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Pollution characteristics of 15 gas- and particle-phase phthalates in indoor and outdoor air in Hangzhou

Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第12期31卷 107-119页

作者： Xingzi Ouyang Meng Xia xueyou shen Yu Zhan College of Environmental&Resource Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang 310058China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control HangzhouZhejiang 310058China Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuan 610065China

Phthalate esters(PAEs),typical pollutants widely used as plasticizers,are ubiquitous in various indoor and outdoor *** exist in both gas and particle phases,posing risks to human *** the present study,we chose four typical kinds of indoor and outdoor environments with the longest average human residence times to assess the human exposure in Hangzhou,including newly decorated residences,ordinary residences,offices and outdoor *** order to analyze the pollution levels and characteristics of 15 gasand particle-phase PAEs in indoor and outdoor environments,air and particulate samples were collected *** total PAEs concentrations in the four types of environments were 25,396,25,466.8,15,388.8 and 3616.2 ng/m^3,*** and DEP were the most abundant,and DMPP was at the lowest *** variations in the distributions of indoor/outdoor,gas/particle-phase and different molecular weights of PAEs were observed,showing that indoor environments were the main sources of PAEs *** most PAEs tended to exsit in indoor sites and gas-phase,the high-molecular-weight chemicals tended to exist in the particle-phase and were mainly found in *** were more likely adsorbed by small particles,especially for the indoor *** existed a good correlation between the particle matter concentrations and the PAEs *** addition,neither temperature nor humidity had obvious effects on the distributions of the PAEs concentrations.

关键词： Phthalate esters Indoor and outdoor air Gas and particle phase Distribution characteristics Particles

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Sorption characteristics and mechanisms of organic contaminant to carbonaceous biosorbents in aqueous solution

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Science China Chemistry 2008年第5期51卷 464-472页

作者： CHEN BaoLiang ZHOU DanDan ZHU LiZhong shen xueyou Department of Environmental Science Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310028China

A series of carbonaceous biosorbents was prepared by pyrolyzing pine needles, a model biomass, at various temperatures (100–700°C) under an oxygen-limited condition for 6 h. The elemental compositions and the specific surface areas (BET-N2) of the biosorbents were analyzed. Sorption properties of 4-nitrotoluene to the biosorbents and their mechanisms were investigated, and then correlated with the structures of the biosorbents. The result shows that with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature, the aromaticity of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases dramatically and the polarity (the (N+O)/C atomic ratio) decreases sharply. Correspondingly, conformations of the organic matter in the biosorbents transform gradually from a “soft-state” to a “hard-state” and the specific surface areas of the resultant biosorbents extend rapidly. The sorption isotherms fit well with the Freundlich equation. The regression parameters (i.e., N and IgK f) are linearly related to the aromaticity indices (the H/C atomic ratio). Contributions of adsorption and partition to total sorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents are quantified. The adsorption of the carbonaceous biosorbents increases quickly with the increase of the pyrolytic temperature. The saturated adsorption amounts (Q max) increase linearly with the increase of the specific surface areas (SA) of the biosorbents. For the carbonaceous biosorbents with hard-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are comparable to the theoretical estimation (2.45 μmol/m2). In comparison, for the carbonaceous sorbents with soft-state carbon, the calculated normalized-Q max values by SA are much higher than the theoretical estimation. The partition coefficients (K om) increase with the decrease of the polarity of the biosorbents, reaching a maximum, and then decrease sharply with further decreasing the polarity, suggesting that partition mechanism be dominated by the compatibility and accessibility of the sorbent medium with org

关键词： carbonaceous biosorbent organic contaminant partition adsorption wastewater treatment

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Formaldehyde concentration and its influencing factors in residential homes after decoration at Hangzhou,China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013年第5期25卷 908-915页

作者： Min Guo Xiaoqiang Pei Feifei Mo Jianlei Liu xueyou shen Department of Environmental Sciences Zhejiang University Zhejiang Taohuayuan Environmental Engineering Company Limited Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control

