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Evaluation of CLDAS and GPM Precipitation Products over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer 2005–2021 Based on Hourly Rain Gauge Observations

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2024年第4期38卷 749-767页

作者： Qiaohua LIU xiuping yao School of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081

Accurate,reliable,and high spatiotemporal resolution precipitation products are essential for precipitation research,hydrological simulation,disaster warning,and many other applications over the Tibetan Plateau(TP).The Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) data are widely recognized as the most reliable satellite precipitation product for the *** China Meteorological Administration(CMA) Land Data Assimilation System(CLDAS) precipitation fusion dataset(CLDAS-Prcp),hereafter referred to as CLDAS,is a high-resolution,self-developed precipitation product in China with regional *** on the TP,this study provides a long-term evaluation of CLDAS and GPM from various aspects,including characteristics on different timescales,diurnal variation,and elevation impacts,based on hourly rain gauge data in summer from 2005 to *** results show that CLDAS and GPM are highly effective alternatives to the rain gauge records over the *** both perform well for precipitation amount and frequency on multiple *** tends to overestimate precipitation amount and underestimate precipitation frequency over the ***,GPM tends to overestimate both precipitation amount and *** difference between them mainly lies in the trace *** and GPM effectively capture rainfall events,but their performance decreases significantly as intensity *** both show better accuracy in diurnal variation of precipitation amount than frequency,and their performance tends to be superior during nighttime compared to the ***,there are some differences of the two against rain gauge observations in diurnal variation,especially in the phase of the diurnal *** performance of CLDAS and GPM varies at different *** both have the best performance over 3000–3500 *** elevation dependence of CLDAS is relatively minor,while GPM shows a stronger elevation dependence in terms of precipitation *** tends to ov

关键词： China Meteorological Administration(CMA)Land Data Assimilation System(CLDAS)precipitation fusion dataset(CLDAS-Prcp) Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM) Tibetan Plateau(TP) precipitation evaluation

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Summer Extreme Precipitation in the Key Region of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2023年第5期40卷 843-855页

作者： Jiali MA xiuping yao State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China

The Sichuan-Tibet Railway,mainly located in the southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,is affected by summertime extreme precipitation(SEP).Using daily rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data for the summers of 1979-2020,the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of SEP in the key region of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway(28°-33°N,90°-105°E,hereafter KR)are revealed,and the mechanism for SEP amount(SEPA)variation in the KR is *** results show that SEPA in the KR contributes nearly 30%to the total summer *** differences are evident in SEP,justifying thresholds higher in the plateau-dominated central-western KR(CWKR)and lower in the basindominated eastern KR(EKR).In addition,SEP in the CWKR is less intense but more frequent than SEP in the *** 1979-2020,the SEPA in the KR increased slightly while the SEPA in the CWKR increased significantly and peaked in the last *** anticyclonic circulation(AC)anomalies dominate the 500 hPa pattern over the Bay of Bengal and Mongolia,the southerly flow and cyclonic shear over the southeastern plateau will be strengthened,favoring more SEPA in the *** an AC anomaly dominates the 500 hPa pattern over the Bohai Sea,the low-level easterly wind over the basin will be strengthened,favoring more SEPA in the *** strengthening of the ascent,water vapor convergence,and convective instability is conducive to more SEPA in the *** results deepen the understanding of the characteristics and the physical mechanisms responsible for extreme precipitation in the KR.

关键词： summertime extreme precipitation distribution characteristics variation mechanism

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Intensity Evolution of Zonal Shear Line over the Tibetan Plateau in Summer:A Perspective of Divergent and Rotational Kinetic Energies

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2022年第7期39卷 1021-1033页

作者： Xiaohong BAO xiuping yao State Key Laboratory on Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China

Based on the ERA5 reanalysis datasets during 1980-2019,a total of eleven zonal shear lines(ZSLs)that caused heavy precipitation and lasted more than 60 hours over the Tibetan Plateau in summer are selected for composite *** decomposing the kinetic energy(K)near the ZSL into divergent and rotational kinetic energies(K_(D)and K_(R))and the kinetic energy of interaction between the divergent wind and the rotational wind(K_(R)D),the influence of the rotational and divergent winds on the evolution of the ZSL intensity is investigated from the perspective of K_(D)and K_(R).The main results are as *** ZSL is a comprehensive reflection of rotation and *** intensity evolution of ZSL is essentially synchronized with those of K,K_(R),and K_(RD)but lags behind K_(D)by about three *** enhancement of K is mainly contributed by K_(R),which is governed by the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R).Furthermore,the increase in the conversion from K_(D)to K_(R)is controlled by the geostrophic effect term Af,which is determined by the joint enhancement of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components(u_(R)and v_(D)).Therefore,the joint enhancement of u_(R)and v_(D)controls the increase of the ZSL intensity,leading to increased precipitation.

