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Unveiling the protective role of biofilm formation on the photoaging of microplastics

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第10期67卷 3067-3078页

作者： zhang HaiYu LIU Peng zhang JiaYu DAI JiaMin zhang XinRui zhang ZiXuan JIA HanZhong Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China Ministry of AgricultureCollege of Natural Resources and EnvironmentNorthwest A&F University Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai University

In natural water, microplastics（MPs） inevitably undergo microbial colonization to form biofilm, while the effect of biofilm formation on the photoaging of MPs remains unknown. This study systematically investigated the photoaging behavior of disposable box-derived polypropylene（PPMPs） and polystyrene（PSMPs） mediated by formed biofilm in water. After incubating in Weihe water samples for 105 d, the biofilm was validated to form in PPMPs and PSMPs, with higher formation in PSMPs. In particular, biofilm formation inhibited the photoaging of PPMPs and PSMPs, with an 11.1% and 50.6% decrease in photooxidation compared to their virgin counterparts after 20 d of ultraviolet（UV） irradiation. Moreover, the photoaging route of MPs such as the reaction priority of functional groups（e.g., C–H, C=O, and benzene ring） was altered, indicating the important role of biofilm formation in the photoaging process of MPs. The protective effect of the biofilm was mainly caused by the role of optical light filters that absorbed UV energy by sacrificing themselves. Also, as the main attacker on MPs, the production of reactive oxygen species（ROS, mainly1O2and ·OH） was inhibited by biofilm, which was mainly responsible for the decreased photoaging of MPs. This study revealed the important role of biofilm in the photoaging process of MPs and suggested a higher resistance of（micro）plastics in natural water than that in the laboratory using pure MPs, which contributed to a deeper understanding of the environmental fate and pollution of MPs.

关键词： microplastics biofilm photoaging physical shielding reactive oxygen species

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Highly cycle-stable VOPO_(4)-based cathodes for magnesium ion batteries:Insight into the role of interlayer engineering in batteries performance

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Nano Research 2024年第7期17卷 6127-6138页

作者： Jiahe zhang Jing Shang Xiaojun zhang Ke Wang Yihe zhang Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid WastesNational Laboratory of Mineral MaterialsSchool of Materials Science and TechnologyChina University of Geosciences(Beijing)Beijing 100083China

It is the sluggish ion migration kinetics that seriously affects the practical performance of the magnesium ion *** though an electrode material design using rational interlayer engineering method could effectively solve this issue,the optimal interlayer distance remains ***,various VOPO_(4)-based electrodes with expanded interlayer spacing were fabricated and the relationship between interlayer structure and battery performance was *** analysis combined with computations unveils the existence of an optimal interlayer structure,as inadequate expansion failed to fully utilization of the material performance,while excessive expansion degraded the electrode *** them,the electrode with triethylene glycol(TEG)intercalation exhibited optimized performance,maintaining excellent cycling stability(191.3 mAh·g^(−1)after 800 cycles).Density functional theory(DFT)demonstrated the effectiveness and limitations to lowering the migration energy barrier by expanding the interlayer *** addition,systematic mechanism research revealed the Mg^(2+)storage process:The stepwise shuttling of Mg^(2+)along the directions that lie in(001)plane triggers two pairs of redox processes,namely V^(5+)/V^(4+)and V^(4+)/V^(3+).This study,regulation of layer spacing to achieve the best integrated performance of electrodes,could deepen the understanding of interlayer engineering and guide the design of advanced multivalent-ion batteries.

关键词： magnesium ion batteries layered electrodes interlayer engineering energy storage mechanisms high kinetics

Recent progress in carbene-catalyzed fluoroalkylation

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第8期67卷 2448-2460页

作者： Bei zhang Xuan zhang Jian Wang Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment TechnologySchool of Environmental Science and EngineeringNanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

The fluoroalkyl fragment plays a vital role in various fields such as pharmaceuticals and materials science, and has a significant impact on human life not only on the present but also in the future. The insertion of fluoroalkyl groups into the chemical skeletons can cause considerable alternations in the chemical, physical and biological properties of molecules, which has attracted numerous scientists from different fields. This review focuses on N-heterocyclic carbene(NHC)-catalyzed fluoroalkylation reactions, providing a detailed analysis and summary of the achievements in the past two decades. Many successful examples clearly indicate that NHCs can catalyze the tranformation of fluoroalkylation reagents with various electronic characteristics, whether electrophilic, nucleophilic, or radical precursors. Herein, the fluoroalkylation reactions are classified based on different catalytic modes of NHCs: Lewis base catalysis, Umploung catalysis, radical catalysis and others. Meanwhile, by refining and systematically studying the contribution of NHC catalysis in fluoroalkylation reactions, this review is expected to provide valuable insights and enlightenment for related fields.

