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First assessment of Noise-Equivalent Sigma-Zero in GF3-02 TOPSAR mode with sea surface wind speed retrieval

Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2023年第10期42卷 84-96页

作者： Junxin Yang Lihua Zhong xinzhe yuan Xiaochen Wang Bing Han Yuxin Hu Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Electronic Electrical and Communication EngineeringUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China National Satellite Ocean Application Service Beijing 100081China

Gaofen-3-02(GF3-02)is the first C-band synthetic aperture radar(SAR)satellite with terrain observation with progressive scans of SAR(TOPSAR)imaging mode in China,which plays an essential role in marine environment monitoring.Given the weak scattering characteristics of the ocean,the system thermal noise superimposed on SAR images has significant interference,especially in cross-polarization channels.Noise-Equivalent Sigma-Zero(NESZ)is a measure of the sensitivity of the radar to areas of low backscatter.The NESZ is defined to be the scattering cross-section coefficient of an area which contributes a mean level in the image equal to the signal-independent additive noise level.For TOPSAR,NESZ exhibits the shape of the SAR scanning gain curve in the azimuth and the shape of the antenna pattern in the range.Therefore,the accurate measurement of NESZ plays a vital role in the application of spaceborne SAR sea surface cross-polarization data.This paper proposes a theoretical calculation method for the NESZ curve in GF3-02 TOPSAR mode based on SAR noise inner calibration data and the imaging algorithm.A method for correcting the error existing in the theoretical curve of NESZ is also proposed according to the relationship between sea surface backscattering and wind speed and the same characteristics of target scattering in the overlapping area of adjacent sub-swaths.According to assessment with wide-swath TOPSAR cross-polarization data,the GF3-02 TOPSAR mode has a very low thermal noise level,which is better than−33 dB at the edge of each beam,and controlled below−38 dB at the center of the beam.The two-dimensional reference curves of the NESZ of each beam are provided to the GF3-02 TOPSAR users.After discussing the relationship between normalized radar cross section(NRCS)and wind speed,we provide a formula for NRCS related to wind speed and radar incidence angle.Compared with the NRCS derived from this formula and the NESZ-subtracted NRCS of SAR images,the bias is−0.0048 dB,the Root Mean Square Error is 1.671 dB and th

关键词： GF3-02 TOPSAR Noise-Equivalent Sigma-Zero(NESZ) cross-polarization normalized radar cross section(NRCS) sea surface wind

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面向目视解译的全极化SAR船只精细化特征表征方法

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雷达学报（中英文） 2024年第2期13卷 374-395页

作者：邓莎萨张帆尹嫱马飞袁新哲北京化工大学信息科学与技术学院北京100029 国家卫星海洋应用中心北京100081

随着卫星技术的发展,极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)数据的分辨率和数据质量得到大幅提升,为人造目标的精细化目视解译提供了良好的数据条件。目前主要采用多分量分解的方法,但是易造成像素错分问题,为此,该文结合Yamaguchi极化分解和极化熵... 详细信息

随着卫星技术的发展,极化合成孔径雷达(PolSAR)数据的分辨率和数据质量得到大幅提升,为人造目标的精细化目视解译提供了良好的数据条件。目前主要采用多分量分解的方法,但是易造成像素错分问题,为此,该文结合Yamaguchi极化分解和极化熵提出了一种非固定阈值划分的方法用于实现全极化SAR图像船只结构精细化特征表征。Yamaguchi极化分解能够识别基本散射机制,其修正后的体散射模型更符合实测数据,可有效对人造目标进行表征。极化熵H在弱去极化状态下可以看成某一指定等效点的目标散射机制,能够有效突出船只主散射特征。因此,该文通过将Yamaguchi极化分解算法的非固定三分量与极化熵的低中高熵内嵌,将其分为非固定阈值的九分类成分,从而降低硬阈值处理在阈值边界处受噪声影响产生的类别随机性。并且将二次散射和单次散射均显著的区域称为混合散射(MSM),以更好匹配实验中船只典型结构的散射类型。在此基础上,利用广义相似性参数进一步缩短类内距离,采用改进后的GSP-Wishart分类器进行迭代聚类,旨在通过提高二次散射和混合散射机制以提高不同类型船只可区分度。最后,该文采用中国上海某港口的高分三号全极化SAR数据进行实验,为了验证每艘船只特征表征正确性,通过船舶自动识别系统(AIS)收集并筛选了该港口船只信息及光学数据,并与极化SAR数据中每艘船只进行匹配。实验结果表明该方法可有效区分散货船、集装箱船和油轮3种类型船只。

