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Terrestrial carbon sinks in China and around the world and their contribution to carbon neutrality

Science China(Life Sciences) 2022年第5期65卷 861-895页

作者： Yuanhe Yang Yue Shi wenjuan Sun Jinfeng Chang Jianxiao Zhu Leiyi Chen Xin Wang Yanpei Guo Hongtu Zhang Lingfei Yu Shuqing Zhao Kang Xu Jiangling Zhu Haihua Shen Yuanyuan Wang Yunfeng Peng Xia Zhao Xiangping Wang Huifeng Hu Shiping Chen Mei Huang xuefa wen Shaopeng Wang Biao Zhu Shuli Niu Zhiyao Tang Lingli Liu Jingyun Fang State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China College of Environmental and Resource Sciences Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou 310058China State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and TechnologyLanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730020China Institute of Ecology College of Urban and Environmental SciencesLaboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of EducationPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China School of Ecology and Nature Conservation Beijing Forest UniversityBeijing 100083China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China

Enhancing the terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink(referred to as terrestrial C sink) is an important way to slow down the continuous increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide(CO_(2)) concentration and to achieve carbon neutrality target.To better understand the characteristics of terrestrial C sinks and their contribution to carbon neutrality,this review summarizes major progress in terrestrial C budget researches during the past decades,clarifies spatial patterns and drivers of terrestrial C sources and sinks in China and around the world,and examines the role of terrestrial C sinks in achieving carbon neutrality target.According to recent studies,the global terrestrial C sink has been increasing from a source of (-0.2±0.9) Pg C yr^(-1)(1 Pg=1015g)in the 1960s to a sink of (1.9±1.1) Pg C yr^(-1) in the 2010s.By synthesizing the published data,we estimate terrestrial C sink of 0.20–0.25 Pg C yr^(-1) in China during the past decades,and predict it to be 0.15–0.52 Pg C yr^(-1) by 2060.The terrestrial C sinks are mainly located in the mid-and high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere,while tropical regions act as a weak C sink or source.The C balance differs much among ecosystem types:forest is the major C sink;shrubland,wetland and farmland soil act as C sinks;and whether the grassland functions as C sink or source remains unclear.Desert might be a C sink,but the magnitude and the associated mechanisms are still controversial.Elevated atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,nitrogen deposition,climate change,and land cover change are the main drivers of terrestrial C sinks,while other factors such as fires and aerosols would also affect ecosystem C balance.The driving factors of terrestrial C sink differ among regions.Elevated CO_(2) concentration and climate change are major drivers of the C sinks in North America and Europe,while afforestation and ecological restoration are additionally important forcing factors of terrestrial C sinks in China.For future studies,we recommend the necessity for intensive and long-term ecosyste

关键词： terrestrial ecosystem carbon sink carbon neutrality carbon cycle global warming

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Hydrologic implications of the isotopic kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation

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Science China Earth Sciences 2018年第10期61卷 1523-1532页

作者： Wei XIAO Yufei QIAN Xuhui LEE Wei WANG Mi ZHANG xuefa wen Shoudong LIU Yongbo HU Chengyu XIE Zhen ZHANG Xuesong ZHANG Xiaoyan ZHAO Fucun ZHANG Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment & Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology(CICAEET) Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Yale University Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of Sciences

The kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation against the stable water isotope H_2 ^(18)O is an important mechanism underlying many hydrologic studies that use ^(18)O as an isotopic tracer. A recent in-situ measurement of the isotopic water vapor flux over a lake indicates that the kinetic effect is much weaker(kinetic factor 6.2‰) than assumed previously(kinetic factor14.2‰) by lake isotopic budget studies. This study investigates the implications of the weak kinetic effect for studies of deuterium excess-humidity relationships, regional moisture recycling, and global evapotranspiration partitioning. The results indicate that the low kinetic factor is consistent with the deuterium excess-humidity relationships observed over open oceans.The moisture recycling rate in the Great Lakes region derived from the isotopic tracer method with the low kinetic factor is a much better agreement with those from atmospheric modeling studies than if the default kinetic factor of 14.2‰ is used. The ratio of transpiration to evapotranspiration at global scale decreases from 84±9%(with the default kinetic factor) to 76±19%(with the low kinetic factor), the latter of which is in slightly better agreement with other non-isotopic partitioning results.

