang Li Lei Tang Xiu-Juan Qu Jie-Er Ying Jun zhang Ling-Yu Sun Rong-Bo Lin Hong Qiu Chang Wang Miao-Zhen Qiu Mu-yan Cai QiWu Hao Liu Wen-Long Guan Ai-Ping Zhou Yu-Jing zhang Tian-Shu Liu Feng Bi Xiang-Lin Yuan Sheng-Xiang Rao yan Xin Wei-Qi Sheng Hui-Mian Xu Guo-Xin Li Jia-Fu Ji Zhi-Wei Zhou Han Liang yan-qiao zhang Jing Jin Lin Shen Jin Li Rui-Hua Xu Department of Medical Oncology State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouGuangdong 510060P.R.China Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijing 100142P.R.China Department of Gastric Surgery State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineSun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouGuangdong 510060P.R.China Department of Radiology Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijing 100142P.R.China Department of Medical Oncology The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoning 110001P.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Zhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiang 310006P.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghai 200025P.R.China Department of Surgical Oncology The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiang 150001P.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Fujian Cancer HospitalFuzhouFujian 350000P.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei 430030P.R.China Cancer Center of The First Hospital of Jilin University ChangchunJilin 130021P.R.China Department of Pathology State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineSun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterGuangzhouGuangdong 510060P.R.China Department of Endoscopy Center Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer Hospital and InstituteBeijing 100142P.R.China Department of General Surgery Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuan

There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics,clinicopathological features,tumor biological characteristics,treatment patterns,and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western *** Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it *** into account regional differences,giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources,these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in *** 2021 CSCO Clinical Practice Guidelines for Gastric Cancer covers the diagnosis,treatment,follow-up,and screening of gastric *** on the 2020 version of the CSCO Chinese Gastric Cancer guidelines,this updated guideline integrates the results ofmajor clinical studies from China and overseas for the past year,focused on the inclusion of research data from the Chinese population for more personalized and clinically relevant *** the comprehensive treatment of non-metastatic gastric cancer,attentions were paid to neoadjuvant *** value of perioperative chemotherapy is gradually becoming clearer and its recommendation level has been *** the comprehensive treatment of metastatic gastric cancer,recommendations for immunotherapy were included,and immune checkpoint inhibitors fromthird-line to the first-line of treatment for different patient groups with detailed notes are provided.

关键词： adjuvant chemotherapy Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO) diagnosis gastric cancer immunotherapy neoadjuvant radiotherapy surgery targeted therapy

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The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2023

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Cancer Communications 2024年第1期44卷 127-172页

作者： Feng-Hua Wang Xiao-Tian zhang Lei Tang Qi Wu Mu-yan Cai Yuan-Fang Li Xiu-Juan Qu Hong Qiu Yu-Jing zhang Jie-Er Ying Jun zhang Ling-Yu Sun Rong-Bo Lin Chang Wang Hao Liu Miao-Zhen Qiu Wen-Long Guan Sheng-Xiang Rao Jia-Fu Ji yan Xin Wei-Qi Sheng Hui-Mian Xu Zhi-Wei Zhou Ai-Ping Zhou Jing Jin Xiang-Lin Yuan Feng Bi Tian-Shu Liu Han Liang yan-qiao zhang Guo-Xin Li Jun Liang Bao-Rui Liu Lin Shen Jin Li Rui-Hua Xu Department of Medical Oncology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research(Ministry of Education)Peking University Cancer HospitalBeijingP.R.China Department of Radiology Peking University Cancer HospitalBeijingP.R.China Department of Endoscopy Center Peking University Cancer HospitalBeijingP.R.China Department of Pathology Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center of Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of Gastric Surgery Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of Medical Oncology The First Hospital of China Medical UniversityShenyangLiaoningP.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubeiP.R.China Department of Radiotherapy Sun Yat-sen University Cancer CenterState Key Laboratory of Oncology in South ChinaCollaborative Innovation Center for Cancer MedicineGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Zhejiang Cancer HospitalHangzhouZhejiangP.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineShanghaiP.R.China Department of Surgical Oncology The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical UniversityHarbinHeilongjiangP.R.China Department of Medical Oncology Fujian Cancer HospitalFuzhouFujianP.R.China Tumor Center The First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunJilinP.R.China Department of General Surgery Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdongP.R.China Department of Radiology Zhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiP.R.China Department of

The 2023 update of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO)Clini-cal Guidelines for Gastric Cancer focuses on standardizing cancer diagnosis and treatment in China,reflecting the latest advancements in evidence-based medicine,healthcare resource availability,and precision *** updates address the differences in epidemiological characteristics,clinicopatho-logical features,tumor biology,treatment patterns,and drug selections between Eastern and Western gastric cancer *** revisions include a structured template for imaging diagnosis reports,updated standards for molecular marker testing in pathological diagnosis,and an elevated recommendation for neoadju-vant chemotherapy in stage III gastric *** advanced metastatic gastric cancer,the guidelines introduce new recommendations for immunotherapy,anti-angiogenic therapy and targeted drugs,along with updated management strategies for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER2)-positive and deficient DNA mismatch repair(dMMR)/microsatellite instability-high(MSI-H)***,the guidelines offer detailed screening recommendations for hereditary gastric cancer and an appendix listing drug treatment regimens for various stages of gastric *** 2023 CSCO Clinical Guidelines for Gastric Cancer updates are based on both Chinese and international clinical research and expert consensus to enhance their applicability and relevance in clinical practice,particularly in the heterogeneous healthcare landscape of China,while maintaining a commitment to scientific rigor,impartiality,and timely revisions.