Air pollution surveys of formaldehyde（HCHO） were conducted in 2324 rooms decorated within one year in 2007-2009 in Hangzhou,*** mean HCHO concentration（C HCHO） was 0.107 ± 0.095 mg/m 3,and 38.9% of samples exceeded the Chinese National Standard GB *** the past 3 years,the C HCHO decreased with time（p 〈 0.05）.Relationships of potential factors to indoor C HCHO were also evaluated.C HCHO was related to temperature（T）,relative humidity（RH）,time duration of the windows and doors being closed before sampling（DC）,time duration from the end of decoration to sampling（DR） and source characteristics（d）.A model to relate indoor C HCHO to these five factors（T,RH,DC,DR,d） was established based on 298 samples（R 2 = 0.87）.Various factors contributed to C HCHO in the following order：T,43.7%;d,31.0%;DC,10.2%;DR,8.0%;RH,7.0%;specifically,meteorological conditions（i.e.,RH plus T） accounted for 50.7%.The coefficient of T and RH,R TH,was proposed to describe their combined influence on HCHO emission,which also had a linear relationship（R 2 = 0.9387） with HCHO release in a simulation chamber *** addition,experiments confirm that it is a synergistic action as T and RH accelerate the release of HCHO,and that is a significant factor influencing indoor HCHO *** achievements could lead to reference values of measures for the efficient reduction of indoor HCHO pollution.

关键词： formaldehyde indoor air quality emission factor analysis temperature relative humidity

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Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第10期30卷 75-88页

作者： Meng Xia Xingzi Ouyang Xueqing Wang xueyou shen Yu Zhan College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control Hangzhou Zhejiang 310058 China

Phthalate esters（PAEs） are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals＇ endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate（DEHP） was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk（10-5–10-6） to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.

关键词： Phthalate esters Microenvironment Occupation Exposure assessment Uncertainty analysis

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Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air of offices

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第2期27卷 157-162页

作者： Min Song Chenchen Chi Min Guo Xueqing Wang Lingxiao Cheng xueyou shen College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences The Xinhua Hospital of Zhejiang Province Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution and Control

The pollution status and characteristics of PAEs（phthalate esters） were investigated in indoor air of offices, and PAEs of both gas-phase and particulate-phase were detected in all the samples. The concentration（sum of the gas phase and the particulate phase） was4748.24 ng/m3, ranging between 3070.09 and 6700.14 ng/m3. Diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and di（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate were the most abundant compounds, together accounting for 70% of the ∑ 6PAEs. Dividing the particulate-phase PAEs into four size ranges（〈 2.5, 2.5–5, 5–10, 〉 10 μm）, the result indicated that PAEs in PM2.5were the most abundant,with the proportion of 72.64%. In addition, the PAE concentration in PM2.5correlated significantly with the total particulate-phase PAEs（R2= 0.85）. Thus, the amount of PAEs in PM2.5can be estimated from the total amount of particulate-phase PAEs using this proportion. In a comparison between the offices and a newly decorated study room, it was found that pollution characteristics were similar between these two places. Thus, it is implied that the PAE concentration decreased by 50% 2 yr after decorating.

关键词： Phthalate esters Pollution status Particle size distribution Indoor air Office

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Pollution levels and characteristics of phthalate esters in indoor air in hospitals

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第11期27卷 67-74页

作者： Xueqing Wang Min Song Min Guo Chenchen Chi Feifei Mo xueyou shen College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution and Control

The concentrations of phthalate esters（PAEs） in Chinese hospitals were investigated by simultaneously determining concentrations of gas- and particle-phase PAEs. PAEs were detected in two third-class first-grade hospitals, two second-class first-grade hospitals, and a community health service center. Hospital drugstores had the highest concentration（24.19 μg/m3）, which was 1.54 times that of newly decorated houses. The second highest concentration was found in the transfusion rooms, averaging 21.89 μg/m3; this was followed by the concentrations of PAEs in the nurse＇s workstations, the wards, and the doctor＇s offices, with mean concentrations of 20.66, 20.0, and 16.92 μg/m3, respectively. The lowest concentrations were found in the hallways（16.30 μg/m3）. Of the six different kinds of PAEs found, major pollutants included diethyl phthalates, dibutyl phthalates, butylbenzyl phthalates and di（2-ethylhexyl） phthalates, comprising more than 80% of all PAEs ***, a comparison between different wards showed that PAE concentrations in the maternity wards were 1.63 times higher than in the main wards. Based on known health hazards, our results suggest that the PAEs seriously influence the health of the pregnant women and babies; therefore, it is of great importance to take the phthalate concentrations in hospitals into consideration. In addition, hospital indoor air was more seriously contaminated than the air of newly decorated houses.

关键词： Air pollution Hospital Indoor air Phthalate concentrations

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Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2017年第5期29卷 137-145页

作者： Chenchen Chi Meng Xia Chen Zhou Xueqing Wang Mili Weng xueyou shen College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China Zhejiang National Radiation Environmental Technology Co. Ltd. Hangzhou 310011 China School of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University Hangzhou 310058 China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic PollutionProcess and Control Hangzhou 3100S8 China

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters （PAEs） were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments （private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways） was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.