关键词：极化SAR 高分三号目视解译船只分类识别船只特征极化分解

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高速公路平纵线形指标及其对行车安全性的影响分析

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工程技术研究 2024年第5期9卷 44-46页

作者：袁新哲中交基础设施养护集团有限公司北京100000

为保证高速公路路线设计质量,文章总结了平纵线形指标分类方法和选择原则,结合现行规范探讨了平面线形和纵断面线形指标的选取方法。同时,以某高速公路研究对象,将其划分为若干个评价单位,分析了弯坡路段的行车安全性,研究成果可为类似... 详细信息

为保证高速公路路线设计质量,文章总结了平纵线形指标分类方法和选择原则,结合现行规范探讨了平面线形和纵断面线形指标的选取方法。同时,以某高速公路研究对象,将其划分为若干个评价单位,分析了弯坡路段的行车安全性,研究成果可为类似项目提供理论指导。

关键词：高速公路平纵线形平面指标纵断面指标行车安全

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The impact of rain to observed signal from Chinese Gaofen-3 synthetic aperture radar in typhoons

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第11期38卷 121-133页

作者： Jian Shi Jiachen Hu Weizeng Shao Xiaoqing Wang xinzhe yuan Liangbo Zhao Xiaofeng Li College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense TechnologyNanjing 211101China Marine Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan 316022China School of Electronics and Communication Engineering Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application National Satellite Ocean Application ServiceBeijing 100081China Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering China Academy of Space TechnologyBeijing 100094China

Gaofen-3(GF-3),a Chinese civil synthetic aperture radar(SAR)at C-band,has operated since August 2016.Remarkably,several typhoons have been captured by GF-3 around the China Seas over its last two-year mission.In this study,six images acquired in Global Observation(GLO)and Wide ScanSAR(WSC)modes at verticalvertical(VV)polarization channel are discussed.This work focuses on investigating the observation of rainfall using GF-3 SAR.These images were collocated with winds from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF),significant wave height simulated from the WAVEWATCH-III(WW3)model,sea surface currents from climate forecast system version 2(CFSv2)of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)and rain rate data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM)satellite.Sea surface roughness,was compared with the normalized radar cross section(NRCS)from SAR observations,and indicated a 0.8 correlation(COR).We analyzed the dependences of the difference between model-simulated NRCS and SARmeasured NRCS on the TRMM rain rate and WW3-simulated significant wave height.It was found that the effects of rain on SAR damps the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 15°to 30°,while it enhances the radar signal at incidence angles ranging from 30°to 45°and incidence angles smaller than 10°.This behavior is consistent with previous studies and an algorithm for rain rate retrieval is anticipated for GF-3 SAR.

关键词： Gaofen-3 synthetic aperture radar typhoon

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Wave parameters retrieval for dual-polarization C-band synthetic aperture radar using a theoretical-based algorithm under cyclonic conditions

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2019年第5期38卷 21-31页

作者： Yingying Ding Juncheng Zuo Weizeng Shao Jian Shi xinzhe yuan Jian Sun Jiachen Hu Xiaofeng Li Marine Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University College of Meteorology and Oceanography National University of Defense Technology National Satellite Ocean Application Service Ministry of Natural Resources Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of China Global Science and Technology National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NOAA)

Theoretical-based ocean wave retrieval algorithms are applied by inverting a synthetic aperture radar(SAR)intensity spectrum into a wave spectrum, that has been developed based on a SAR wave mapping mechanism. In our previous studies, it was shown that the wave retrieval algorithm, named the parameterized first-guess spectrum method(PFSM), works for C-band and X-band SAR at low to moderate sea states. In this work, we investigate the performance of the PFSM algorithm when it is applied for dual-polarization c-band sentinel-1(S-1) SAR acquired in extra wide-swath(EW) and interferometric wide-swath(IW) mode under cyclonic conditions.Strong winds are retrieved from six vertical-horizontal(VH) polarization S-1 SAR images using the c-band crosspolarization coupled-parameters ocean(C-3 PO) model and then wave parameters are obtained from the image at the vertical-vertical(VV) polarization channel. significant wave height(SWH) and mean wave period(MWP) are compared with simulations from the WAVEWATCH-III(WW3) model. The validation shows a 0.69 m root mean square error(RMSE) of SWH with a –0.01 m bias and a 0.62 s RMSE of MWP with a –0.17 s bias. Although the PFSM algorithm relies on a good quality SAR spectrum, this study confirms the applicability for wave retrieval from an S-1 SAR image. Moreover, it is found that the retrieved results have less accuracy on the right sector of cyclone eyes where swell directly affects strong wind-sea, while the PFSM algorithm works well on the left and rear sectors of cyclone eyes where the interaction of wind-sea and swell is relatively poor.

