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First Look of Surface Vegetation from the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) onboard Fengyun-4B

气象学报:英文版 2023年第4期37卷 536-550页

作者： Shengqi LI xiuzhen han Yeping ZhanG Yachun LI Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology Nanjing 210044 National Satellite Meteorological Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Jiangsu Climate Centre Jiangsu Provincial Meteorological ServiceNanjing 210009

For many years, the status of surface vegetation has been monitored by using polar-orbiting satellite imagers such as Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS). However, limited availability of clear-sky samples makes the derived vegetation index dependent on multiple days of observations. High-frequency observations from the geostationary Fengyun(FY) satellites can significantly reduce the influence of clouds on the synthesis of terrestrial normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI). In this study, we derived the land surface vegetation index based on observational data from the Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) onboard the FY-4B geostationary satellite. First, the AGRI reflectance of visible band and near-infrared band is corrected to the land surface reflectance by the 6S radiative transfer model. The bidirectional reflectance distribution function(BRDF) model is then used to normalize the AGRI surface reflectance at different observation angles and solar geometries, and an angle-independent reflectance is derived. The AGRI surface reflectance is further corrected to the MODIS levels according to the AGRI spectral response function(SRF). Finally, the daily AGRI data are used to synthesize the surface vegetation index. It is shown that the spatial distribution of NDVI images retrieved by single-day AGRI is consistent with that of 16-day MODIS data. At the same time, the dynamic range of the revised NDVI is closer to that of MODIS.

关键词： atmospheric correction normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) spectral response function(SRF) bidirectional reflectance distribution function(BRDF)

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Ecological Assessment of Oxygen Balance:A Case Study of China’s Natural Oxygen Bars

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2023年第3期37卷 404-416页

作者： Hao GAO xiuzhen han Xiurong WANG Yu FU Chen MIAO Key Laboratory of Radiometric Calibration and Validation for Environmental Satellites National Satellite Meteorological Centre(National Centre for Space Weather)/CMA Innovation Centre for Fengyun Meteorological Satellites(FYSIC)China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 Public Meteorological Service Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Carbon Neutrality Research Center Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 National Remote Sensing Center of China Beijing 100036

Ecological assessment plays a vital role in sustainable development of the environment,and thus exploration of specific and integrated ecological assessment methods has become a critical task.In this study,based on the concept of oxygen balance and by accommodating both natural factors and socioeconomic elements,we establish an oxygen(O_(2))balance index(OBI),i.e.,the ratio of the O_(2)production from the ecosystem to the O_(2)consumption by human behavior,based on the net primary productivity(NPP),fuel consumption,gross domestic production(GDP),population data,and so on.The results show that the spatial distributions of OBI in China are intimately correlated to the regional vegetation and socioeconomic development.The estimated OBI values are then validated by statistical data from 27 counties in China,and it is found that the OBI reflects the ecological environment status well.Moreover,the average OBI values derived from 190 natural oxygen bars in China reveal extreme imbalance between O_(2)production and consumption in highly developed regions,especially in the cities,in contrast to good O_(2)balance in areas with high-quality ecological status and less industrialization.The findings from this study have quantitatively captured the regional ecological quality,providing guidance for sustainable natural and socioeconomic developments in local areas of China.

关键词： oxygen balance index(OBI) ecological environment remote sensing China’s natural oxygen bars meteorological satellites

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Origins of black carbon from anthropogenic emissions and open biomass burning transported to Xishuangbanna, Southwest China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第3期125卷 277-289页

作者： Xuyan Liu SiwenWang Qianqian Zhang Chunlai Jiang Linlin Liang Shihao Tang Xingying Zhang xiuzhen han Lin Zhu National Satellite Meteorological Center Beijing 100081China State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex Beijing 100084China Department of Multiphase Chemistry Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainz 55128Germany Research Center for Total Pollution Load Control and Emission Trading Chinese Academy of Environmental PlanningBeijing 100012China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather and Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