关键词： zonal shear line over the Tibetan Plateau intensity evolution divergent and rotational kinetic energies joint action of the zonal rotational and meridional divergent wind components

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Potential Vorticity Diagnostic Analysis on the Impact of the Easterlies Vortex on the Short-term Movement of the Subtropical Anticyclone over the Western Pacific in the Mei-yu Period

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2020年第9期37卷 1019-1031页

作者： xiuping yao Qin ZHANG Xiao ZHANG China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China Zibo Meteorological Bureau of Shandong Province Zibo 255048China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

By employing NCEP−NCAR 1°×1°reanalysis datasets,the mechanism of the easterlies vortex(EV)affecting the short-term movement of the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific(WPSA)in the mei-yu period is examined using potential vorticity(PV)*** results show that when the EV and the westerlies vortex(WV)travel west/east to the same longitude of 120°E,the WPSA suddenly *** EV and WV manifest as the downward transport of PV in the upper troposphere,and the variation of the corresponding high-value regions of PV significantly reflects the intensity changes of the EV and *** meridional propagation of PV causes the intensity change of the *** vertical movement on both sides of the EV is related to the position of the EV relative to the WPSA and the South Asian high(SAH).When the high PV in the easterlies and westerlies arrive at the same longitude in the meridional direction,the special circulation pattern will lower the position of PV isolines at the ridge line of the ***,the cyclonic circulation at the lower level will be strengthened,causing the abnormally eastward retreat of the *** of the PV equation at the isentropic surface indicates that when the positive PV variation west of the EV intensifies,it connects with the positive PV variation east of the WV,forming a positive PV band and making the WPSA retreat *** horizontal advection of the PV has the greatest *** contribution of the vertical advection of PV and the vertical differential of heating is also positive,but the values are relatively *** contribution of the residual was negative and it becomes smaller before and after the WPSA retreats.

关键词： mei-yu period easterlies vortex western Pacific subtropical anticyclone potential vorticity diagnostic analysis

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Autumn Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during 1949–2016:A Statistical Study

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第1期34卷 150-162页

作者： xiuping yao Dajun ZHAO Ying LI China Meteorological Administration Training Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 National Climate Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081

We used tropical cyclone(TC)best track data for 1949–2016,provided by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute,China Meteorological Administration(CMA-STI),and a TC size dataset(1980–2016)derived from geostationary satellite infrared images to analyze the statistical characteristics of autumn TCs over the western North Pacific(WNP).We investigated TC genesis frequency,location,track density,intensity,outer size,and landfalling features,as well as their temporal and spatial evolution *** average,the number of autumn TCs accounted for 42.1%of the annual total,slightly less than that of summer TCs(42.7%).However,TCs classified as strong typhoons or super typhoons were more frequent in autumn than in *** most years of the 68-yr study period,there was an inverse relationship between the number of autumn TCs and that of summer *** genesis of autumn TCs was concentrated at three centers over the WNP:the first is located near(14°N,115°E)over the northeastern South China Sea and the other two are located in the vast oceanic area east of the Philippines around(14°N,135°E)and(14°N,145°E),*** terms of intensity,the eight strongest TCs during the study period all occurred in *** is revealed that autumn TCs were featured with strong typhoons and super typhoons,with the latter accounting for28.1%of the total number of autumn ***,the average 34-knot radius(R34)of autumn TCs increased with TC *** 1949 to 2016,164 autumn TCs made landfall in China,with an average annual number *** TCs were most likely to make landfall in Guangdong Province,followed by Hainan Province and Taiwan Island.