关键词：土壤水分蒸发蒸腾损失总量运动效果非同位素开水蒸汽流动地区性再循环循环率

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Internet of Things to network smart devices for ecosystem monitoring

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Science Bulletin 2019年第17期64卷 1234-1245页

作者： Xin Li Ning Zhao Rui Jin Shaomin Liu Xiaomin Sun xuefa wen Dongxiu Wu Yan Zhou Jianwen Guo Shiping Chen Ziwei Xu Mingguo Ma Tianming Wang Yonghua Qu Xinwei Wang Fangming Wu Yuke Zhou Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Faculty of Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy o f Sciences Beijing 100101 China Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences Chinese Academy o f Sciences Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Lanzhou 730000 China State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology Faculty o f Geographical Science Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change Institute of Botany Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100093 China Optoelectronics System Laboratory Institute of Semiconductors Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100083 China Research Base of Karst Eco-environments at Nanchuan in Chongqing Ministry of Nature Resources School of Geographical Sciences Southwest University Chongqing 400715 China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Engineering Monitoring and Research Center for Amur Tigers and Amur Leopards National Forestry and Grassland Administration & College of Life Sciences Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Smart, real-time, low-cost, and distributed ecosystem monitoring is essential for understanding and managing rapidly changing ecosystems. However, new techniques in the big data era have rarely been introduced into operational ecosystem monitoring, particularly for fragile ecosystems in remote areas.We introduce the Internet of Things(IoT) techniques to establish a prototype ecosystem monitoring system by developing innovative smart devices and using IoT technologies for ecosystem monitoring in isolated environments. The developed smart devices include four categories: large-scale and nonintrusive instruments to measure evapotranspiration and soil moisture, in situ observing systems for CO2 and d13 C associated with soil respiration, portable and distributed devices for monitoring vegetation variables, and Bi-CMOS cameras and pressure trigger sensors for terrestrial vertebrate monitoring. These new devices outperform conventional devices and are connected to each other via wireless communication networks. The breakthroughs in the ecosystem monitoring IoT include new data loggers and longdistance wireless sensor network technology that supports the rapid transmission of data from devices to wireless networks. The applicability of this ecosystem monitoring IoT is verified in three fragile ecosystems, including a karst rocky desertification area, the National Park for Amur Tigers, and the oasis-desert ecotone in China. By integrating these devices and technologies with an ecosystem monitoring information system, a seamless data acquisition, transmission, processing, and application IoT is created. The establishment of this ecosystem monitoring IoT will serve as a new paradigm for ecosystem monitoring and therefore provide a platform for ecosystem management and decision making in the era of big data.

关键词： Ecosystem monitoring Fragile ecosystem Internet of Things Wireless sensor network Smart device

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Ecosystem service delivery in Karst landscapes： anthropogenic perturbation and recovery

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Acta Geochimica 2017年第3期36卷 416-420页

作者： Timothy Quine Dali Guo Sophie M.Green Chenglong Tu Iain Hartley Xinyu Zhang Jennifer Dungait xuefa wen Zhaoliang Song Hongyan Liu Heather Buss Timothy Barrows Richard Evershed Penny Johnes Jeroen Meersmans Geography College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter Rennes Drive Exeter EX4 4RJ UK Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 People's Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550081 Guizhou Province People's Republic of China Rothamsted Research - North Wyke Okehampton Devon EX20 2SB UK Institute of the Surface-Earth System Science Research Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 People's Republic of China College of Urban and Environmental Sciences Peking University Beijing 100871 People's Republic of China School of Earth Sciences Wills Memorial Building Queens Road Clifton BS8 1RJ UK School of Chemistry University of Bristol Cantock's Close Clifton Bristol BS8 1TS UK School of Geographical Sciences University of BristolUniversity Road Clifton Bristol BS8 1SS UK Cranfield Soil and Agrifood Institute Cranfield UniversityCranfield Bedfordshire MK43 0AL UK

Covering extensive parts of China, Karst landscapes are exceptional because rapid and intensive land use change has caused severe ecosystem degradation within only the last 50 years. The twentieth century intensification in food production through agriculture has led to a rapid deterioration of soil quality, evidenced in reduced crop production and rapid loss of soil. In many areas, a tipping point appears to have been passed as basement rock is exposed and 'rocky desertification' dominates. Through the establishment of the "Soil processes and ecological services in the karst critical zone of SW China"(SPECTRA)Critical Zone Observatory(CZO) we will endevaour to understand the fundmental processes involved in soil production and erosion, and investigate the integrated geophysical-geochemical-ecological responses of the CZ to perturbations. The CZ spans a gradient from undisturbed natural vegetation through human perturbed landscapes.We seek to understand the importance of heterogeneity insurface and below-ground morphology and flow pathways in determining the spatial distribution of key stocks(soil,C, vegetation, etc.) and their control on ecosystem service delivery. We will assess the extent to which the highly heterogeneous critical zone resources can be restored to enable sustainable delivery of ecosystem services. This paper presents the CZO design and initial assessment of soil and soil organic carbon stocks and evidence for their stability based on caesium-137(^(137) Cs) data.

