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STCF conceptual design report (Volume 1): Physics & detector

Frontiers of physics 2024年第1期19卷 1-154页

作者： M.Achasov X.C.Ai L.P.An R.Aliberti Q.An X.Z.Bai y.Bai O.Bakina A.Barnyakov V.Blinov V.Bobrovnikov D.Bodrov A.Bogomyagkov A.Bondar I.Boyko Z.H.Bu F.M.Cai H.Cai J.J.Cao Q.H.Cao X.Cao Z.Cao Q.Chang K.T.Chao D.y.Chen H.Chen H.X.Chen J.F.Chen K.Chen L.L.Chen P.Chen S.L.Chen S.M.Chen S.Chen S.P.Chen W.Chen X.Chen X.F.Chen X.R.Chen y.Chen y.Q.Chen H.y.Cheng J.Cheng S.Cheng T.G.Cheng J.P.Dai L.y.Dai X.C.Dai D.Dedovich A.Denig I.Denisenko J.M.Dias D.Z.Ding L.y.Dong W.H.Dong V.Druzhinin D.S.Du y.J.Du Z.G.Du L.M.Duan D.Epifanov y.L.Fan S.S.Fang Z.J.Fang G.Fedotovich C.Q.Feng X.Feng y.T.Feng J.L.Fu J.Gao y.N.Gao P.S.Ge C.Q.Geng L.S.Geng A.Gilman L.Gong T.Gong B.Gou W.Gradl J.L.Gu A.Guevara L.C.Gui A.Q.Guo F.K.Guo J.C.Guo J.Guo y.P.Guo Z.H.Guo A.Guskov K.L.Han L.Han M.Han X.Q.Hao J.B.He S.Q.He X.G.He y.L.He Z.B.He Z.X.Heng B.L.Hou T.J.Hou y.R.Hou C.y.Hu H.M.Hu K.Hu R.J.Hu W.H.Hu X.H.Hu y.C.Hu J.Hua G.S.Huang J.S.Huang M.Huang Q.y.Huang W.Q.Huang X.T.Huang X.J.Huang y.B.Huang y.S.Huang N.Hüsken V.Ivanov Q.P.Ji J.J.Jia S.Jia Z.K.Jia H.B.Jiang J.Jiang S.Z.Jiang J.B.Jiao Z.Jiao H.J.Jing X.L.Kang X.S.Kang B.C.Ke M.Kenzie A.Khoukaz I.Koop E.Kravchenko A.Kuzmin y.Lei E.Levichev C.H.Li C.Li D.y.Li F.Li G.Li G.Li H.B.Li H.Li H.N.Li H.J.Li H.L.Li J.M.Li J.Li L.Li L.Li L.y.Li N.Li P.R.Li R.H.Li S.Li T.Li W.J.Li X.Li X.H.Li X.Q.Li X.H.Li y.Li y.y.Li Z.J.Li H.Liang J.H.Liang y.T.Liang G.R.liao L.Z.liao y.liao C.X.Lin D.X.Lin X.S.Lin B.J.Liu C.W.Liu D.Liu F.Liu G.M.Liu H.B.Liu J.Liu J.J.Liu J.B.Liu K.Liu K.y.Liu K.Liu L.Liu Q.Liu S.B.Liu T.Liu X.Liu y.W.Liu y.Liu y.L.Liu Z.Q.Liu Z.y.Liu Z.W.Liu I.Logashenko y.Long C.G.Lu J.X.Lu N.Lu Q.F.Lü y.Lu y.Lu Z.Lu P.Lukin F.J.Luo T.Luo X.F.Luo y.H.Luo H.J.Lyu X.R.Lyu J.P.Ma P.Ma y.Ma y.M.Ma F.Maas S.Malde D.Matvienko Z.X.Meng R.Mitchell A.Nefediev y.Nefedov S.L.Olsen Q.Ouyang P.Pakhlov G.Pakhlova X.Pan y.Pan E.Passemar y.P.Pei H.P.Peng L.Peng X.y.Peng X.J.Peng K.Peters S.Pivovarov E.Pyata B.B.Qi y.Q.Qi W.B.Qian y.Qian C.F.Qiao J.J.Qin J.J.Qin L.Q.Qin X.S.Qin T.L.Qiu J.Rademacker C.F.Redmer H.y.Sang Anhui University Hefei 230039China Beihang University Beijing 100191China Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics Novosibirsk 630090Russia CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics Institute of Theoretical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Cavendish Laboratory University of CambridgeJJ Thomson AveCambridge CB30HEUnited Kingdom Central China Normal University Wuhan 430079China Central South University Changsha 410083China China University of Geosciences Wuhan 430074China China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou 221116China École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(EPFL) LausanneSwitzerland Fudan University Shanghai 200433China Goethe University Frankfurt D-60325 Frankfurt am MainGermany Guangxi Normal University Guilin 541004China Guangxi Uninversity Nanning 530004China Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study UCASHangzhou 310024China Hebei Normal University Shijiazhuang 050024China Hebei University Baoding 071002China Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230601China Helmholtz Institute Mainz Staudinger Weg 18D-55099 MainzGermany Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007China Henan University Kaifeng 475004China High Energy Physics Center Chung-Ang UniversitySeoul 06974Korea Higher School of Economy 11 Pokrovsky Bulvar Moscow 109028Russia Huangshan University Huangshan 245000China Hubei University of Automotive Technology Shiyan 442002China Hunan Normal University Changsha 410081China Hunan University of Science and Technology Xiangtan 411201China Hunan University Changsha 410082China Indiana University BloomingtonIndiana 47405USA Inner Mongolia University Hohhot 010021China Institute of Advanced Science Facilities Shenzhen 518107China Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Institute of Modern Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000China Institute of Physics Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan 11529China Institute of Theoretical Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Jilin University Changch