关键词： wave parameters synthetic aperture radar cyclonic condition

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基于梯度提升决策树模型的Sentinel-1图像浅海水深反演

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海洋科学 2024年第4期48卷 1-17页

作者：黄茂苗魏永亮唐泽艳刘浩袁文枭袁新哲上海海洋大学海洋科学学院上海201306 上海河口海洋测绘工程技术研究中心上海201306 上海海洋大学国际海洋研究中心上海201306 自然资源部东海发展研究院上海201306 西南科技大学环境与资源学院四川绵阳621010 国家卫星海洋应用中心北京100081

利用合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)反演浅海水深在海洋遥感中极具挑战性。本文采用梯度提升决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT)为核心的机器学习算法,使用Sentinel-1、全球水深数据、风场和流场数据来反演杭... 详细信息

利用合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)反演浅海水深在海洋遥感中极具挑战性。本文采用梯度提升决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT)为核心的机器学习算法,使用Sentinel-1、全球水深数据、风场和流场数据来反演杭州湾和长江口南缘相连的浅海区域的水深。首先分析反演的最佳风速和迭代次数,再对0~10 m、10~20 m、20~30 m、30~40 m、40~50 m的分段水深和0~10 m、0~20 m、0~30 m、0~40 m、0~50 m的总体水深用相关系数、均方根误差和平均绝对误差进行精度评价,最后分析反演水深的空间分布特征。结果表明:反演的最佳风速约为3.78 m/s,并且GBDT模型达到最佳精度时的迭代次数远小于其他模型,最佳迭代次数为4。分段水深中,40 m以内的相关系数都高于0.8,其中以10~20 m的相关系数最高,为0.9;40~50 m则最低,为0.73。40~50 m的平均绝对误差和均方根误差均为最大,分别为1.89 m和2.24 m,20~30 m的平均绝对误差和均方根误差均为最小,分别为0.75 m和0.96 m。在总体水深中,虽然随水深区间的扩大,相关系数会逐渐增加,但是平均绝对误差和均方根误差的精度都随水深区间的扩大而下降,且在0~50 m区间内的平均绝对误差和均方根误差最大,分别为1.06 m和1.59 m,因此反演的最佳区间为0~40 m。该区域的水深从杭州湾海岸线开始由浅及深阶梯增加,反演结果能够较好的表现研究区内的实际水深分布情况,比较符合当前区域的水下地形特征。

关键词：遥感合成孔径雷达水深梯度提升决策树迭代

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Retrieval of Significant Wave Height Under Typhoon Conditions from Gaofen-3 SAR Imagery

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2022年第1期21卷 81-90页

作者： WANG Xiaochen HAN Bing ZHONG Lihua yuan xinzhe Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100190China Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-Spatial Information Processing and Application Systems Aerospace Information Research InstituteChinese Academy of ScienceBeijing 100190China The National Satellite Ocean Applications Center Beijing 100081China

The objective of this paper is to propose an empirical method to inverse significant wave height(SWH)under typhoon conditions from collected dual-polarization Gaofen(GF)-3 synthetic aperture radar(SAR)imagery.The typhoon scenes were cap-tured from narrow scan(NSC)and wide scan(WSC)images,and collocated with European Center for Medium-Range Weather Fore-casts reanalysis data of(ECMWF).To improve the quality of GF-3 SAR images,the recalibration over rainforest and de-scalloping were carried out.To establish the empirical relationship between SAR-derived parameters and collocated SWH,the sensitivity analysis of typical parameters about the normalized radar cross section(Nrcs)and imagery variance(Cvar)were performed to both VV and VH polarized images.Four scenes from GF-3 SAR imagery under typhoon conditions were used for training the model by the multivari-ate least square regression,and one scene was used for preliminary validation.It was found that the joint retrieval model based on VV and VH polarized SAR imagery performed better than any single polarized model.These results,verified by using ECMWF data,revealed the soundness of this approach,with a correlation of 0.95,bias of 0 m,RMSE of 0.44 and SI of 0.01 when VV polarization and VH polarization data were both used.

关键词： Gaofen-3 SAR typhoon significant wave height

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The first quantitative joint observation of typhoon by Chinese GF-3 SAR and HY-2A microwave scatterometer

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2017年第11期36卷 1-3页

作者： LIN Mingsen YE Xiaomin yuan xinzhe National Satellite Ocean Application Service State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application State Oceanic Administration Laboratory for Regional Oceanography and Numerical Modeling Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology

The typhoon, as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall, is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia. It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave, visible or infrared bands （Liu et al., 2014）. Synthetic Aperture Radar （SAR） is a kind of active imaging radar, which can detect the targets with high resolution at one-meter level. SARs can be used to extract the sea surface wind and the eyes of typhoons or hurricanes （Friedman and Li, 2000; Zhang and Perrie, 2012; Li, 2015; Jin et al., 2014; Liu et al., 2014）. As a pioneer project of Haiyang-3 （HY-3）, the Chinese C-band SAR satellite of Gaofen-3 （GF-3） was launched in August 2016 under China High-resolution Earth Observation System （CEOS）. GF-3 carries a multi-polarized C-band SAR with a highest spatial resolution of one meter, the most imaging modes in the word of twelve and a long designed lifespan of 8 years. Haiyang-2A （HY-2A）, which was launched in August 2011, is the first Chinese marine dynamic environment satellite with a main payload of Ku-band microwave scatterometer （Jiang et al., 2012; Ye et al., 2015）. One of the objectives of HY-2A scatterometer （HY-2A SCAT） is monitoring sea surface wind field of global ocean.