关键词： N-heterocyclic carbene fluoroalkylation radical catalysis

A variable structure passivity control method for elastic joint robots based on cascaded high-order state estimation

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 395-407页

作者： zhang JieXin NIE PingYun zhang Bo State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration School of Mechanical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai200240China

Passivity-based controllers are widely used to facilitate physical interaction between humans and elastic joint robots,as they enhance the stability of the interaction ***,the joint position tracking performance can be limited by the structures of these controllers when the system is faced with uncertainties and rough high-order system state measurements(such as joint accelerations and jerks).This study presents a variable structure passivity(VSP)control method for joint position tracking of elastic joint robots,which combines the advantages of passive control and variable structure *** method ensures the tracking error converges in a finite time,even when the system faces *** method also preserves the passivity of the ***,a cascaded observer,called CHOSSO,is also proposed to accurately estimate high-order system states,relying only on position and velocity *** observer allows independent implementation of disturbance compensation in the acceleration and jerk estimation *** particular,the observer has an enhanced ability to handle fast time-varying disturbances in physical human-robot *** effectiveness of the proposed method is verified through simulations and experiments on a lower limb rehabilitation robot equipped with elastic joints.

关键词： motion control elastic joint robot finite-time convergence high-order system state estimation physical human-robot interaction

Automated regression test method for scientific computing libraries:Illustration with SPHinXsys

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2024年第3期36卷 466-478页

作者： Bo zhang Chi zhang Xiangyu Hu TUM School of Engineering and Design Technical University of MunichMunichGermany

Scientific computing libraries,whether in-house or open-source,have witnessed enormous progress in both engineering and scientific ***,it is important to ensure that modifications to the source code,prompted by bug fixing or new feature development,do not compromise the accuracy and functionality that have been already validated and *** paper introduces a method for establishing and implementing an automatic regression test environment,using the open-source multi-physics library SPHinXsys as an illustrative ***,a reference database for each benchmark test is generated from observed data across multiple *** comprehensive database encapsulates the maximum variation range of metrics for different strategies,including the time-averaged,ensemble-averaged,and dynamic time warping *** accounts for uncertainties arising from parallel computing,particle relaxation,physical instabilities,and ***,new results obtained after source code modifications undergo testing based on a curve-similarity comparison against the reference *** the source code is updated,the regression test is automatically executed for all test cases,providing a comprehensive assessment of the validity of the current *** regression test environment has been successfully implemented in all dynamic test cases within SPHinXsys,including fluid dynamics,solid mechanics,fluid-structure interaction,thermal and mass diffusion,reaction-diffusion,and their multi-physics couplings,and demonstrates robust capabilities in testing different *** is noted that while the current test environment is built and implemented for a particular scientific computing library,its underlying principles are generic and can be easily adapted for use with other libraries,achieving equal effectiveness.

关键词： Scientific computing open-source library verification and validation regression test automatic test environment curve similarity comparison smoothed particle hydrodynamics

Anion-hosting cathodes for current and late-stage dual-ion batteries

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第5期67卷 1485-1509页

作者： Miao zhang Wenyong zhang Fan zhang Chun-Sing Lee Yongbing Tang School of Chemistry and Materials Science Guangdong University of EducationGuangzhou 510303China Advanced Energy Storage Technology Research Center Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhen 518055China Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Film(COSDAF) City University of Hong KongKowloon 999077China

Anion-hosting cathodes capable of reversibly storing large-size anions play a leading role in dual-ion batteries(DIBs). The purpose of the present review is to summarize the most promising anion-hosting cathodes for current and late-stage DIBs. This review first summarizes the developments in conventional graphite cathodes, especially the latest advances in the graphiterelated research. Next, organic cathodes for the anion storage are discussed, including aromatic amine polymers, heterocyclic polymers, bipolar compounds, and all-carbon-unsaturated compounds. Then, the review focuses on the conversion-type cathodes with high theoretical specific capacities. Finally, the future research directions of the cathodes of DIBs are proposed.

