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Preliminary geological interpretation of long-wavelength magnetic anomalies over China and surrounding regions

Earth and Planetary Physics 2024年第3期8卷 445-458页

作者： Jie Wang YanYan Yang ZhiMa Zeren Jian Wang Xin Wang YuXin Luo xuhui shen National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China Key Laboratory of Compound and Chained Natural Hazards Dynamics Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China School of Emergency Management Science and Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

Long-wavelength(>500 km)magnetic anomalies originating in the lithosphere were first found in satellite magnetic surveys.Compared to the striking magnetic anomalies around the world,the long-wavelength magnetic anomalies in China and surrounding regions are relatively weak.Specialized research on each of these anomalies has been quite inadequate;their geological origins remain unclear,in particular their connection to tectonic activity in the Chinese and surrounding regions.We focus on six magnetic high anomalies over the(1)Tarim Basin,(2)Sichuan Basin(3)Great Xing’an Range,(4)Barmer Basin,(5)Central Myanmar Basin,and(6)Sunda and Banda Arcs,and a striking magnetic low anomaly along the southern part of the Himalayan-Tibetan Plateau.We have analyzed their geological origins by reviewing related research and by detailed comparison with geological results.The tectonic backgrounds for these anomalies belong to two cases:either ancient basin basement,or subduction-collision zone.However,the geological origins of large-scale regional magnetic anomalies are always subject to dispute,mainly because of limited surface exposure of sources,later tectonic destruction,and superposition of multi-phase events.

关键词： long-wavelength magnetic anomaly lithospheric magnetic anomaly lithospheric magnetic field model satellite magnetic survey CSES

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Study of factors influencing the occurrence rate of 60 Hz power line radiation in the topside ionosphere: A systematic survey using the CSES satellite

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第6期67卷 1879-1892页

作者： MA ZhenHui ZHAO ShuFan LIAO Li shen xuhui LU HengXin School of Emergency Management Science and Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Solar Activity and Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of Sciences National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake Administration

We analyze the topside ionosphere power line radiation（PLR） at 60 Hz over the US using electric field data collected by CSES satellite between January 2019 and December 2022. The study aimed to further investigate the month-to-month variation characteristic of PLR occurrence rate observed by satellite and its several influencing factors, including solar radiation, lightning activity, and try to clarify the influence of electricity consumption. The results show that the solar radiation(solar zenith angle and F10.7) plays a major role in the variation of the PLR occurrence rate, and that there is no direct connection with the number of lightning. For the relationship between PLR occurrence rate and electricity consumption, the low occurrence rate associated with decreased weekend electricity consumption was not observed in the US. However, there is a significant difference in PLR occurrence rate between the East and West Coasts of the US at the same latitude during the same time period, suggesting that the significant difference in PLR occurrence rate is caused by the significant difference in electricity consumption between the two coasts. After excluding the effect of solar radiation on PLR occurrence rate, we concluded that only a significant difference in regional electricity consumption could lead to a corresponding change in PLR occurrence rate detected by the Low-Earth-Orbit satellite. Finally, we also found there is seasonal variation in the diurnal differences of the PLR occurrence rate caused by seasonal variation of the lower ionosphere.

关键词： CSES satellite power line radiation occurrence rate solar radiation lightning activity electricity consumption

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Joint observations of the large-scale ULF wave activity from space to ground associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement

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Science China Technological Sciences 2024年第7期67卷 2215-2229页

作者： SUN XiaoYing HU YunPeng ZHIMA Zeren DUAN SuPing LV FangXian shen xuhui National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management School of Space and Environment Beihang University State Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of Sciences

This study reports the rare ultralow-frequency(ULF) wave activity associated with the solar wind dynamic pressure enhancement that was successively observed by the GOES-17(Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) in the magnetosphere, the CSES(China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) in the ionosphere, and the THEMIS ground-based observatories(GBO) GAKO and EAGL in the Earth's polar region during the main phase of an intense storm on 4 November 2021. Along with the enhanced-pressure solar wind moving tailward, the geomagnetic field structure experienced a large-scale change. From dawn/dusk sides to midnight, the GAKO, EAGL, and GOES-17 sequentially observed the ULF waves in a frequency range of0.04–0.36 Hz at L shells of ～5.07, 6.29, and 5.67, respectively. CSES also observed the ULF wave event with the same frequency ranges at wide L-shells of 2.52–6.22 in the nightside ionosphere. The analysis results show that the ULF waves at ionospheric altitude were mixed toroidal-poloidal mode waves. Comparing the ULF waves observed in different regions, we infer that the nightside ULF waves were directly or indirectly excited by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase: in the area of L-shells～2.52–6.29, the magnetic field line resonances(FLRs) driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase is an essential excitation source; on the other hand, around L～3.29, the ULF waves can also be excited by the outward expansion of the plasmapause owing to the decrease of the magnetospheric convection, and in the region of L-shells ～5.19–6.29, the ULF waves are also likely excited by the ion cyclotron instabilities driven by the solar wind dynamic pressure increase.