关键词： SAR The first quantitative joint observation of typhoon by Chinese GF-3 SAR and HY-2A microwave scatterometer GF HY

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Semi-Empirical Algorithm for Wind Speed Retrieval from Gaofen-3 Quad-Polarization Strip Mode SAR Data

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2020年第1期19卷 23-35页

作者： ZHU Shuai SHAO Weizeng MARINO Armando SUN Jian yuan xinzhe Marine Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean UniversityZhoushan 316000China Natural Sciences University of StirlingStirling FK94LAUK Physical Oceanography Laboratory Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Space Ocean Remote Sensing and Application National Satellite Ocean Application ServiceBeijing 100081China

Synthetic aperture radar(SAR)is a suitable tool to obtain reliable wind retrievals with high spatial resolution.The geophysical model function(GMF),which is widely employed for wind speed retrieval from SAR data,describes the relationship between the SAR normalized radar cross-section(NRCS)at the copolarization channel(vertical-vertical and horizontal-horizontal)and a wind vector.SAR-measured NRCS at cross-polarization channels(horizontal-vertical and vertical-horizontal)correlates with wind speed.In this study,a semi-empirical algorithm is presented to retrieve wind speed from the noisy Chinese Gaofen-3(GF-3)SAR data with noise-equivalent sigma zero correction using an empirical function.GF-3 SAR can acquire data in a quad-polarization strip mode,which includes cross-polarization channels.The semi-empirical algorithm is tuned using acquisitions collocated with winds from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts.In particular,the proposed algorithm includes the dependences of wind speed and incidence angle on cross-polarized NRCS.The accuracy of SAR-derived wind speed is around 2.10ms−1 root mean square error,which is validated against measurements from the Advanced Scatterometer onboard the Metop-A/B and the buoys from the National Data Buoy Center of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.The results obtained by the proposed algorithm considering the incidence angle in a GMF are relatively more accurate than those achieved by other algorithms.This work provides an alternative method to generate operational wind products for GF-3 SAR without relying on ancillary data for wind direction.

关键词： wind Gaofen-3 synthetic aperture radar cross-polarization

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Evaluation of Wind Retrieval from Co-Polarization Gaofen-3 SAR Imagery Around China Seas

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2019年第1期18卷 80-92页

作者： SHAO Weizeng ZHU Shuai SUN Jian yuan xinzhe SHENG Yexin ZHANG Qingjun JI Qiyan Marine Science and Technology College Zhejiang Ocean University Physical Oceanography Laboratory/CIMST Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology National Satellite Ocean Application Service State Oceanic Administration Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering

Gaofen-3(GF-3) is the first Chinese space-borne satellite to carry the C-band multi-polarization synthetic aperture radar(SAR). Marine applications, i.e., winds and waves retrieved from GF-3 SAR images, have been operational since January 2017. In this study, we have collected more than 1000 quad-polarization(vertical-vertical(VV); horizontal-horizontal(HH); vertical-horizontal(VH); horizontal-vertical(HV)) GF-3 SAR images, which were acquired around the China Seas from September 2016 to September 2017. Wind streaks were visible in these images in co-polarization(VV and HH) channel. Geophysical model functions(GMFs), including the CMOD5N together with polarization ratio(PR) model and C-SARMOD, were used to retrieve winds from the collected co-polarization GF-3 SAR images. Wind directions were directly obtained from GF-3 SAR images. Then, the SAR-derived wind speeds were compared with the measurements at a 0.25? grid from the Advanced Scatterometer on board the Metop-A/B and microwave radiometer WindSAT. Based on the analysis, empirical corrections are proposed to improve the performance of the two GMFs. Results of this study show that the standard deviation of wind speed is 1.63 m s^(-1) with a 0.19 m s^(-1) bias and 1.71 m s^(-1) with a 0.26 m s^(-1) bias for VV-and HH-polarization GF-3 SAR, respectively. Our work not only systematically evaluates wind retrieval by using the two advanced GMFs and PR models but also proposes empirical corrections to improve the accuracy of wind retrievals from GF-3 SAR images around the China Seas and thus enhance the accuracy of near real-time operational SAR-derived wind products.

关键词： Gaofen-3 synthetic aperture radar wind China Seas

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