Black carbon(BC) has importance regarding aerosol composition, radiative balance, and human exposure. This study adopted a backward-trajectory approach to quantify the origins of BC from anthropogenic emissions(BCAn) and open biomass burning(BCBB) transported to Xishuangbanna in 2017. Haze months, between haze and clean months, and clean months in Xishuangbanna were defined according to daily PM_(2.5)concentrations of >75, 35–75, and<35 μg/m^(3), respectively. Results showed that the transport efficiency density(TED) of BC transported to Xishuangbanna was controlled by the prevailing winds in different seasons.The yearly contributions to the effective emission intensity of BCAnand BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were 52% and 48%, respectively. However, when haze occurred in Xishuangbanna, the average BCAnand BCBBcontributions were 23% and 77%, respectively. This suggests that open biomass burning(BB) becomes the dominant source in haze months. Myanmar, India, and Laos were the dominant source regions of BC transported to Xishuangbanna during haze months, accounting for 59%, 18%, and 13% of the total, respectively. Furthermore, India was identified as the most important source regions of BCAntransported to Xishuangbanna in haze months, accounting for 14%. The two countries making the greatest contributions to BCBBtransported to Xishuangbanna were Myanmar and Laos in haze months, accounting for 55% and 13%, respectively. BC emissions from Xishuangbanna had minimal effects on the results of the present study. It is suggested that open BB in Myanmar and Laos, and anthropogenic emissions in India were responsible for poor air quality in Xishuangbanna.

关键词： Black carbon Xishuangbanna Effective emission intensity Anthropogenic emissions Open biomass burning

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Estimation of Terrestrial Net Primary Productivity in China from Fengyun-3D Satellite Data

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第3期36卷 401-416页

作者： Yonghong LIU xiuzhen han Fuzhong WENG Yongming XU Yeping ZhanG Shihao TANG Earth System Modeling and Prediction Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044

Currently,the satellite data used to estimate terrestrial net primary productivity(NPP)in China are predominantly from foreign satellites,and very few studies have based their estimates on data from China’s Fengyun satellites.Moreover,despite their importance,the influence of land cover types and the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)on NPP estimation has not been clarified.This study employs the Carnegie–Ames–Stanford approach(CASA)model to compute the fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation and the maximum light use efficiency suitable for the main vegetation types in China in accordance with the finer resolution observation and monitoring-global land cover(FROM-GLC)classification product.Then,the NPP is estimated from the Fengyun-3D(FY-3D)data and compared with the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)NPP product.The FY-3D NPP is also validated with existing research results and historical field-measured NPP data.In addition,the effects of land cover types and the NDVI on NPP estimation are analyzed.The results show that the CASA model and the FY-3D satellite data estimate an average NPP of 441.2 g C m^(−2) yr^(−1) in 2019 for China’s terrestrial vegetation,while the total NPP is 3.19 Pg C yr^(−1).Compared with the MODIS NPP,the FY-3D NPP is overestimated in areas of low vegetation productivity and is underestimated in high-productivity areas.These discrepancies are largely due to the differences between the FY-3D NDVI and MODIS NDVI.Compared with historical field-measured data,the FY-3D NPP estimation results outperformed the MODIS NPP results,although the deviation between the FY-3D NPP estimate and the in-situ measurement was large and may exceed 20%at the pixel scale.The land cover types and the NDVI significantly affected the spatial distribution of NPP and accounted for NPP deviations of 17.0%and 18.1%,respectively.Additionally,the total deviation resulting from the two factors reached 29.5%.These results show that accurate NDVI products and land cover types are

关键词： net primary productivity(NPP) Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach(CASA)model maximum light use efficiency Fengyun-3D(FY-3D) finer resolution observation and monitoring-global land cover(FROM-GLC)land cover types Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS)

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Global Rainstorm Disaster Risk Monitoring Based on Satellite Remote Sensing

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第1期36卷 193-207页

作者： Suling REN xiuzhen han Jun YANG Shihao TANG Yang ZhanG Tianchan Shan Cheng LIU National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610072