关键词：生态系统服务喀斯特景观人为扰动土壤有机碳储量土壤质量中国西南部传递土地利用变化

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Characteristics of dew events in an arid artificial oasis cropland and a sub-humid cropland in China

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第3期8卷 399-408页

作者： MENG Yao wen xuefa Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences

Dew is an important source of water which significantly influences the physiological status of vegetation and the microclimate environment. For quantifying the characteristics of dew events and analyzing the underlying mechanism of dew formation in different ecosystems, we measured, based on the flux-profile method, the amount, frequency and duration of dew events in two croplands, an arid artificial oasis cropland in Zhangye, Gansu province and a sub-humid cropland in Luancheng, Hebei province in China. The results showed that dew events were observed in a total of 69 days in Zhangye, which accounted for 59% of the growing season（from 28 May to 21 September, 2012）, while 128 days in Luancheng, which accounted for 79% of the growing season（from 5 April to 13 September, 2008）. The frequencies of dew events were 2.8 and 2.4 times of those of precipitation in Zhangye and Luancheng, respectively. In addition, the dew amount reached up to 9.9 and 20.2 mm in Zhangye and Luancheng, which accounted for 9.5% and 4.1% of precipitation, respectively. The average amount of dew was 0.14 and 0.16 mm/night in Zhangye and Luancheng, respectively and the duration of dew events ranged from 0.5 to 12.0 h in the two study sites. Dew amounts were associated with the gradient of atmospheric water vapor concentration and dew duration（P＆lt;0.001） in both the two sites. The result implies that dew events play a more important role in crop growth in arid areas in comparison to sub-humid areas considering the dew occurrence frequency and the amount per night.

关键词： dew amount frequency of dew duration of dew flux-profile

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Short-term variations of vapor isotope ratios re- veal the influence of atmospheric processes

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2011年第3期21卷 401-416页

作者： ZHANG Shichun SUN Xiaomin WANG Jianlin YU Guirui wen xuefa Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology CAS Changchun 130012 China Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao 266109 Shandong China

Stable isotopes of atmospheric water vapor reveal rich information on water movement and phase changes in the atmosphere. Here we presented two nearly continuous time-series of δD and δ18O of atmospheric water vapor （δv） measured at hourly intervals in surface air in Beijing and above a winter wheat canopy in Shijiazhuang using in-situ measurement technique. During the precipitation events, the δv values in both Beijing and Shijiazhuang were in the state of equilibrium with precipitation water, revealing the influence of precipitation processes. However, the δv departures from the equilibrium state were positively correlated with local relative humidity. Note that the δv tended to enrich in Beijing, but deplete in Shijiazhuang during the precipitation events, which mainly resulted from the influence of transpiration processes that enriched the δv in Shijiazhuang. On seasonal time-scale, the δv values were log-linear functions of water vapor mixing ratios in both Beijing and Shijiazhuang. The water vapor mixing ratio was an excellent predictor of the δv by the Rayleigh distillation mechanisms, indicating that air mass advection could also play an important role in determining the δv. On a diurnal time-scale, the δv reached the minimum in the early afternoon hours in Beijing which was closely related to the atmospheric processes of boundary layer entrainment. During the peak of growing season of winter wheat, however, the δv reached the minimum in the early morning, and increased gradually through the daytime, and reached the maximum in the late afternoon, which was responsible by the interaction between boundary layer entrainment and the local atmospheric processes, such as transpiration and dew formation. This study has the implications for the important role of vegetation in determining the surface δv and highlights the need to conduct δv measurement on short-term （e.g. diurnal） time scales.

关键词： stables isotopes atmospheric water vapor precipitation TDLAS

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The Limiting Effect of Deep Soil Water on Evapotranspiration of a Subtropical Coniferous Plantation Subjected to Seasonal Drought

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2014年第2期31卷 385-395页

作者： TANG Yakun wen xuefa SUN Xiaomin ZHANG Xinyu WANG Huimin Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Seasonal drought is a common occurrence in humid climates.The year 2003 was the driest year during the period 1985-2011 in southeastern China.The objective of this study was to elucidate the impact of the exceptional drought in 2003,compared with eddy flux measurements during 2004-11,on the dynamics of evapotranspiration （ET） and related factors,as well as their underlying mechanisms,in a subtropical coniferous plantation in southeastern China.It was found that daily ET decreased from 5.34 to 1.84 mm during the intensive drought period and recovered to 4.80 mm during the subsquent recovering drought period.Path analysis indicated that ET was mainly determined by canopy conductance and deep soil water content （50 cm） during the intensive drought and recovering drought periods,respectively.The canopy conductance offset the positive effect of air vapor pressure deficit on ET when suffering drought stress,while the canopy conductance enhanced the positive effect of air temperature on ET during the late growing season.Because the fine roots of this plantation are mainly distributed in shallow soil,and the soil water in the upper 40 cm did not satisfy the demand for ET,stomatal closure and defoliation were evident as physiological responses to drought stress.