The superτ-charm facility(STCF)is an electron–positron collider proposed by the Chinese particle physics community.It is designed to operate in a center-of-mass energy range from 2 to 7 GeV with a peak luminosity of 0.5×10^(35) cm^(–2)·s^(–1) or higher.The STCF will produce a data sample about a factor of 100 larger than that of the presentτ-charm factory—the BEPCII,providing a unique platform for exploring the asymmetry of matter-antimatter(charge-parity violation),in-depth studies of the internal structure of hadrons and the nature of non-perturbative strong interactions,as well as searching for exotic hadrons and physics beyond the Standard Model.The STCF project in China is under development with an extensive R&D program.This document presents the physics opportunities at the STCF,describes conceptual designs of the STCF detector system,and discusses future plans for detector R&D and physics case studies.

关键词： electron–positron collider tau-charm region high luminosity STCF detector conceptual design

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Tailored architecture of composite electrolyte for all-solid-state sodium batteries with superior rate performance and cycle life

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Nano Research 2024年第5期17卷 4171-4180页

作者： Xiang Guan Zhenhua Jian Xingan liao Wenchao liao yanfei Huang Dazhu Chen Robert K.y.Li Chen Liu Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518055China Department of Materials Science and Engineering City University of Hong KongHong KongChina

Seeking for composite electrolytes reinforced all-solid-state sodium ion batteries with superior long lifespan and rate performance remains a great challenge.Here,a unique strategy to tailor the architecture of composite electrolyte via inserting polymer chains into a small quantity of sulfate sodium grafted C_(48)0H_(28)O_(32)Zr_(6)(UIOSNa)is proposed.The intimate contact between polymer segments and UIOSNa with limited pore size facilitates the anion immobilization of sodium salts and reduction of polymer crystallinity,thereby providing rapid ion conduction and reducing the adverse effect caused by the immigration of anions.The tNa+grafting of-SO_(3)Na groups on fillers allows the free movement of more sodium ions to further improve and ionic conductivity.Consequently,even with the low content of UIOSNa fillers,a high ionic conductivity of 6.62×10^(-4) S·cm^(-1) at 60℃ and a transference number of 0.67 for the special designed composite electrolyte are achieved.The assembled all-solid-state sodium cell exhibits a remarkable rate performance for 500 cycles with 95.96%capacity retention at a high current rate of 4 C.The corresponding pouch cell can stably work for 1000 cycles with 97.03%capacity retention at 1 C,which is superior to most of the reported composite electrolytes in the literature.