关键词： ultralow-frequency (ULF) wave solar wind dynamic pressure (Psw) magnetic field line resonance (FLR) ion cyclotron instability

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Ionospheric TEC and plasma anomalies possibly associated with the 14 July 2019 M_(w) 7.2 Indonesia Laiwui earthquake,from analysis of GPS and CSES data

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2022年第4期6卷 313-328页

作者： YuanZheng Wen Dan Tao GuangXue Wang JiaYi Zong JinBin Cao Roberto Battiston ZhiMa ZeRen xuhui shen Key Laboratory of Earth Exploration and Information Techniques of Ministry of Education Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China School of Geophysics Chengdu University of TechnologyChengdu 610059China School of Space and Environment Beihang UniversityBeijing 100191China Dipartimento di Fisica Universitàdi TrentoTrento 38123Italy Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications(TIFPA) National Institute for Nuclear Physics(INFN)Trento 34136Italy National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency Management of ChinaBeijing 100085China

This study presents signatures of seismo-ionospheric perturbations possibly related to the 14 July 2019 M_(w)7.2 Laiwui earthquake,detected by a cross-validation analysis of total electron content(TEC)data of the global ionospheric map(GIM)from GPS and plasma parameter data recorded by the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES).After separating pre-seismic ionospheric phenomena from the ionospheric disturbances due to the magnetospheric and solar activities,we have identified three positive temporal anomalies,around the epicenter,at 1 day,3 days and 8 days before the earthquake(14 July 2019),along with a negative anomaly 6 days after the earthquake.These results agree well with the TEC spatial variations in latitude-longitude-time(LLT)maps.To confirm these anomalies further,we employed the moving mean method(MMM)to analyze ionospheric plasma parameters(electron,O^(+) and He^(+) densities)recorded by the Langmuir probe(LAP)and Plasma Analyzer Package(PAP)onboard the CSES.The analysis detected on,on Day Two,Day Four,and Day Seven before the earthquake,remarkable enhancements along the orbits around when in proximity to the epicenter.To make the investigations still more convincing,we compared the orbits on which anomalous readings were recorded to their corresponding four nearest revisiting orbits;the comparison did indeed indicate the existence of plasma parameter anomalies that appear to be associated with the Laiwui earthquake.All these results ilustrate that the unusual ionospheric perturbations detected through GPS and CSES data are possibly associated with the M_(w)7.2 Laiwui earthquake,which suggests that at least some earthquakes may be predicted by alertness to pre-seismic ionospheric anomalies over regions known to be at seismic risk.This case study also contributes additional information of value to our understanding of lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere coupling.

关键词： seismo-ionospheric perturbations CSES sallite ionosphere earthquake

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Disturbance identification of electric field data observed by the CSES-01 satellite before earthquakes

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第8期66卷 1814-1824页

作者： Jianping HUANG Fuzhi ZHANG Zhong LI xuhui shen Baiyi YANG Wenjing LI Zhima ZEREN Hengxin LU Qiao TAN National Institute of Natural Hazards Ministry of Emergency ManagementBeijing 100085China Institute of Intelligent Emergency Information Processing Institute of Disaster PreventionLangfang 065201China

Numerous studies have confirmed that electromagnetic disturbances before earthquakes can be observed by satellites.In this study,we use the C-value method that includes the acoustic whistle signature;pre-seismic ionospheric electromagnetic disturbance signals were acquired based on the CSES-01 satellite electric field data,and the maximum value of C in the earthquake preparation zones increased continuously from 2.0 three days before the earthquake and reached a maximum weight of 3.0 on the day of the earthquake,after the earthquake,it gradually decreased and recovered to about 2.0;its the C values fluctuated between-2 and 3,it is different from the C values range-2–12 of the previous seismic case study using the DEMETER satellite,which may be related to the orbital altitude and revisit period of the satellite.Then,the C values were normalized,and the time series analysis of the obtained θ values were done,and the results showed that:In the pregnant zone,the background variation of the disturbance amplitude θ is within 2σ,and the maximum disturbance amplitude of θ starts to increase gradually from the seventh period(one period of 5 days,i.e.,35–39 days before the earthquake),it reached 2σ by the fourth preseismic cycle(20–24 days before the earthquake),and then dropped sharply to about 1.5σ in the third pre-seismic cycle(15–19days before the earthquake),after two cycles of increase,the θ over the epicenter reached a maximum of 2.1σ at the time of the earthquake(combining the time of the earthquake and the satellite flight characteristics,the epicenter period is defined as January25-January 29,2020,and this defines the study time period line),and the θ decreases to within 2 times the standard range after the earthquake;The negative value of the disturbance amplitude θ in the central region of the pregnant seismic zone during the earthquake shows the transient energy release process.Through comparison,the θ values obtained by normalization based on the C-value method takes into account the variation of the backgrou