关键词： dual-ion batteries organic cathodes graphite cathodes conversion-type cathodes

Confinement of ionomer for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction via efficient mass transfer pathways

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National Science Review 2024年第2期11卷 168-176页

作者： Xiaowei Du Peng zhang Gong zhang Hui Gao Lili zhang Mengmeng zhang Tuo Wang Jinlong Gong School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education Tianjin University Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering(Tianjin) National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage Tianjin University Joint School of the National University of Singapore and Tianjin University International Campus of Tianjin University Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations

Gas diffusion electrodes（GDEs） mediate the transport of reactants, products and electrons for the electrocatalytic CO2reduction reaction（CO2RR） in membrane electrode assemblies. The random distribution of ionomer, added by the traditional physical mixing method, in the catalyst layer of GDEs affects the transport of ions and CO2. Such a phenomenon results in elevated cell voltage and decaying selectivity at high current densities. This paper describes a pre-confinement method to construct GDEs with homogeneously distributed ionomer, which enhances mass transfer locally at the active centers. The optimized GDE exhibited comparatively low cell voltages and high CO Faradaic efficiencies（FE > 90%） at a wide range of current densities. It can also operate stably for over 220 h with the cell voltage staying almost unchanged. This good performance can be preserved even with diluted CO2feeds, which is essential for pursuing a high single-pass conversion rate. This study provides a new approach to building efficient mass transfer pathways for ions and reactants in GDEs to promote the electrocatalytic CO2RR for practical applications.

关键词： CO2 electroreduction gas diffusion electrode mass transfer ionomer Ag catalyst

Possibilities for the synthesis of superheavy element Z=121 in fusion reactions

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2024年第6期35卷 90-100页

作者： Ming-Hao zhang Yu-Hai zhang Ying Zou Xiu-Xiu Yang Gen zhang Feng-Shou zhang The Key Laboratory of Beam Technology of Ministry of Education College of Nuclear Science and TechnologyBeijing Normal UniversityBeijing 100875China Institute of Radiation Technology Beijing Academy of Science and TechnologyBeijing 100875China School of Physical Science and Technology Guangxi UniversityNanning 530004China National Laboratory of Heavy Ion Accelerator of Lanzhou Center of Theoretical Nuclear PhysicsLanzhou 730000China

Based on the dinuclear system model,the calculated evaporation residue cross sections matched well with the current experimental *** synthesis of superheavy elements Z=121 was systematically studied through combinations of stable projectiles with Z=21-30 and targets with half-lives exceeding 50 *** influence of mass asymmetry and isotopic dependence on the projectile and target nuclei was investigated in *** reactions^(254)Es(^(46)Ti,3n)^(297)121 and^(252)Es(^(46)Ti,3n)^(295)121 were found to be experimentally feasible for synthesizing superheavy element Z=121,with maximal evaporation residue cross sections of 6.619 and 4.123 fb at 219.9 and 223.9 MeV,respectively.

关键词： Superheavy nuclei Dinuclear system model Fusion reaction Evaporation residue cross section

Degradable magnesium alloy suture promotes fibrocartilaginous interface regeneration in a rat rotator cuff transosseous repair model

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2024年第1期12卷 384-393页

作者： Baoxiang zhang Wen zhang Fei zhang Chao Ning Mingyang An Ke Yang Lili Tan Qiang zhang Department of Sports Medicine Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing 100853China Shi-changxu Innovation Center for Advanced Materials Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang 110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang 110016China Medical School of PLA Beijing 100853China Institute of Orthopedics Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in OrthopedicsKey Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma&War Injuries of Chinese PLABeijing 100853China

Despite transosseous rotator cuff tear repair using sutures is widely accepted for tendon-bone fixation,the fibrocartilaginous enthesis regeneration is still hardly achieved with the traditional *** the present work,degradable magnesium(Mg)alloy wire was applied to suture supraspinatus tendon in a rat acute rotator cuff tear model with Vicryl Plus 4±0 absorbable suture as *** shoulder joint humerus-supraspinatus tendon complex specimens were retrieved at 4,8,and 12 weeks after *** Mg alloy suture groups showed better biomechanical properties in terms of ultimate load to *** observation showed that hyperplastic response of the scar tissue at the tendon-bone interface is progressively alleviated over time in the both Mg alloy suture and Vicryl suture *** the histological analysis,for Mg alloy suture groups,chondrocytes appear to proliferate at 4 weeks postoperatively,and the tendon-bone interface showed an orderly structural transition zone at 8 weeks *** collagenous fiber tended to be aligned and the tendon-bone interlocking structures apparently formed,where transitional structure from unmineralized fibrocartilage to mineralized fibrocartilage was closer to the native fibrocartilaginous *** vivo degradation of the magnesium alloy wire was completed within 12 *** results indicated that Mg alloy wire was promising as degradable suture with the potential to promotes fibrocartilaginous interface regeneration in rotator cuff repair.

关键词： Rotator cuff repair Mg alloy wire Tendon-bone healing Fibrocartilaginous interface