关键词： solid state sodium battery composite electrolyte rate performance cycle life

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Towards sustainable adversarial training with successive perturbation generation

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Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2024年第4期25卷 527-539页

作者： Wei LIN Lichuan liao College of Computer Science and Mathematics Fujian University of TechnologyFuzhou 350118China College of Economics and Management Xi’an University of TechnologyXi’an 710048China Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications Fujian University of TechnologyFuzhou 350118China

Adversarial training with online-generated adversarial examples has achieved promising performance in defending adversarial attacks and improving robustness of convolutional neural network models.However,most existing adversarial training methods are dedicated to finding strong adversarial examples for forcing the model to learn the adversarial data distribution,which inevitably imposes a large computational overhead and results in a decrease in the generalization performance on clean data.In this paper,we show that progressively enhancing the adversarial strength of adversarial examples across training epochs can effectively improve the model robustness,and appropriate model shifting can preserve the generalization performance of models in conjunction with negligible computational cost.To this end,we propose a successive perturbation generation scheme for adversarial training(SPGAT),which progressively strengthens the adversarial examples by adding the perturbations on adversarial examples transferred from the previous epoch and shifts models across the epochs to improve the efficiency of adversarial training.The proposed SPGAT is both efficient and effective;e.g.,the computation time of our method is 900 min as against the 4100 min duration observed in the case of standard adversarial training,and the performance boost is more than 7%and 3%in terms of adversarial accuracy and clean accuracy,respectively.We extensively evaluate the SPGAT on various datasets,including small-scale MNIST,middle-scale CIFAR-10,and large-scale CIFAR-100.The experimental results show that our method is more efficient while performing favorably against state-of-the-art methods.

关键词： Adversarial training Adversarial attack Stochastic weight average Machine learning Model generalization

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Effects of microenvironment and biological behavior on the paracrine function of stem cells

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Genes & Diseases 2024年第1期11卷 135-147页

作者： Zhixin Xue yunjun liao ye Li The Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery Nanfang HospitalSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong 510515China

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs),the most well-studied cell type in the field of stem cell therapy,have multi-lineage differentiation and self-renewal potential.MsC-based thera-pies have been used to treat diverse diseases because of their ability to potently repair tissue and locally restore function.An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that paracrine func-tion is central to the effects of MsC-based therapy.Growth factors,cytokines,chemokines,extracellular matrix components,and extracellular vehicles all contribute to the beneficial ef-fects of MSCs on tissue regeneration and repair.The paracrine substances secreted by MSCs change depending on the tissue microenvironment and biological behavior.In this review,we discuss the bioactive substances secreted by MsCs depending on the microenvironment and biological behavior and their regulatory mechanisms,which explain their potential to treat human diseases,to provide new ideas for further research and clinical cell-free therapy.

关键词： Bioactive behavior Mesenchymal stem cells Microenvironment Paracrine Secretome

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An indicator model for assessing community resilience to the COVID-19 pandemic and its validation: A case study in Hong Kong

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Journal of Safety Science and Resilience 2024年第2期5卷 222-234页

作者： Nan liao Muhammad Nawaz Departnent of Geography Faculty Art and Social SciencesSingapore 65166666Singapore

The COVID-19 outbreak had a significant negative impact on the world,and the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong brought a considerable shock to Chinese society.There is a growing call for more resilient cities.However,empirical evidence and validation of modeling studies of resilience indicators for urban community responses to the COVID-19 pandemic still need to be provided.In this study,a resilience assessment indicator model comprising 4 subsystems,7 indicators,and 12 variables was developed to assess the resilience of Hong Kong communities in response to COVID-19(i.e.,Resilience Index).Furthermore,this study utilized regression models such as geographically weighted regression(GWR)and multiscale GWR(MGWR)to validate the resilience model proposed in this study at the model and variable levels.In the regression model,the Resilience Index and the individual variables in the resilience model are explanatory variables,and the outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic(confirmed cases,confirmation rate,discharged cases,discharge rate)are dependent variables.The results showed that:(i)the resilience of Hong Kong communities to the COvID-19 pandemic was not strong in general and showed some clustered spatial distribution characteristics;(i)the validation results at the model level showed that the Resilience Index did not explain the consequences of the COvID-19 pandemic to a high degree;(ii)the validation results at the variable level showed that the MGWR model was the best at identifying the relationships between explanatory variables and the dependent variable;and(iv)compared with the model-level assessment results,the variable-level assessment explained the consequences of the COvID-19 pandemic better than the model level assessment results.The above analysis and the spatial distribution maps of the resilience variables can provide empirically based and targeted insights for policymakers.