关键词： western North Pacific autumn tropical cyclone statistical characteristics

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Refined Evaluation of Satellite Precipitation Products against Rain Gauge Observations along the Sichuan–Tibet Railway

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第5期36卷 779-797页

作者： Zhiqiang LIN xiuping yao Jun DU Zhenbo ZHOU Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province School of Atmospheric SciencesChengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225 China Meteorological Administration Training Centre China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081 Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmosphericand Environmental Science Lhasa 850000

Being constructed in southwestern China, the Sichuan–Tibet Railway(STR) travels across the eastern Tibetan Plateau where there is the most complex terrain and changeable weather in the world. Due to sparse ground-based observations over the Tibetan Plateau, precipitation products retrieved by remote sensing are more widely used;however,satellite-based precipitation products(SPPs) have not yet been strictly and systematically evaluated along the *** study aims to evaluate the performance of six SPPs by a series of metrics with available ground observations along the STR during 1998–2020. The six SPPs include the datasets derived from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM), Climate Prediction Center morphing technique(CMORPH), Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM), Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation(GSMaP), Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks(PERSIANN), and Fengyun-2 satellites precipitation estimate(FY2PRE). The results indicate that most of the SPPs can capture the precipitation characteristics on multiple timescales(monthly,daily, hourly, and diurnal cycle) as shown by the evaluated metrics. The probability density functions of the daily and hourly precipitation are also well represented by the SPPs, and 30 mm day^(-1) and 16 mm h^(-1) are identified as the daily and hourly thresholds of extreme precipitation events along the STR. The best SPP varies at different timescales:GPM and GSMaP are suitable for the monthly and daily scale, and FY2PRE and GPM are suited to the hourly *** general, GPM is relatively optimum on multiple timescales, and PERSIANN gives the worst performance. In addition, the SPPs perform worse at higher altitudes and for more intense precipitation. Overall, the results from this study are expected to provide essential reference for using the SPPs in meteorological services and disaster prevention in the STR construction and its future operation.

关键词： eastern Tibetan Plateau Sichuan–Tibet Railway(STR) satellite-based precipitation products evaluation multiple timescales

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Diagnosis of the Kinetic Energy of the“21·7”Extreme Torrential Rainfall Event in Henan Province,China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第1期41卷 73-83页

作者： xiuping yao Ruoying LI Xiaohong BAO Qiaohua LIU China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China College of Atmospheric Sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China

An extreme torrential rain(ETR)event occurred in Henan Province,China,during 18-21 July *** on hourly rain-gauge observations and ERA5 reanalysis data,the ETR was studied from the perspective of kinetic energy(K),which can be divided into rotational wind(V_(R))kinetic energy(K_(R)),divergent wind kinetic energy(K_(D)),and the kinetic energy of the interaction between the divergent and rotational winds(K_(RD)).According to the hourly precipitation intensity variability,the ETR process was divided into an initial stage,a rapid increase stage,and maintenance *** showed that the intensification and maintenance of ETR were closely related to the upper-level K,and most closely related to the upperlevel K_(R),with a correlation coefficient of up to *** particular,the peak value of hourly rainfall intensity lagged behind the K_(R) by 8 ***,diagnosis showed that K transformation from unresolvable to resolvable scales made the ETR increase *** meridional rotational wind(u_(R))and meridional gradient of the geopotential(φ)jointly determined the conversion of available potential energy(APE)to K_(R) through the barotropic process,which dominated the rapid enhancement of K_(R) and then caused the rapid increase in *** transportation of K by rotational wind consumed K_(R),and basically offset the K_(R) produced by the barotropic process,which basically kept K_(R) stable at a high value,thus maintaining the ETR.

关键词： extreme torrential rain rotational kinetic energy kinetic energy generation and transport barotropic process

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Study of a Horizontal Shear Line over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and the Impact of Diabatic Heating on Its Evolution

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2018年第4期32卷 612-626页

作者： Qin GUAN xiuping yao Qingping LI Yuancang MA Honghua ZHANG Qinghai Provincial Meteorological Observatory Xining 810001 China Meteorological Administration Training Centre Beijing 100081 Huangnanzhou Meteorological Office of Qinghai Province Tongren 811300 Lianyungang Meteorological Observatory of Jiangsu Province Lianyungang 222006

Based on the 4 times daily 0.75°× 0.75° ERA-Interim data, the structural evolution of a Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau horizontal （east-west-oriented） shear line （TSL） during 15-19 August 2015 and the effect of diabatic heating on its evolution were analyzed. The results show that the TSL possessed a vertical thickness of up to 1.5 km （approxim-ately 600-450 hPa）, and was baroclinic in nature. Weak ascending motions occurred near the TSL, accompanied with more significant gradients in dew point temperature than in temperature. The TSL was characterized by diurnal vari- ations in its appearance and structure. It was relatively full in shape （broken） and was the lowest （highest） in vertical extent at 0000 （1800） UTC, and veered clockwise （anticlockwise） dttring 0000--0600 （1200-1800） UTC. When the north-south span of the TSL increased, it was prone to fracturing; and it disappeared when the dew point temperat-ure gradients to its either side decreased. When the TSL moved northward （southward）, its western （eastern） section broke up, while the eastern （western） section inclined to regenerate or merge. The TSL tended to move towards the positive vorticity areas with significant increases in vorticity. When the positive vorticity center moved down, the height of TSL decreased. Further analysis shows that the plateau surface heating dominated the vorticity attribute of the TSL and its movement, with different contributions from local variation, horizontal advection, and vertical advec-tion of the diabatic heating to the TSL at different heights.