Methods of rainstorm disaster risk monitoring(RDRM)based on retrieved satellite rainfall data are studied.Due to significant regional differences,the global rainstorm disasters are not only affected by geography(such as topography and surface properties),but also by climate events.It is necessary to study rainstorm disaster-causing factors,hazard-formative environments,and hazard-affected incidents based on the climate distribution of precipitation and rainstorms worldwide.According to a global flood disaster dataset for the last 20 years,the top four flood disaster causes(accounting for 96.8%in total)related to rainstorms,from most to least influential,are heavy rain(accounting for 61.6%),brief torrential rain(16.7%),monsoonal rain(9.4%),and tropical cyclone/storm rain(9.1%).A dynamic global rainstorm disaster threshold is identified by using global climate data based on 3319 rainstorm-induced floods and rainfall data retrieved by satellites in the last 20 years.Taking the 7-day accumulated rainfall,3-and 12-h maximum rainfall,24-h rainfall,rainstorm threshold,and others as the main parameters,a rainstorm intensity index is constructed.Calculation and global mapping of hazard-formative environmental factor and hazard-affected body factor of rainstorm disasters are performed based on terrain and river data,population data,and economic data.Finally,a satellite remote sensing RDRM model is developed,incorporating the above three factors(rainstorm intensity index,hazard-formative environment factor,and hazard-affected body factor).The results show that the model can well capture the rainstorm disasters that happened in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China and in South Asia in 2020.

关键词： satellite-retrieved precipitation flood rainstorm disaster risk monitoring rainstorm disaster risk index

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Impacts of the Urban Spatial Landscape in Beijing on Surface and Canopy Urban Heat Islands

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第6期36卷 882-899页

作者： Yonghong LIU Yongming XU Yeping ZhanG xiuzhen han Fuzhong WENG Chunyi XUAN Wenjun SHU CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Beijing 100081 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 School of Remote Sensing and Geomatics Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 National Satellite Meteorological Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Beijing Municipal ClimateCentre Beijing Meteorological ServiceBeijing 100089

How does the urban spatial landscape(USL)pattern affect the land surface urban heat islands(SUHIs)and canopy urban heat islands(CUHIs)?Based on satellite and meteorological observations,this case study compares the impacts of the USL pattern on SUHI and CUHI in the central urban area(CUA)of Beijing using the satellite land-surface-temperature product and hourly temperature data from automatic meteorological stations from 2009 to 2018.Eleven USL metrics—building height(BH),building density(BD),standard deviation of building height(BSD),floor area ratio(FAR),frontal area index(FAI),roughness length(RL),sky view factor(SVF),urban fractal dimension(FD),vegetation coverage(VC),impervious coverage(IC),and albedo(AB)—with a 500-m spatial resolution in the CUA are extracted for comparative analysis.The results show that SUHI is higher than CUHI at night,and SUHI is only consistent with CUHI at spatial-temporal scales at night,particularly in winter.Spatially,all 11 metrics are strongly correlated with both the SUHI and CUHI at night,with stronger correlation between most metrics and SUHI.VC,AB,and SVF have the greatest impact on both the SUHI and CUHI.High SUHI and CUHI values tend to appear in areas with BD≥0.26,VC≤0.09,AB≤0.09,and SVF≤0.67.In summer,most metrics have a greater impact on the SUHI than CUHI;the opposite is observed in winter.SUHI variation is affected primarily by VC in summer and by VC and AB in winter,which is different for the CUHI variation.The collective contribution of all 11metrics to SUHI spatial variation in summer(61.8%)is higher than that to CUHI;however,the opposite holds in winter and for the entire year,where the cumulative contribution of the factors accounts for 66.6%and 49.6%,respectively,of the SUHI variation.

关键词： surface urban heat island canopy urban heat island vegetation coverage albedo sky view factor building density Beijing

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Fengyun-3D MERSI True Color Imagery Developed for Environmental Applications

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第5期33卷 914-924页

作者： xiuzhen han Feng WANG Yang han National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Beijing Piesat Information Technology Co.Ltd. Beijing 100195 Nanjing University of Information Science&Technology Nanjing 210044

Many techniques were developed for creating true color images from satellite solar reflective bands, and the so-derived images have been widely used for environmental monitoring. For the newly launched Fengyun-3 D(FY-3 D)satellite, the same capability is required for its Medium Resolution Spectrum Imager-II(MERSI-II). In processing the MERSI-II true color image, a more comprehensive processing technique is developed, including the atmospheric correction, nonlinear enhancement, and image splicing. The effect of atmospheric molecular scattering on the total reflectance is corrected by using a parameterized radiative transfer model. A nonlinear stretching of the solar band reflectance is applied for increasing the image contrast. The discontinuity in composing images from multiple orbits and different granules is eliminated through the distance weighted pixel blending(DWPB) method. Through these processing steps, the MERSI-II true color imagery can vividly detect many natural events such as sand and dust storms, snow, algal bloom, fire, and typhoon. Through a comprehensive analysis of the true color imagery, the specific natural disaster events and their magnitudes can be quantified much easily, compared to using the individual channel data.