关键词： Air pollution Phthalate esters Traffic micro-environment Gas-phase and particle-phase Sampling and analytical method

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Analysis of the influencing factors of PAEs volatilization from typical plastic products

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2018年第4期30卷 61-70页

作者： Weidong Chen Chenchen Chi Chen Zhou Meng Xia Cees Ronda xueyou shen College of Environmental & Resource Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China Philips Research Eindhoven High Tech Campus 45656 AE Eindhoven The Netherlands Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control Hangzhou 310058 China

The primary emphasis of this research was to investigate the foundations of phthalate（PAEs） pollutant source researches and then firstly confirmed the concept of the coefficient of volatile strength, namely phthalate total content in per unit mass and unit surface area of pollutant sources. Through surveying and evaluating the coefficient of volatile strength of PAEs from typical plastic products, this research carried out reasonable classification of PAEs pollutant sources into three categories and then investigated the relationship amongst the coefficient of volatile strength as well as other environmental factors and the concentration level of total PAEs in indoor air measured in environment *** obtained phthalate concentration results under different temperature, humidity,the coefficient of volatile strength and the closed time through the chamber experiment. In addition, this study further explored the correlation and ratio of influencing factors that affect the concentration level of total PAEs in environment chambers, including environmental factors, the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs and contents of total PAEs in plastic products. The research created an improved database system of phthalate the coefficient of volatile strengths of each type of plastic goods, and tentatively revealed that the volatile patterns of PAEs from different typical plastic goods, finally confirmed that the coefficient of volatile strengths of PAEs is a major factor that affects the indoor air total PAEs concentration, which laid a solid foundation for further establishing the volatile equation of PAEs from plastic products.

关键词： Phthalate esters Air The coefficient of volatile strength Typical plastic products The influencing factors

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Total volatile organic compound concentration and its influencing factors in urban indoor air after decoration

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2011年第25期56卷 2683-2689页

作者： LIU Jian Lei BAI Ge CHEN Jie ZHU LiZhong GUO WeiQiang shen xueyou Department of Environmental Science Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China Deqing Environmental Monitoring Central Station Huzhou 313200 China Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310058 China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control Hangzhou 310058 China

The indoor total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations and their relationship to potential influencing factors were evaluated. Samples (n = 2302) were collected from 2007 to 2009 both in old structures and new construction in the city of Hangzhou from bedrooms, sitting rooms and studies that had been decorated within the previous year. The average TVOC concentration in all the newly decorated rooms was 0.65±0.69 mg/m 3 . 35.8% of samples exceeded the China standard. Over the past 3 years, the TVOC concentration decreased and then increased (P study>bedroom. The characteristics of the TVOC source were a key factor influencing the TVOC concentration. In addition, the TVOC concentration was also (P < 0.05) related to the temperature, humidity, time from the end of decoration to sampling (DR), and the amount of time windows and doors were closed before sampling (DC). The temperature and humidity were less important than the DR and DC. A model to relate the TVOC concentration to the five factors (temperature, humidity, source, DR, and DC) was established based on 288 samples (R 2 = 0.83). The model illustrated that the time for the TVOC concentration to meet the China standard was different for the various rooms, and when the other factors were fixed, the impact of DC (t 1 ) on the TVOC concentration could be quantified as (((t 1 +1)/2) 0.212 1)×100%.

关键词：总挥发性有机化合物影响因素室内空气浓度装修城市 TVOC 中国标准

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Organobentonites　as　adsorbents　for　some　organic　pollutants　and　its　application　in　wastewater　treatment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 1996年第3期8卷 378-383页

作者： Zhu Lizhong Zhang Jianying Li Yimin shen xueyou Qi Wenbin(Department of Environmental Science. Hangzhou University, Hangzhou 310028, China) Department of Environmental Science Hangzhou University Hangzhou 310028 China

Two organobentonites were synthesized by placing quaternary ammonium cationscetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB) and cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) on bentonite bycation exchange. Their ability to adsorb phenol, aniline. nitrobenzene and p-nitrophenol were *** optimal conditions for organobentonites to remove the organic pollutants from waterwere studied. The removal rates for organobentonites to treat the organic compounds in water werefound to be over 8 times for the original mineral (untreated bentonite).The removal rates of organic pollutants and COD of wastewater were further improved by organobentonites in the presence of aluminum sulfate. The structure of organobentonites and the mechanism for their adsorption were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, infrared spectra and BET surface area.

关键词： organobentonites adsorbents organic pollutants wastewater treatment.

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