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新能源预测纳入备用对平衡和消纳的影响研究

电网技术 2024年第4期48卷 1393-1402页

作者：李增辉于钊孙大雁王超蔡宇国家电力调度控制中心北京市西城区100031

高渗透率新能源深刻影响了日前电力平衡模式,新能源纳入日前电力系统备用面临高峰电力平衡不确定性增大、保供与新能源消纳统筹难度增大等问题。为此,综合分析了新能源纳入日前电力系统备用比例与电力保供、新能源消纳的关系。首先,研... 详细信息

高渗透率新能源深刻影响了日前电力平衡模式,新能源纳入日前电力系统备用面临高峰电力平衡不确定性增大、保供与新能源消纳统筹难度增大等问题。为此,综合分析了新能源纳入日前电力系统备用比例与电力保供、新能源消纳的关系。首先,研究了新能源纳入比例与电力保供的关系,提出了基于保供可靠性的新能源纳入比例上限的数学解析公式,进一步分析了影响新能源纳入比例上限的关键因素;然后,研究了新能源纳入比例与新能源消纳的关系,提出了基于消纳需要的新能源纳入比例下限的数学解析公式;最后,基于新能源纳入比例上、下限,提出了一种用以量化反映电网保供和消纳难度的综合指数。实例分析及应用验证所提方法的科学性和实用性。

关键词：新能源电力保供新能源消纳日前电力平衡系统备用

Strontium Isotope Compositions of Hydrothermal Barite from the Yonaguni Ⅳ: Insight into Fluid/Sediment Interaction and Barite Crystallization Condition

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2020年第2期19卷 377-385页

作者： ZHANG Xia ZHAI Shikui yu zenghui Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of Education College of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of China

Hydrothermal barite is a typical low-temperature mineral formed during the mixing of hydrothermal fluid and seawater.Because of its extremely low solubility,barite behaves as a close system after crystallization and preserves the geochemical fingerprint of hydrothermal fluid.In this study,the elemental contents and Sr isotope compositions of hydrothermal barites from the Yonaguni IV were determined using electron microprobe and LA-MC-ICP-MS respectively.On these bases,the fluid/sediment interaction during the hydrothermal circulation and physicochemical condition of barite crystallization were discussed.Results show that the 87 Sr/86 Sr values of hydrothermal barites from the Yonaguni IV are apparently higher than those of the seawater and associated volcanic rocks,indicating the sufficient interaction between the hydrothermal fluid and overlying sediment.Monomineral Sr abundance shows large variations,reflecting the changes in barite growth rate during the fluid mixing.The mineralization condition in the Yonaguni IV was unstable.During the crystallization of barite,hydrothermal fluid and seawater mixed in varying degrees,with the pro-portions of hydrothermal fluid varied from 36%to 72%.The calculated crystallization temperatures range from 109 to 220℃.Sediment plays a critical role during the mineralization process in the Yonaguni IV and incorporation of sediment component into hydrothermal system was prior to barite crystallization and sulfide mineralization.

关键词： strontium isotope hydrothermal barite fluid/sediment interaction crystallization condition Okinawa Trough

Heat and mass flux estimation of modem seafloor hydrothermal activity

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2006年第6期25卷 43-51页

作者： ZHAI Shikui WANG Xingtao yu zenghui Marine Geoscience Institute Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China Bureau of Ocean and Fishing in Weihai Weihai 264200 China

Research on heat and mass flux yielded by modern seafloor hydrothermal activity is very important, because it is involved not only in the base of ocean environment research, but also in the historical evolution of seawater properties. Currently, estimating heat flux is based on the observation data of hydrothermal smokers, low-temperature diffusive flow and mid-ocean ridge mainly. But there are some faults, for example, there is lack of a concurrent conductive item in estimating the heat flux by smokers and the error between the half-space cooling model and the observation data is too large. So, three kinds of methods are applied to re-estimating the heat flux of hydrothermal activity resepectively, corresponding estimation is 97. 359 GW by hydrothermal smoker and diffusive flow, 84.895 GW by hydrothermal plume, and 4. 11 TW by exponential attenuation method put forward by this paper. Research on mass flux estimation is relatively rare, the main reason for this is insufficient field observation data. Mass fluxes of different elements are calculated using hydrothermal vent fluid data from the TAG hydrothermal area on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge for the first time. Difference of estimations by different methods reflects the researching extent of hydrothermal activity, and systematically in - situ observation will help to estimate the contribution of hydrothermal activity to ocean chemical environment, ocean circulation and global climate precisely.