关键词： Resilience Community resilience CoVID-19pandemic Resilience assessment indicator model Resilience model validation MGWR

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Construction of 2D/2D Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene/CdS heterojunction with photothermal effect for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2024年第4期171卷 1-9页

作者： T.y.Huang Z.yang S.y.yang Z.H.Dai y.J.Liu J.H.liao G.y.Zhong Z.J.Xie y.P.Fang S.S.Zhang Key Laboratory for Biobased Materials and Energy of Ministry of Education Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern AgricultureCollege of Materials and EnergySouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou 510643China School of Physics and Optoelectronics South China University of TechnologyGuangzhou 510640China School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Distributed Energy SystemsDongguan University of TechnologyDongguan 523808China

The insensitivity of semiconductors to visible and infrared light is a key constraint on the utilization of light energy in photocatalytic reactions.Constructing photocatalysts with full-spectrum absorption through surface engineering is an effective approach to fully harnessing light energy in semiconductor materials.Herein,a novel stable Ti_(3)C_(2)T_(x)MXene/CdS heterojunction catalyst is obtained by in-situ epitaxial growth of two-dimensional(2D)CdS nanosheets on 2D MXene interface via a solvothermal method.The exceptional light absorption properties of MXene confer outstanding full-spectrum driven photocat-alytic hydrogen evolution capability upon the heterogeneous catalyst.The unique 2D/2D structure effectively mitigated the recombination of photogenerated carriers,enhancing the photocatalytic performance of the catalyst.Moreover,the composite catalyst exhibits a significantly higher surface temperature of 80.4℃under visible light irradiation at an intensity of 0.1 W/cm^(2),which is 1.84 times higher than that of CdS.Under irradiation of visible and near infrared light,the composite catalyst with photothermal ef-fect demonstrates a remarkable hydrogen evolution rate of 65.4 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1),which is 7.2 times higher than that of CdS catalyst.This study introduces a novel approach for constructing full-spectrum absorption catalysts and expands the application of the photothermal effect in photocatalytic hydrogen evolution research.

关键词： Two-dimensional structure Heterostructure Photothermal effect Photocatalyst Hydrogen evolution

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Organic Brønsted Acid-Catalyzed Stereoselective Cationic RAFT Polymerization:The Effect of RAFT Agents

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2024年第6期42卷 711-717页

作者： Zheng-yi Zhang Zan yang yun liao Sai-Hu liao Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery(Fujian Province University) College of ChemistryFuzhou UniversityFuzhou350108China State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces College of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen UniversityXiamen361005China Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences Beijing100190China

The tacticity of vinyl polymers is a key factor affecting the properties of materials.Recently,organic Brønsted acids have been demonstrated as effective catalysts for the development of highly stereoselective cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer(RAFT)polymerizations of vinyl ethers,in which the use of RAFT agents could allow the control the molecular weight and tacticity of polymer products simultaneously.However,the effect of RAFT agents on the tacticity-regulation remains elusive and lacks of investigation.In this study,we synthesized four types of RAFT agents and evaluated their influence in the stereoselective cationic polymerization of isobutyl vinyl ether in the presence of PADI as a Brønsted acid catalyst,which unveils that the Z group of RAFT agents could not only affect the polydispersity of the products,but also exert a profound effect on the stereoselectivity.After extensive screening of the RAFT agents,high stereoregularity(isotacticity,90%m)was obtained when using dithiocarbonate ester-type RAFT agents with a benzyloxy Z group.

关键词： Bronsted acid catalysis Stereoselective cationic polymerization RAFT polymerization Chain transfer agents Tacticity

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FPR1 Antagonist (BOC-MLF) Inhibits Amniotic Epithelial-mesenchymal Transition

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Current Medical Science 2024年第1期44卷 187-194页

作者： Xiao-mei HUANG E liao Jun-qun liao ya-ling LIU yong SHAO Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400042China Department of Obstetrics Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei ProvinceWuhan 430070China Medical Laboratory Science The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400042China Department of Obstetrics Yubei Maternity and Child Healthcare HospitalChongqing 400042China