关键词： The CSES-01 satellite Whistle Electric field C-value method Normalization

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A study on the energetic electron precipitation observed by CSES

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Earth and Planetary Physics 2018年第6期2卷 538-547页

作者： YaLu Wang XueMin Zhang xuhui shen Institute of Earthquake Forecasting China Earthquake Administration Institute of Crustal Dynamics China Earthquake Administration

High energy particles are the main target of satellite space exploration; particle storm events are closely related to solar activity,cosmic ray distribution, and magnetic storms. The commonly seen energetic particle(electron) precipitation anomalies include mainly the inner and outer Van Allen radiation belts, the South Atlantic Anomaly, and the anomalous stripes excited by artificial electromagnetic waves. The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite(CSES), launched in February of 2018, provides a platform for studying ionospheric particle disturbances. This paper reports the first studies of electron precipitation phenomenon based on high energy particle data from the CSES. We find that the global distribution of electron fluxes in the low energy band(0.1–3 MeV) can relatively well reflect the anomalous precipitation belt, which is consistent with results based on the DEMETER satellite, indicating that the quality of the lowenergy band payload of the CSES is good. In addition, this paper makes an in-depth study of the electron precipitation belt excited by the NWC artificial VLF electromagnetic transmitter located in Australia, which appears as a typical wisp structure on the energy spectrum. The magnetic shell parameter L corresponding to the precipitation belt ranges from 1.44 to 1.74, which is close to the L value(～1.45) of the NWC transmitter; the energy of the precipitation electrons is between 100 keV and 361.57 keV, among which the precipitation of 213.73 keV electrons is most conspicuous.

关键词： CSES satellite VLF Electron precipitation DEMETER satellite L shell

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Evaluation of optimal UPFC allocation for improving transmission capacity

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Global Energy Interconnection 2020年第3期3卷 217-226页

作者： xuhui shen Hongmei Luo Wenman Gao Yuyao Feng Nan Feng China Electric Power Research Institute Haidian DistrictBeijing 100192P.R.China State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company Yangpu DistrictShanghai 200437P.R.China

A unified power flow controller(UPFC)combines the advantages of various flexible alternating current transmission system(FACTS)devices into a powerful format.Using a 500 kV power grid,this study evaluates the selection and use of a UPFC to improve transmission capacity.The"UPFC unit capacity control proportionality coefficient"is introduced to quantify the control effect of the UPFC,and an optimal calculation method for the UPFC capacity is presented.Following the proposal of a UPFC site selection process,the data of an existing power grid is used to conduct simulations.The simulation results show that the UPFC has a strong ability to improve transmission capacity,and its use is greatly advantageous.Additionally,by applying the proposed selection method,the control effect and economic benefits of the UPFC can be comprehensively considered during project site selection.These findings have a guiding significance for UPFC site selection in ultra-high voltage power grids.

关键词： Unified power flow controller UPFC unit capacity control proportionality coefficient UHV power grid Transmission capability Optimal capacity calculation UPFC site selection

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The thermo-electric effect of magnetite and the mechanism of geo-electric abnormalities during earthquakes

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Geoscience Frontiers 2010年第1期1卷 99-104页

作者： Junfeng shen xuhui shen Qian Liu Na Ying State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences 29 Xueyuan RoadBeijing 100083 China Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration 63 Fuxin Road Beijing 100036 China

