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Debris-flow of Zelongnong Ravine in Tibet

Journal of mountain Science 2011年第4期8卷 535-543页

作者： zhang Jinshan SHEN Xingju Key Laboratory of mountain {1. and Earth Surface Processes Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment CASChengdu 61oo41 China College of Tourism and History & Culture Southwest University for Nationalities chengdu 61.oo41 China Graduate University CAS Beijing 10o049 China

Zelongnong Ravine,a branch ravine of Brahmaputra,is an old large glacier debris-flow ***-flows with medium and/or small scales occur almost every year;multiple super debris-flows have also broken out in history,and have caused destructive disaster to local residents at the mouth of ravine and blocked *** huge altitude difference and the steep slope of the Zelongnong Ravine provide predominant energy conditions for the *** drainage basin is located in the fast uplifted area,where the complicated geologic structure,the cracked rock,and the frequent earthquake make the rocks experience strong weathering,thus plenty of granular materials are available for the formation of *** this region is located in the rain shadow area,the precipitation is concentrated and most is with high ***,the strong glacier activity provides water source for *** to literature reviews,most debris-flows in the ravine are induced by rainstorms,and their scales are relatively ***,when the melted water is overlaid,the large scale debris-flows may *** calculation such as the flow velocity and the runoff is conducted according to the monitoring *** result shows that large debris-flows can be aroused when the rainstorm and the melted water are combined well,but the possibility of blocking off Brahmaputra is *** occurrence of the super debris-flows is closely related to the intense glacier activity(e.g.,glaciersurge).They often result in destructive disasters and are hard to be prevented and cured by engineering measures,due to the oversized *** hazard mitigation measures such as monitoring and prediction are proposed.

关键词： Tibet The Brahmaputra The Mt Namjagbarwa Zelongnong Ravine Debris-flow

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Study on ground temperature change and characteristic response of engineering geology of permafrost along Qinghai-Tibet Railway

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Science china(Technological {1.) 2003年第Z1期46卷 78-90页

作者： PAN Weidong, WANG Quancai, YU Shaoshui & zhang Xiaoyan Department of Mechanics, School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, china {2. of {3. hazards and environment, chinese academy of sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, chengdu 610041, china State Key Laboratory of Frozen Soil Engineering, Cold and Arid Regions environment and Engineering Research {2., chinese academy of sciences, Lanzhou 73.000, china {13. Provincial Communications Department, chengdu 610041, china Lanzhou Univ Dept Mech Sch Phys Sci & Technol Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci Inst Mt Hazards & Environm Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China Minist Water Resources Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China chinese Acad Sci State Key Lab Frozen Soil Engn Cold & Arid Reg Environm & Engn Res Inst Lanzhou 730000 Peoples R China sichuan Prov Commun Dept Chengdu 610041 Peoples R China

Along with the global warming in the recent scores of years, comparatively big changes have taken place in the weather and other environmental conditions of the permafrost area in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and very big changes have also occurred in the engineering geological conditions of the permafrost area. Based on a large volume of field survey data, this paper discusses the regularities of horizontal and vertical distribution of permafrost, with its focus of analysis on the temperature change characteristics of the soil in different frozen-soil zones, as well as presents simulation analysis and research for the engineering geologic characteristic response changes that would occur in the future when the temperature of the frozen soil in different zones rises by 1.and{1.6℃ respectively, which will have a tremendous impact on the stability of constructional work.

关键词： Qinghai-Tibet Railway, permafrost, ground temperature, engineering geological characteristic.

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A New Treatment of Depression for Drainage Network Extraction Based on DEM

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Journal of mountain Science 2009年第4期6卷 311-319页

作者： WANG Yan PENG Hong CUI Peng zhang Wanshun QIAO Fei CHEN Cai'er School of Resource and environmental Science Wuhan University Wuhan 430079 China College of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China institute of {1. {2. and {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China chinese {1. of {2.al {3. Beijing 100012 China

Depressions in landscapes function as buffers for water and sediment. A landscape with depressions has less runoff, less erosion and more sedimentation than that without depressions. Sinks in digital elevation models （DEMs） can be considered the real features that represent depressions in actual landscapes or spurious features that result from errors in DEM creation. In many hydrological and erosion models, all sinks are considered as spurious features and, as a result, these models do not deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. Consequently, the surface runoff and erosion are overestimated due to removing the depressions. Aiming at this problem, this paper presents a new method, which deal with the sinks that represent real depressions. The drainage network is extracted without changing the original DEM. The method includes four steps： detecting pits, detecting depressions, merging depressions, and extracting drainage network. Because the elevations of grid cells are not changed, the method can also avoid producing new fiat areas, which are always produced by the conventional filling methods. The proposed method was applied to the Xihanshui River basin, the upper reach of the Jialingjiang River basin, china, to automatically extract the drainage network based on DEM. The extracted drainage network agrees well with the reality and can be used for further hydrologic analysis and erosion estimation.

关键词： Drainage network extraction Depression processing Digital elevation model Wooden barrel effect Xihanshui River basin.