Objective:Premature rupture of membranes(PROM)is a common pregnancy disorder that is closely associated with structural weakening of fetal membranes.Studies have found that formyl peptide receptor 1(FPR1)activates inflammatory pathways and amniotic epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT),stimulates collagen degradation,and leads to membrane weakening and membrane rupture.The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory and EMT inhibitory effects of FPR1 antagonist(BOC-MLF)to provide a basis for clinical prevention of PROM.Methods:The relationship between PROM,FPR1,and EMT was analyzed in human fetal membrane tissue and plasma samples using Western blotting,PCR,Masson staining,and ELISA assays.Lipopolysaccharide(LPS)was used to establish a fetal membrane inflammation model in pregnant rats,and BOC-MLF was used to treat the LPS rat model.We detected interleukin(IL)-6 in blood from the rat hearts to determine whether the inflammatory model was successful and whether the anti-inflammatory treatment was effective.We used electron microscopy to analyze the structure and collagen expression of rat fetal membrane.Results:Western blotting,PCR and Masson staining indicated that the expression of FPR1 was significantly increased,the expression of collagen was decreased,and EMT appeared in PROM.The rat model indicated that LPS caused the collapse of fetal membrane epithelial cells,increased intercellular gaps,and decreased collagen.BOC-MLF promoted an increase in fetal membrane collagen,inhibited EMT,and reduced the weakening of fetal membranes.Conclusion:The expression of FPR1 in the fetal membrane of PROM was significantly increased,and EMT of the amniotic membrane was obvious.BOC-MLF can treat inflammation and inhibit amniotic EMT.

关键词： formyl peptide receptor 1 BOC-MLF epithelial-mesenchymal transition premature rupture of membranes

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Interface property of dissimilar Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 composite laminate made by non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion and heat treatment

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Defence Technology（防务技术） 2024年第3期33卷 197-208页

作者： Juan liao Mengmeng Tian Xin Xue School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350116China

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of processing parameters and subsequent heat treatments on the microstructures and bonding strengths of Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 laminations formed via a non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion process.The microstructural evolution and growth mechanism in the diffusion layer were discussed further to optimize the bonding quality by appropriately adjusting process parameters.Scanning electron microscopes(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS),and X-ray diffraction(XRD)were used to characterize interfacial diffusion layers.The shear test was used to determine the mechanical properties of the interfacial diffusion layer.The experimental results indicate that it is possible to co-extrusion Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 compound profiles using non-equal channel lateral co-extrusion.Different heat treatment processes affect the thickness of the diffusion layer.When the temperature and time of heat treatment increase,the thickness of the reaction layers increases dramatically.Additionally,the shear strength of the Ti-6Al-4V/AA1050 composite interface is proportional to the diffusion layer thickness.It is observed that a medium interface thickness results in superior mechanical performance when compared to neither a greater nor a lesser interface thickness.Microstructural characterization of all heat treatments reveals that the only intermetallic compound observed in the diffusion layers is TiAl_(3).Due to the inter-diffusion of Ti and Al atoms,the TiAl_(3) layer grows primarily at AA1050/TiAl_(3) interfaces.

关键词： Shear strength Co-extrusion Heat treatment Microstructure Intermetallic compounds

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Synergistic extraction and separation of thorium from rare earths in chloride media using mixture of Cextrant 230 and Cyanex 923

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Journal of Rare Earths 2024年第4期42卷 759-767页

作者： Hui Wang Shengting Kuang Wuping liao School of Rare Earths University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei230026China Institute of Material and Chemistry Ganjiang Innovation AcademyChinese Academy of SciencesGanzhou341000China State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchun130022China

In order to lower the usage of expensive Cyanex 923 and increase the extraction capacity of the system of Cextrant 230,the synergistic extraction of thorium from chloride media by a mixture of Cextrant 230 and Cyanex 923 was investigated.The maximum synergistic enhancement coefficient(R)of 1.53 is obtained at 1:1 molar ratio of Cextrant 230/Cyanex 923.The syne rgistic extracted species of Th^(4+)is determined as ThCl_(4)·2Cextrant 230·Cyanex 923.The synergistic extraction of Th^(4+)is an entropy-driven exothermic process.The loading capacity of 0.60 mol/L mixed extractant for thorium is about 17.10 g/L(calculated as ThO_(2)),and the loaded thorium in the organic phase can be effectively stripped by distilled water.For comparison,rare earth cations are barely extracted under the similar conditions,suggesting that the mixtures can be applied to separate thorium from rare earths.A cascade extraction process was developed based on the synergistic extraction system to separate thorium from the hydrochloric acid leaching of bastnaesite.The content of thorium in the leaching solution decreases obviously from 19.90 mg/L to1.4μg/L by 3 stages of extraction,which is superior to sole Cextrant 230 or Cyanex 923.The introduction of Cextrant 230 into the extraction system not only lowers the usage of Cyanex 923 but also enhances the selective extraction of thorium at low acidity,implying that the synergistic extraction system can selectively extract thorium more efficiently and economically than the sole systems.

关键词： Synergistic extraction Cextrant 230 Cyanex 923 Thorium Rare earths

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