关键词： hydrothermal activity heat flux mass flux exponential attenuation method

Resolving the hydrothermal signature by sequential leaching studies of sediments from the middle of the Okinawa Trough

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Science China Earth Sciences 2012年第3期55卷 665-674页

作者： yu zenghui GAO yuHua ZHAI ShiKui LIU FeiFei Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques College of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Shandong Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration Jinan 250013China

A sediment core H9 collected from the middle of the Okinawa Trough was studied by sequential leaching to indentify the hydrothermal component from the various other components such as detrital,biogenic,and so on.The elements were partitioned into five fractions:exchangeable,bound to carbonates,bound to iron and manganese oxides,bound to organic matter,and residual.The contents of elements Al,Ti,K,Fe,Mn,Pb,Co,Cu,Ni,and V in each fraction were determined and their percentages were calculated.Residual fraction is a dominant speciation for most studied elements except for Mn and Pb in the core sediments.For the elements Al,Ti,and K,residual fraction accounts for more than 95% of the total metal concentration.The concentrations of all studied elements in the exchangeable fraction,carbonate fraction,and organic fraction are relatively low.The metal levels in the iron and manganese oxide fraction are relatively high and this fraction represents another prevalent speciation.Also in this fraction,the metal concentrations and percentages are higher in the core section above 80 cm than those below 80 cm.Especially for Mn and Pb,the fractions bound to iron and manganese oxides account for more than 50% of the total metal concentration for the upper 80 cm section.Hydrothermal components mainly occur in this fraction.And the downcore variations of metal contents and percentages reflect the variations of hydrothermal inputs to the sediments.The high metal levels in the upper core indicate the enhancing influence of hydrothermal activities around on the core H9 during its late stage of sedimentation.The accumulation rates of hydrothermally derived Fe,Mn,Pb,Co,Cu,Ni,and V were evaluated based on their concentrations in the iron and manganese oxide fractions in this study.The results show that the accumulation rate of hydrothermally derived Mn is similar to those obtained from the Mid-ocean Ridges and Lau Basin.However,hydrothermally derived Fe and Cu present a relatively lower level.

关键词：热液活动冲绳海槽沉积物碳酸盐结合态金属离子浓度锰氧化物金属含量签名

Evolving patterns of the fluids within the TAG hydrothermal field

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Science China Earth Sciences 2009年第1期52卷 29-37页

作者： LI HuaiMing ZHAI ShiKui yu zenghui TAO ChunHui CHU FengYou Department of Marine Geoscience Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences State Oceanic AdministrationHangzhou 310012China Second Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic AdministrationHangzhou 310012China

The mixing of seawater/hydrothermal fluid within the large seafloor hydrothermal sulfide deposits plays a key role in the formation processes of the sulfide deposits.Some issues attract considerable attentions in the study of seafloor hydrothermal system in recent years,such as the relationships among different types of vent fluids,the characteristics of chemical compositions and mineral assemblages of the hydrothermal deposits and their governing factors.Combined with the measured data of hydrothermal fluid in the TAG field,the thermodynamic model of mixing processes of the heated seawater at different temperatures and the hydrothermal fluid is calculated to understand the precipitation mechanism of anhydrite and the genetic relationships between the black and white smoker fluids within the TAG mound.The results indicate that the heating of seawater and the mixing of hydrothermal fluid/seawater are largely responsible for anhydrite precipitation and the temperature of the heated seawater is not higher than 150 ℃ and the temperature of the end-member hydrothermal fluid is not lower than 400℃.Based on the simulated results,the evolving patterns of fluids within the TAG deposit are discussed.The mixed fluid of the end-member hydrothermal fluid and the seawater heated by wall rock undergoes conductive cooling during upflowing within the deposit and forms "White Smoker" eventually.In addition,the end-member hydrothermal fluid without mixed with seawater,but undergoing conductive cooling,vents out of the deposit and forms "Black Smoker".