关键词： ChinaFLUX evapotranspiration seasonal drought subtropical coniferous plantation

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Carbon sequestration potential and its eco-service function in the karst area, China

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2017年第8期27卷 967-980页

作者： SONG Xianwei GAO Yang wen xuefa GUO Dali YU Guirui HE Nianpeng ZHANG Jinzhong College of Resources and Environment Southwest University Chongqing 400716 China Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research CAS Beijing 100101 China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

The karst critical zone is an essential component of the carbon （C） pool, constituting the global C cycle. It is referred to as one of the ＂residual land sink＂ that remains largely in- determinate. Karst area （2.2×10^7 km^2） comprises 15% of the world＇s land area, and karst area comprises 3.44~106 km^2 of area in China. Due to the complexity of karst structure and its considerable heterogeneity, C sequestration rate estimations contain large inaccuracies, especially in relation to the different methods used in calculations. Therefore, we reevaluated rock weathering-related C sink estimations in China （approximately 4.74 Tg C yr^-1）, which we calibrated from previous studies. Additionally, we stipulated that more comprehensive re- search on rock-soil-biology-atmosphere continuum C migration is essential to better under- stand C conversion mechanisms based on uncertainty analyses of C sink estimations. Moreover, we stressed that a collective confirmation of chemical methods and simulated models through a combined research effort could at least partially eliminate such uncertainty. Furthermore, integrated C cycling research need a long-term observation of the carbon flux of multi-interfaces. The enhanced capacity of ecosystem C and soil C pools remains an effective way of increasing C sink. Karst ecosystem health and security is crucial to human social de- velopment, accordingly, it is critical that we understand thresholds or potential C sink capacities in karst critical zones now and in the future.

关键词： karst karst critical zone carbon sink carbon sequestration rate China

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植物光合与呼吸过程CO_(2)及其δ^(13)C的变异特征与影响因素研究进展

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生态学报 2023年第10期43卷 4319-4331页

作者：魏杰王晶苑温学发中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101

植物光合与呼吸作用是生态系统碳循环的关键过程,其CO_(2)δ^(13)C的变异特征与影响因素分析是解析植物碳分配模式、代谢关键过程以及生态系统光合与呼吸组分拆分的理论基础。然而,关于不同时间尺度上光合与呼吸CO_(2)及其δ^(13)C的变... 详细信息

植物光合与呼吸作用是生态系统碳循环的关键过程,其CO_(2)δ^(13)C的变异特征与影响因素分析是解析植物碳分配模式、代谢关键过程以及生态系统光合与呼吸组分拆分的理论基础。然而,关于不同时间尺度上光合与呼吸CO_(2)及其δ^(13)C的变异特征及其影响因素仍然缺少清晰认识。从植物碳过程及其同位素效应、观测技术与方法、变异特征与影响因素以及应用实践与研究进展等方面论述了植物光合与呼吸碳过程及其δ^(13)C的时间变化特征,揭示了气孔、叶肉和羧化限制等生物因素以及温度、湿度和光照等非生物因素对碳过程及其同位素效应的影响。总结了存在的问题,并展望了未来的研究方向,以期为今后该领域的研究提供理论依据和有效支撑。

关键词：光合过程呼吸过程同位素效应变异特征驱动机制

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植物源和土壤有机质源土壤呼吸组分的拆分原理、方法与应用进展

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生态学报 2022年第20期42卷 8508-8520页

作者：魏杰王晶苑陈昌华温学发中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所生态系统网络观测与模拟重点实验室北京100101

区分土壤呼吸组分并揭示其与环境因素的相关关系,对于准确评估土壤碳过程及其环境影响机制至关重要。根据底物来源和作用机制的差异,土壤呼吸主要包括根系呼吸、根际微生物呼吸、凋落物分解、自然条件下和激发效应下土壤有机质(SOM)分... 详细信息

区分土壤呼吸组分并揭示其与环境因素的相关关系,对于准确评估土壤碳过程及其环境影响机制至关重要。根据底物来源和作用机制的差异,土壤呼吸主要包括根系呼吸、根际微生物呼吸、凋落物分解、自然条件下和激发效应下土壤有机质(SOM)分解。现有土壤呼吸组分拆分方法可以分为基于植物源CO_(2)测定或土壤有机质源CO_(2)测定的差分拆分方法,以及基于土壤呼吸组分同位素信号差异的拆分方法。土壤呼吸组分拆分研究可以解决不同土壤呼吸组分对环境变化的响应机制、植物光合碳输入与地下土壤呼吸组分的交互作用、土壤呼吸组分变化对土壤碳库周转的影响机制等科学问题,但其理论假设、观测技术方法、潜在的误差来源等仍需要继续关注并系统研究。

关键词：土壤呼吸植物源土壤有机质源同位素技术组分拆分方法

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