关键词： plateau shear line structure evolution diabatic heating

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Improved forecasting via physics-guided machine learning as exemplified using“21·7”extreme rainfall event in Henan

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Science China Earth Sciences 2024年第5期67卷 1652-1674页

作者： Qi ZHONG Zhicha ZHANG xiuping yao Shaoyu HOU Shenming FU Yong CAO Linguo JING China Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100081China State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Zhejiang Meteorological Observatory Hangzhou 310017China Hebei Provincial Weather Modification Center Shijiazhuang 050020China Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China National Meteorological Center Beijing 100081China School of Computer Science Chengdu University of Information TechnologyChengdu 610225China

As a natural disaster,extreme precipitation is among the most destructive and influential,but predicting its occurrence and evolution accurately is very challenging because of its rarity and *** the example of the“21·7”extreme precipitation event(17–21 July 2021)in Henan Province,this study explores the potential of using physics-guided machine learning to improve the accuracy of forecasting the intensity and location of extreme *** physics-guided ways of embedding physical features,fusing physical model forecasts and revised loss function are used,i.e.,(1)analyzing the anomalous circulation and thermodynamical factors,(2)analyzing the multi-model forecast bias and the associated underlying reasons for it,and(3)using professional forecasting knowledge to design the loss function,and the corresponding results are used as input for machine learning to improve the forecasting *** results indicate that by learning the relationship between anomalous physical features and heavy precipitation,the forecasting of precipitation intensity is improved significantly,but the location is rarely adjusted and more false alarms *** reasons for this are as *** anomalous features used here mainly contain information about large-scale systems and factors which are consistent with the model precipitation deviation;moreover,the samples of extreme precipitation are sparse and so the algorithm used here is ***,by combining“good and different”multi models with machine learning,the advantages of each model are extracted and then the location of the precipitation center in the forecast is improved ***,by combining the appropriate anomalous features with multi-model fusion,an integrated improvement of the forecast of the rainfall intensity and location is ***,this study is a novel exploration to improve the refined forecasting of heavy precipitation with extreme intensity and high variability,

关键词： Extreme precipitation event Refined assessment Anomalous physical features Multi-model fusion Machine learning

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Climatology of Transverse Shear Lines Related to Heavy Rainfall over the Tibetan Plateau during Boreal Summer

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2016年第6期30卷 915-926页

作者： ZHANG Xia yao xiuping MA Jiali MIMA-Zhuoga Henan Provincial Meteorological Observatory Zhcngzhou 450003 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Meteorological Administration Training Center Beijing 100081 Liaoning Provincial Weather Modification Office Shenyang 110166 Meteorological Service Center of the Tibet Autonomous Region Lhasa 850000

Based on ERA-Interim data and precipitation data of 2474 stations in China during May-October from 1981 to 2013, transverse shear lines （TSLs） were identified, and their climatic characteristics and association with torrential rainfall events over the Tibetan Plateau and the region to its east during boreal summer were analyzed statistically, based on three criteria： the meridional shear of zonal wind, the relative vorticity, and the zero contour line of zonal wind. It was found that TSLs are generally west east oriented over the Tibetan Plateau, with the highest occurrence frequency in June, and least occurrence in October. The high frequency axis of TSLs, parallel to the terrain of the Tibetan Plateau, shifts southward from May to August, and then slightly northward from September to October. The annual average TSL frequency is 65.3 days, and there are obvious interannual and interdecal variations of TSLs. The annual fluctuation of TSL frequency is most distinct in the 1980s, followed by the 2000s, with average frequency appearing during 1995 2000. It was found that the occurrence frequency of TSLs and that of heavy rainfall events over the Tibetan Plateau are stable during 1981-2013. However, the occurrence frequency of the heavy rainfall events resulting from TSLs is decreasing. More than 50% of the TSLs can lead to heavy rainfall, while 40% of the heavy rainfall events are caused by TSLs. TSLs are closely related to heavy rainfalls in the flooding season of June-August over the Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Tibetan Plateau transverse shear line torrential rain climatic characteristics

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