关键词： seafloor hydrothermal system mixing process evolving patterns of fluids TAG hydrothermal field

Heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang(Yangtze) Estuary

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2015年第10期34卷 36-45页

作者： ZHANG Huaijing ZHAI Shikui ZHANG Aibin ZHOU Yonghua yu zenghui College of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of Education Qingdao Huanhai Marine Engineering Prospecting Institute

In order to discuss the content distributions and fluxes of heavy metals in suspended matters during a tidal cycle in the turbidity maximum around the Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary, the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Cd, Co and Ni） have been analyzed. During a tidal cycle, the average contents of heavy metals are in the order of Zn〉Ni〉Pb〉Co〉〉Cd. The average contents in ebb tide are generally higher than that in flood tide. However, at the inshore Sta. 11, influenced by the contamination from the nearby waste treatment plant, the average contents of Zn and Ni in flood tide are higher than those in ebb fide and at the offshore Sta. 10, the content of Cd in flood tide higher than that in ebb tide due to marine-derived materials. The five heavy metals, mainly terrigenous, are transported towards east-northeast, and settle down with suspended matters in the area between Sta. 11 and Sta. 10. Influenced by marine-derived materials, the flux value of Cd does not alter significantly with obviously changing in flux direction towards northwest. The source of heavy metals, the salinity of water and the concentration of suspended matters are the main factors controlling the content distributions of heavy metals during a tidal cycle. There is a positive correlation between the contents of heavy metals （Zn, Pb, Co and Ni） and the salinity of water, while the opposite correlation between the contents and the concentrations of suspended matters. Because of marine-derived materials, the content of Cd is not correlated with the concentration of suspended matters and the salinity of water.

关键词： Changjiang （Yangtze） Estuary turbidity maximum zone tidal cycle suspended matters content ofheavy metal flux of heavy metal

Geochemical Features of Sulfides from the Deyin-1 Hydrothermal Field at the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15?S

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2017年第6期16卷 1043-1054页

作者： WANG Shujie LI Huaiming ZHAI Shikui yu zenghui CAI Zongwei Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of EducationCollege of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of China Qingdao 266100 P. R. China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences Second Institute of Oceanography State Oceanic AdministrationHangzhou 310012 P. R. China

In this study, geochemical compositions of elements in sulfide samples collected from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near the 15?S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge(SMAR) were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry(XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS) to examine the enrichment regulations of ore-forming elements and hydrothermal mineralization. These sulfide precipitates can be classified macroscopically into three types: Fe-rich sulfide, Fe-Cu-rich sulfide and Fe-Zn-rich sulfide, and are characterized by the enrichment of base metal elements along with a sequence of Fe>Zn>Cu. Compared with sulfides from other hydrothermal fields on MAR, Zn concentrations of sulfides in the research area are significantly high, while Cu concentrations are relatively low. For all major, trace or rare-earth elements(REE), their concentrations and related characteristic parameters exhibit significant variations(up to one or two orders of magnitude), which indicates the sulfides from different hydrothermal vents or even a same station were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization, and suggests the variations of chemical compositions of the hydrothermal fluid with respect to time. The hydrothermal temperatures of sulfides precipitation decreased gradually from station TVG10(st.TVG10) to st.TVG12, and to st.TVG11, indicating that the precipitation of hydrothermal sulfides is subjected to conditions changed from high temperature to low temperature, and that the hydrothermal activity of study area was at the late stage of a general trend of evolution from strong to weak. The abnormally low concentrations of REE in sulfides and their similar chondrite-normalized REE patterns show that REEs in all sulfides were derived from a same source, but underwent different processes of migration or enrichment, or sulfides were formed at different stages of hydrothermal mineralization. The sulfides collected from the active hydrothermal vent were mainly attributed to precipitating directly from the hydrothe

关键词： southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge Deyin-1 hydrothermal field hydrothermal sulfide geochemistry of element mineralization