关键词： Medium Resolution Spectrum Imager(MERSI) Fengyun satellite true color imagery

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Synthesis of True Color Images from the Fengyun Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第6期35卷 1136-1147页

作者： Yuchen XIE xiuzhen han Shanyou ZHU School of Remote Sensing&Geomatics Engineering Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

The production of true color images requires observational data in the red,green,and blue(RGB)bands.The Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI)onboard China’s Fengyun-4(FY-4)series of geostationary satellites only has blue and red bands,and we therefore have to synthesize a green band to produce RGB true color images.We used random forest regression and conditional generative adversarial networks to train the green band model using Himawari-8 Advanced Himawari Imager data.The model was then used to simulate the green channel reflectance of the FY-4 AGRI.A single-scattering radiative transfer model was used to eliminate the contribution of Rayleigh scattering from the atmosphere and a logarithmic enhancement was applied to process the true color image.The conditional generative adversarial network model was better than random forest regression for the green band model in terms of statistical significance(e.g.,a higher determination coefficient,peak signal-to-noise ratio,and structural similarity index).The sharpness of the images was significantly improved after applying a correction for Rayleigh scattering,and the images were able to show natural phenomena more vividly.The AGRI true color images could be used to monitor dust storms,forest fires,typhoons,volcanic eruptions,and other natural events.

关键词： Advanced Geostationary Radiation Imager(AGRI) RGB true color random forest regression conditional generative adversarial networks Rayleigh scattering

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Vegetation Products Derived from Fengyun-3D Medium Resolution Spectral Imager-Ⅱ

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第4期34卷 775-785页

作者： xiuzhen han Jun YANG Shihao TANG Yang han National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

The surface vegetation condition has been operationally monitored from space for many years by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer(AVHRR) and the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) instruments. As these instruments are close to the end of their design life, the surface vegetation products are required by many users from the new satellite missions. The MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager-Ⅱ(MERSI-Ⅱ) onboard the Fengyun(FY) satellite(FY-3 series;FY-3 D) is used to retrieve surface vegetation parameters. First, MERSI-Ⅱ solar channel measurements at the red and near-infrared(NIR) bands at the top of atmosphere(TOA) are corrected to the surface reflectances at the top of canopy(TOC) by removing the contributions of scattering and absorption of molecules and aerosols. The normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) at both the TOA and TOC is then produced by using the same algorithms as the MODIS and AVHRR. The MERSI-Ⅱ enhanced VI(EVI) at the TOC is also developed. The MODIS technique of compositing the NDVI at various timescales is applied to MERSI-Ⅱ to generate the gridded products at different resolutions. The MERSI-Ⅱ VI products are consistent with the MODIS data without systematic biases. Compared to the current MERSI-Ⅱ EVI generated from the ground operational system, the MERSI-Ⅱ EVI from this study has a much better agreement with MODIS after atmospheric correction.

关键词： MEdium Resolution Spectral Imager-Ⅱ(MERSI-Ⅱ) Fengyun(FY)satellite vegetation index(VI) atmospheric correction

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Advances in Ecological Applications of Fengyun Satellite Data

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第5期35卷 743-758页

作者： xiuzhen han Hao GAO Jun YANG Yachun LI Weicheng GENG National Satellite Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Jiangsu Climate Center Jiangsu Provincial Meteorological BureauNanjing 210008

In recent years,the remote sensing based on meteorological satellite observations has become an important tool for assessing global ecological conditions.Since the early 2000,Fengyun(FY)satellite data have been widely used to derive the key parameters of ecological environment in China.An integrated earth-observation system has been developed in China through using FY satellite data,including retrievals the key ecological parameters as well as to constructions of long-term data records of vegetation index,land surface temperature,net primary production,vegetation health index,and so on.Considerable progress has thus been made in the application and service for prevention of air pollution,management and control of ecological redline,ecological monitoring for the Belt and Road Initiative,and assessment of ecological environment for human settlement.In order to monitor the ecological parameters in real time and with a full dynamic coverage,it is necessary to improve the technology in application of ecological remote sensing from meteorological satellites,and further enhance the ecological meteorological service.

关键词： Fengyun satellite ecological environment remote sensing assessing and monitoring operational service

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