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Rural Public Investment and Benefit in sichuan's Hilly and {1.ous Areas

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Asian Agricultural Research 2012年第8期4卷 28-32页

作者： zhang Hai-qin 1,3.,LIU Shao-quan 1 ,LUO Ren-fu 2.,zhang Lin-xiu 2.1. institute of mountain hazards and environment,chinese academy of sciences,chengdu 610041,{13. 2. institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research,chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100101,{13. 3. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences,Beijing 100049,{13.

Using representative sampling survey data,we take the case of roads,domestic water,irrigation facilities,clinics and schools,to give an overview of the status quo of rural public investment in sichuan's hilly and {1.ous areas in the period{2.05 -2.08; conduct comprehensive analysis of public investment benefit,from the status quo of supply and demand,social benefit and villagers' satisfaction. The results show that the social benefit arising from the construction of road projects is good,while the social benefit arising from the construction of irrigation facilities is poor; the matching effect of supply and demand of public investment is poor,especially for the investment in irrigation facilities; on the whole,villagers' satisfaction with public investment has been promoted,but most of the villagers are still unsatisfied with the current irrigation facilities. The major capital source of rural public investment is from the government,but from the perspective of the villagers' demand,we should further increase the public financial input.

关键词： Rural public investment Social benefit index Evalu

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Community Structure and Seasonal Variation of Soil Arthropods in the Forest-Steppe Ecotone of the mountainous Region in Northern Hebei,{1.

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Journal of mountain Science 2010年第2期7卷 187-196页

作者： ZHU Xinyu GAO Baojia yuan Shengliang HU Yunchuan institute of {1. {2. and {3. CAS Chengdu 610041 China Graduate University of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China Hebei North University Zhangjiakou 075000 China Agricultural University ofHebei Baoding 071000 China

Soil fauna have been receiving more and more attention because they play an important role in nutrient ***,there is a lack of information on soil arthropods in the forest-steppe ecotone in the mountainous region of northern Hebei,which makes it difficult to meet the need of protecting biodiversity in this *** arthropod communities were investigated in the forest-steppe ecotone in northern Hebei province to provide basic information on changes in mountain soil fertility,which could promote the development of soil arthropod communities in mountain *** the preliminary identification,a total of 7994 individual soil arthropods were collected,which belonged to{3. groups,6 classes and{3. ***,Hymenoptera and Collembola were the dominant groups in the *** number of Acarina was higher than Collembola,and this phenomenon was obviously different from other areas in the same climate *** increased abundance of rare groups in the Forest zone with the richer vegetation,higher arthropod abundance and more substantial litter depth,could be interpreted as a reaction to the suitable soil environment and food *** these rare groups were sensitive to environmental changes,which could be regarded as biotic indicators for evaluating soil *** analysis of community diversity showed that the abundance index (d),the Shannon-Wiener index (H'),the evenness index (J) and the density-group index (DG) were significantly higher in the forest zone,lower in the forest-steppe zone,and lowest in the meadow-steppe *** variations in community composition correlated with changes in average air temperature and precipitation in this *** and individuals of soil arthropod communities in the three zones were present in greater numbers in the middle of the rainy season than in the early or late periods of the rainy season as a *** the same time,seasonal changes in soil arthropod communities from different plots were also

关键词： Soil arthropods Diversity Composition Ecotone Seasonal change

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Two-dimensional Numerical Model for Debris Flows in the Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province

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Journal of mountain Science 2011年第6期8卷 757-766页

作者： PENG Hong ZHAO Yanxin CUI Peng zhang Wanshun CHEN Xuejiao CHEN Xiaoqing College of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China School of Resource and environmental Science Wuhan University Wuhan 43o079 China institute of {1. {2. and {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China

Debris flows are recurrent natural hazards in many {1.ous *** paper presents a numerical study on the propagation of debris flows in natural erodible open channels,in which the bed erosion and sedimentation processes are *** on the Bingham fluid theory,a mathematical model of the two-dimensional non-constant debris flow is *** governing equations include the continuity and momentum conservation equations of debris flow,the sediment convection-diffusion equation,the bed erosion-deposition equation and the bed-sediment size gradation adjustment *** yield stress and shear stress components are included to describe the dynamic rheological *** upwind control-volume Finite Volume Method (FVM) is applied to discretize the convection *** improved SIMPLE algorithm with velocity-free-surface coupled correction is developed to solve the equations on non-orthogonal,quadrilateral *** model is applied to simulate a debris flow event in Jiangjia Gully,Yunnan Province and to predict the flow pattern and bed erosion-deposition *** results show the effectiveness of the proposed numercial model in debris flow simulation and potential hazard analysis.