Mineralogical characteristics of polymetallic sulfides from the Deyin-1 hydrothermal field near 15°S, southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2017年第2期36卷 22-34页

作者： WANG Shujie LI Huaiming ZHAI Shikui yu zenghui SHAO Zongze CAI Zongwei Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques of Ministry of Education College of Marine Geosciences Ocean University of China Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences Second Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources Third Institute of OceanographyState Oceanic Administration

A seafloor hydrothermal field, named Deyin-1 later, near 15°S southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge（SMAR） was newly found during the 22 nd cruise carried out by the China Ocean Mineral Resources Research ＆ Development Association（COMRA）. Sulfide samples were collected at three stations from the hydrothermal field during the26 th cruise in 2012. In this paper, mineralogical characteristics of the sulfides were analyzed with optical microscope, X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe to study the crystallization sequence of minerals and the process of hydrothermal mineralization. According to the difference of the ore-forming metal elements, the sulfide samples can be divided into three types：（1） the Ferich sulfide, which contains mainly pyrite and chalcopyrite;（2） the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide consisting predominantly of pyrite, chalcopyrite and isocubanite, with lesser amount of sphalerite, marmatite and pyrrhotine; and（3） the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide dominated by pyrite, sphalerite and marmatite, with variable amounts of chalcopyrite, isocubanite, pyrrhotine, marcasite, galena and gratonite. Mineral precipitations in these sulfides are in the sequence of chalcopyrite（isocubanite and possible coarse pyrite）, fine pyrite,sphalerite（marmatite）, galena, gratonite and then the minerals out of the dissolution. Two morphologically distinct generations（Py-I and Py-II） of pyrite are identified in each of the samples; inclusions of marmatite tend to exist in the coarse pyrite crystals（Py-I）. Sphalerite in the Fe-Zn-rich sulfide is characterized by a＂chalcopyrite disease＂ phenomenon. Mineral paragenetic relationships and a wide range of chemical compositions suggest that the environment of hydrothermal mineralization was largely changing. By comparison, the Fe-rich sulfide was formed in a relatively stable environment with a high temperature, but the conditions for the formation of the Fe-Cu-rich sulfide were variable. The Fe-Zn-rich sulfide was precipitated during the hydrothermal venting at relatively low tem

关键词： mineralogical characteristics mineral-forming sequence polymetallic sulfides Deyin-1 hydrothermal field southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Geochemical characteristics of major and trace elements in the Okinawa Trough basaltic glass

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2018年第2期37卷 14-24页

作者： GUO Kun ZHAI Shikui yu zenghui ZENG Zhigang WANG Xiaoyuan YIN Xuebo Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of Sciences Laboratory for Marine Geology Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospection of Ministry of Education Ocean University of China

The Okinawa Trough（OT） is a back-arc basin at an initial spreading stage that is under the influence of subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate. In this study, we analyzed the geochemical compositions of basaltic glass in the OT and discussed the effects of different magmatic sources, evolution, and subducted components in basalts. Our results showed that the middle and southern regions of the OT exhibit characteristics consistent with an iron-rich tholeiite series. Trace element proportions conform to the typical spider diagram pattern characteristic of back-arc basin basalts, rich in large ion lithophile elements（LILEs） including Rb, Ba, Pb, U, and Th, while depleted in high field-strength elements（HFSEs） including Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti. The distribution of rare earth elements（REEs） is also consistent with enrichment by right-leaning light rare earth elements（LREEs）.The addition of enriched mantle type I（EMI） materials as well as mantle heterogeneity may have led to variable degrees of enrichment in different regions. The magma source of the middle trough has undergone crystallization towards pyroxene, while development of plagioclase was restricted partly, and the crystallization of spinel and olivine ceased altogether. At the same time, crystallization of the southern OT magma source was dominated by olivine and including the formation of plagioclase, pyroxene, and magnetite（or titanomagnetite）. Finally, the results of this study showed that 90% Th, 95% Ba in the southern basalt, 50%–70% Th and 70%–90% Ba in the middle basalt originated from subducted component. Different subducted component influence may be due to different subduction zone structural feature.

关键词： Okinawa Trough basaltic glass geochemistry magmatic evolution subducted component