关键词： Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology(CSCO) gastric cancer diagnosis surgery neoadjuvant adjuvant radiotherapy chemotherapy targeted therapy immunotherapy

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Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the brain and its involvement in cognitive function

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第9期20卷 2520-2537页

作者： Chonglin Su Taiqi Huang Meiyu zhang yanyu zhang yan Zeng Xingxing Chen Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and ControlSchool of MedicineWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhanHubei ProvinceChina

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis regulates the secretion of glucoco rticoids in response to environmental *** the brain,a nuclear receptor transcription fa ctor,the glucocorticoid recepto r,is an important component of the hypothalamicpituitary-a d renal axis's negative feedback loop and plays a key role in regulating cognitive equilibrium and *** glucoco rticoid receptor influences cognitive processes,including glutamate neurotransmission,calcium signaling,and the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated pathways,through a combination of genomic and non-genomic *** interactions within the central nervous system can alter the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor,there by affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and stress-related cognitive *** appropriate level of glucocorticoid receptor expression can improve cognitive function,while excessive glucocorticoid receptors or long-term exposure to glucoco rticoids may lead to cognitive *** with cognitive impairment-associated diseases,such as Alzheimer's disease,aging,depression,Parkinson's disease,Huntington's disease,stroke,and addiction,often present with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptor *** review provides a comprehensive overview of the functions of the glucoco rticoid receptor in the hypothalamic-pituitary-a d renal axis and cognitive *** emphasizes that appropriate glucocorticoid receptor signaling fa cilitates learning and memory,while its dysregulation can lead to cognitive *** provides clues about how glucocorticoid receptor signaling can be targeted to ove rcome cognitive disability-related disorders.

关键词： brain-derived neurotrophic factor calcium signaling glucocorticoid receptor glucocorticoid glutamate transmission hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis long-term potentiation neurocognitive disorders neuroplasticity stress

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Protective effect of steroidal saponins from rhizome of Anemarrhena asphodeloides on ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats

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Acta Pharmacologica Sinica 2006年第6期27卷 728-734页

作者： Hua NIAN~2 Lu-ping QIN~2 Wan-sheng CHEN~3 qiao-yan zhang~(2,4)Han-chen ZHENG~2 Yin WANG~5 2 Department of Pharmacognosy,School of Pharmacy,Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200433.China 3 Department of Pharmacy,Changzheng Hospital,Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200003,China 5 № 455 Hospital of PLA,Shanghai 200052,China Department of Pharmacognosy School of Pharmacy Second Military Medical University Shanghai China Department of Pharmacy Changzheng Hospital Second Military Medical University Shanghai China No 455 Hospital of PLA Shanghai China

Aim:To investigate the protective effect of steroidal saponins from Anemarrhenaasphodeloides（ATS）on ovariectomy（OVX）-induced bone ***:Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham and OVX *** OVX ratswere treated with vehicle,nylestriol or steroidal saponins extract for 12 *** calcium,phosphorus,estradiol（E2）,osteocalcin concentration and serumalkaline phosphatase activity were *** density was assayed by dual-energy X-ray *** undecalcified longitudinal proximal tibial meta-physical（PTM）sections were cut and stained for histomorphometric analysis ofthe ***:In OVX rats,alkaline phosphatase activities in serum weremarkedly increased and concentrations of osteocalcin were decreased by ATStreatment,which had no influence on the body ***,atrophy of theuterus and descent of bone mineral density（BMD）was suppressed by treatmentwith *** addition,ATS completely corrected the decreased the concentrationof calcium and E2in serum observed in OVX *** results showedATS prevented decreases in trabecular thickness and increases in trabecular sepa-ration of proximal tibia metaphysis（PTM）in OVX ***,it did not alterosteoclast number in OVX ***,ATS（300 mg/kg）had a remarkableeffect on promoting bone formation action in OVX *** treatmentdecreased the bone formation rate and mineral apposition ***:Anadequate supply of steroidal saponins of Anemarrhena asphodeloides preventedOVX-induced bone loss in rats through the promotion of bone formation but notthe inhibition of bone resorption.

关键词： Anemarrhena asphodeloides ovariectomy osteoporosis serum bone mineral density histochemistry

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Autophagy-targeting modulation to promote peripheral nerve regeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第7期20卷 1864-1882页

作者： yan Chen Hongxia Deng Nannan zhang Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology West China Second HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Women and Children’s Diseases Ministry of EducationSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Reproductive Regulation Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina National Center for Birth Defect Monitoring West China Second University HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan ProvinceChina

Nerve regeneration following traumatic peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies is a complex process modulated by diverse factors and intricate molecular *** studies have focused on factors that stimulate axonal outgrowth and myelin ***,recent studies have highlighted the pivotal role of autophagy in peripheral nerve regeneration,particularly in the context of traumatic ***,autophagy-targeting modulation has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to enhancing peripheral nerve *** current understanding suggests that activating autophagy facilitates the rapid clearance of damaged axons and myelin sheaths,thereby enhancing neuronal survival and mitigating injury-induced oxidative stress and *** actions collectively contribute to creating a favorable microenvironment for structural and functional nerve regeneration.A range of autophagyinducing drugs and interventions have demonstrated beneficial effects in alleviating peripheral neuropathy and promoting nerve regeneration in preclinical models of traumatic peripheral nerve *** review delves into the regulation of autophagy in cell types involved in peripheral nerve regeneration,summarizing the potential drugs and interventions that can be harnessed to promote this *** hope that our review will offer novel insights and perspectives on the exploitation of autophagy pathways in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries and neuropathies.

关键词： autophagy autophagy related genes Charcot–Marie–Tooth diseases diabetic peripheral neuropathy metformin myelination peripheral nerve injury Schwann cells sciatic nerve Wallerian degeneration

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