The thermo-electric coefficients of twenty-six magnetite samples, formed either by magmatism or metamorphism, were tested by the thermo-electric instrument BHET -06. Results showed that the coef- ficient is of a constant value of about -0.05 mV/℃. It is emphasized that because every magnetite grain was tested randomly, the coefficient is independent of the crystallographic direction. This fact means the thermal voltage generated from a single magnetite crystal can be accumulated, and as a result a new thermo-electric field can arise when a gradient thermal field exists and is active within the earth＇s crust. Because magnetite is widespread in the earth＇s crust （generally appearing more in the middle-lower crust）, there is more-thanrandom probability that the additional thermo-electric field can be generated when certain thermal conditions are fulfilled. We, therefore, used the thermo-electric effect of magnetite to study the mechanism responsible for the presence of abnormal geo-electric fields during earthquake formation and occurrence, because gradient thermal fields always exist before earthquakes. The possible presence of additional thermo-electric fields was calculated under theoretical seismological conditions, using the following calculation formula：E= - 0.159（σ×△T×Ф×ρ2×[[（h^2 - 2x^2）cos α ＋ 3hxsin α]/ρ1 （h^2 ＋x^2）^5/2）. In the above formula, σ is thermo-electric coefficient of magnetite, △T is the temperature difference acting on it, Ф is a sectional area on a block of magnetite vertically perpendicular to the direction of the thermal current, ρ1 and ρ2 are the respective resistivities of magnetite and the crust, and h, α, and x, respectively, h is the depth of embedded magnetite block. α means the angle created by the horizontal line and ligature of the two poles of magnetite block, and x is the distance from observation point to projective center point of the magnetite block on earth surface. According to simulations calculated with this formula, additional thermo-electric field intensity may reach as h

关键词： Magnetite Thermo-electric Earthquake Abnormal geo-electricity

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Investigation of ionospheric TEC changes related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake based on statistic analysis and signal detection

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Earthquake Science 2009年第5期22卷 545-553页

作者： Jianyong Li Guojie Meng Min Wang Hua Liao xuhui shen Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100036 China Earthquake Administration of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610041 China

Ionospheric TEC （total electron content） time series are derived from GPS measurements at 13 stations around the epicenter of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Defining anomaly bounds for a sliding window by quartile and 2-standard deviation of TEC values, this paper analyzed the characteristics of ionospheric changes before and after the destructive event. The Neyman-Pearson signal detection method is employed to compute the probabilities of TEC abnormalities. Result shows that one week before the Wenchuan earthquake, ionospheric TEC over the epicenter and its vicinities displays obvious abnormal disturbances, most of which are positive anomalies. The largest TEC abnormal changes appeared on May 9, three days prior to the seismic event. Signal detection shows that the largest possibility ofTEC abnormity on May 9 is 50.74%, indicating that ionospheric abnormities three days before the main shock are likely related to the preparation process of the Ms8.0 Wenchuan earthquake.

关键词： GPS total electron content （TEC） earthquake precursor abnormal signals hypothesis test

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Penetration characteristics of VLF wave from atmosphere into lower ionosphere

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Earthquake Science 2010年第3期23卷 275-281页

作者： Shufan Zhao xuhui shen Weiyan Pan Xuemin Zhang Li Liao Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100036 China Qingdao Branch China Research Institute of Radiowave Propagation Qingdao 266107 China Institute of Geophysics China Earthquake Administration Beijing 100081 China

The factors affecting the reflection and transmission coefficient of the ionosphere have been analyzed.These factors include wave frequency,incident angle,geomagnetic inclination,electron density and collision frequency in the ionosphere.The ionosphere refractive index is also analyzed.The ionosphere above 70 km is considered to be homogeneous and anisotropic,and the reflection and transmission coefficient matrix is calculated using matrix method.Simultaneously the Booker quartic equation is solved to get the refractive index in the ionosphere.The results show that when the wave frequency is higher,it is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere from its bottom boundary and the propagation attenuation in the ionosphere is smaller.TE（traverse electric） wave and TM（traverse magnetic） wave can both penetrate into the ionosphere with a small incident angle,while TE wave can hardly transmit into the ionosphere when the incident angle is large.The transmission coefficient decreases as the geomagnetic inclination increases.TE and TM wave cannot penetrate into the ionosphere at magnetic equator.When the electron collision frequency is higher,it is easier for VLF wave to penetrate into the ionosphere and the attenuation of ordinary wave is weaker,which may be caused by the energy transportation between the waves and the particles.The ordinary（O） wave experiences severer attenuation than extraordinary（X） wave,and X wave is a penetration mode whereas O wave is a non-penetration mode in the ionosphere.All the results indicate that VLF wave with higher frequency is easier to penetrate into the ionosphere and to be recorded by the satellites at high latitude.It is hard for ULF and the lower frequency VLF wave to transmit into the ionosphere directly for the severe reflection and attenuation.It may transmit into the ionosphere with a small incident angle due to the nonlinear effect,for example,the interaction between the waves and the particles or cross modulation,and then propagate along the whistle duct with small attenuation.T

关键词： VLF wave low ionosphere reflection coefficient transmission coefficient refractive index

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