关键词： Debris flow Numerical simulation SIMPLE algorithm Finite Volume Method Hazardanalysis Jiangjia Gully

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Mapping the Farming-pastoral Ecotones in china

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Journal of mountain Science 2009年第1期6卷 78-87页

作者： zhang Jian WEI Jie CHEN Quangon institute of {1. {2. and {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu 610041 China Tourism College Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China School of PastoralAgricultural Science and Technology Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730020 China Graduate University of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

Conventional farming-pastoral ecotones methods of delineating were not quantitative and could not fully show their spatial distribution. The present paper attempts to develop quantitative methods for mapping farming-pastoral ecotones in china. Nine indicators, related to temperature, precipitation and altitude aspects, were selected to quantify ecological susceptibility of vegetation （crops and forage）. Methods of analytic hierarchy process （AHP） and expert score ranking combined with fuzzy set theory were applied to assign the weight for each indicator and to define the membership functions. The geographic information system （GIS） was used to manage the spatial database and conduct the spatial analysis. According to the spatial calculation of evaluation model integrated with GIS, the ecological susceptibility of vegetation （crops and forage） was mapped. Three different zones, pastoral area, farming-pastoral ecotones and farming area, were classified by spatial cluster analysis and the maximum likelihood classification for the numeric map of vegetation ecological susceptibility by GIS. This map was validated by the economic statistical result based on the ratio of the output value from animal husbandry in total output value of agriculture by the National Bureau of Statistics in china, indicating that the mapping of the farming-pastoral ecotones may be accepted.

关键词： AHP Farming-pastoral ecotone Fuzzyset theory GIS

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A Soil Temperature Control System for Sapling Study in Alpine Region

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Journal of mountain Science 2011年第5期8卷 739-749页

作者： CHENG Song zhang Li SONG Hongtao YU Hui GeCheng Global Eco-Tech Inc. 988 Dodridge Road Columbus Ohio 43200 USA Olentangy River Wetland Research Park The Ohio State University 352 Dodridge Road Columbus Ohio 43202 USA institute of {1. {2. and{3. ChineseAcademy of Seiences #9 Block 4 Renminnanlu Road Chengdu 610041 China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100049 China

A soil temperature control system was designed for sapling study in alpine region and tested in summer, 2.09. The system consisted of a power switch, voltage regulator, microcomputer timer, safety relays, temperature control device, temperature sensors, heating cables, fireproofing plastic pipes (PVC), 108 heavy-duty plastic containers and seedlings. The heating cables were held in six 2.layer PVC frames with 2. cm wide, 3.3. cm long and 2. cm high and three 1-layer frames with 2. cm wide and 3.3. cm long for 15°C soil temperature treatment, half of the 2.layer frames were used for 2.°C and 2.°C soil temperature treatments, respectively. Each of the frames was installed at each of ditches with 3. cm wide, 3.0 cm long and 3. cm deep in size. 1{3.seedling containers with 2. cm top diameter, 18cm bottom diameter and 2. cm high were homogenously placed at each of the ditches, and spaces between the containers were filled with natural soil. The system was economic, and could increase soil temperatures obviously and uniformly, the maximal and minimal standard errors of soil temperatures were ±0.{3. and ±0.05°C at 10cm depth in the containers within each of all the ditches. In the system, aboveground environment was natural, diurnal and monthly soil temperatures varied with changing air temperature, the research results may be better to know the eco-physiological and growth responses of alpine saplings/seedlings to soil warming than that in greenhouse, laboratory, infrared heat lamp and open top chamber.

关键词： Alpine mountain Eco-physiology Seedling growth Soil temperature Control system

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RURAL AREA DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY AND INDUSTRY RESTRUCTURING FOR WEST DEVELOPMENT

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Natural Disaster Reduction in china 2002年第1期 15-19页

作者： zhang Xinbao ({1. {2. of {3. hazards and environment, chinese academy of sciences & Ministry of Water Resources, PRC, chengdu 610041, china)

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A Model of Debris Flow Forecast Based on the Water-Soil Coupling Mechanism

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Journal of Earth Science 2014年第4期25卷 757-763页

作者： Shaojie zhang Hongjuan Yang Fangqiang Wei Yuhong Jiang Dunlong Liu Key Laboratory of mountain {1. and Earth Surface Process Chinese Academy of Sciences institute of {1. {2. and {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences

Debris flow forecast is an important means of disaster mitigation. However, the accuracy of the statistics-based debris flow forecast is unsatisfied while the mechanism-based forecast is unavailable at the watershed scale because most of existing researches on the initiation mechanism of debris flow took a single slope as the main object. In order to solve this problem, this paper developed a model of debris flow forecast based on the water-soil coupling mechanism at the watershed scale. In this model, the runoff and the instable soil caused by the rainfall in a watershed is estimated by the distrib- uted hydrological model （GBHM） and an instable identification model of the unsaturated soil. Because the debris flow is a special fluid composed of soil and water and has a bigger density, the density esti- mated by the runoff and instable soil mass in a watershed under the action of a rainfall is employed as a key factor to identify the formation probability of debris flow in the forecast model. The Jiangjia Gulley, a typical debris flow valley with a several debris flow events each year, is selected as a case study watershed to test this forecast model of debris flow. According the observation data of Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station, CAS located in Jiangjia Gulley, there were 4 debris flow events in 2.06. The test results show that the accuracy of the model is satisfied.

关键词： debris flow forecast watershed scale soil-water coupling distributed hydrological model limit equilibrium analysis Jiangjia Gulley.

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