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Organic manure input and straw cover improved the community structure of nitrogen cycle function microorganism driven by water erosion

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2022年第1期10卷 129-142页

作者： Yulong Shi Qingwen Zhang xingren liu Xuekai Jing Chang Shi Li Zheng Agricultural Clean Watershed Resewarch Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China

Water erosion process induces differences to the nitrogen(N)functional microbial community structure,which is the driving force to key N processes at soil-water interface.However,how the soil N trans-formations associated with water erosion is affected by microorganisms,and how the microbial respond,are still unclear.The objective of this study is to investigate the changes of microbial diversity and community structure of the N-cycle function microorganisms as affected by water erosion under application of organic manure and straw cover.On the basis of iso-nitrogen substitution,four treatments were set up:1)only chemical fertilizer with N 150 kg ha^(-1),P2O560 kg ha^(-1) and K2O 90 kg ha^(-1)(CK);the N was substituted 20%by 2)organic manure(OM);3)straw(SW);and 4)organic manure+straw(1:1)(OMSW).The results showed that applying organic manure and straw to sloping farmland can increase soil N contents,but reduce runoff depth,Kw,sediment yield and N loss,especially in the OMSW.Straw cover and straw+organic manure increased the diversity(Chao1)of nitrifier(AOB),and both diversity and uniformity(Shannon)of denitrifier(nirK/S)were increased in the OMSW.All erosion control mea-sures reduced N-fixing bacteria diversity and increased their uniformity,and the combined application of organic manure and straw cover was a better erosion control measure than the single application of them.Improved soil chemistry and erodibility were the main drives for the changes of N-functional microbial community structure and the appearance of dominant bacteria with different organic materials.

关键词： Water erosion Soil erodibility Organic amendment Nitrifier Denitrifier N-fixing bacteria

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施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响

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中国农业科学 2024年第5期57卷 935-949页

作者：高尚洁刘杏认李迎春柳晓婉中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所

【目的】农业生态系统增温潜势是影响全球气候变化的重要部分。本研究通过田间试验明确施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田增温潜势的影响，以期为减缓气候变化和农业废弃物资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】在山东省桓台县农业生态系统试验站... 详细信息

【目的】农业生态系统增温潜势是影响全球气候变化的重要部分。本研究通过田间试验明确施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田增温潜势的影响，以期为减缓气候变化和农业废弃物资源化利用提供理论依据。【方法】在山东省桓台县农业生态系统试验站的冬小麦-夏玉米轮作农田中开展了3年田间定位试验，试验共设置4个处理：①对照(CK)；②施用生物炭9.0t·hm-2·a-1(C)；③全量秸秆还田(S)；④秸秆还田配施9.0 t·hm-2·a-1生物炭(CS)。4个处理均施等量的氮磷钾化肥，其中氮肥为尿素，用量为200 kg·hm-2·a-1，磷肥为过磷酸钙，用量为55 kg·hm-2·a-1，钾肥为硫酸钾，用量为40 kg·hm-2·a-1。采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法测定各处理温室气体(CO2、N2O和CH4)的排放通量并计算净全球增温潜势(NGWP)和温室气体排放强度(GHGI)，分析连续施用生物炭和秸秆还田对农田温室气体排放及增温潜势的影响。【结果】(1)综合3年的温室气体排放情况，与CK处理相比，S和CS处理的年平均生态呼吸排放量(Re)分别增加了47.8%和67.9%(P<0.05);C处理的年平均N2O累积排放量降低了20.3%(P<0.05)，而S和CS处理的N2O年平均累积排放量分别增加了23.6%和41.4%(P<0.05)。(2)与CK处理相比，C、S和CS处理的土壤有机碳年平均变化量(ΔSOC)均有显著增加，其中CS处理增幅最大，增加了150.6%(P<0.05)。与第1年相比，C、S和CS处理第3年的ΔSOC均有显著增加(P<0.05)，分别增加了21.7%、20.8%和17.8%。各处理的NGWP和GHGI均存在显著差异，与CK相比，C、S和CS处理的年平均NGWP分别降低了163.5%、171.7%和273.0%(P<0.05)，与第1年相比，C、S和CS处理第3年的NGWP均有显著降低(P<0.05)，分别降低了73.4%、58.8%和54.7%。与CK相比，C、S和CS处理的年平均GHGI分别降低了236.2%、253.3%和388.9%(P<0.05),C、S和CS处理第3年的GHGI较第1年分别降低了126.3%、98.2%和108.6%(P<0.05)。就产量而言，C、S和CS处理的作物产量保持相对稳定，有轻微增长，但与CK相比无显著差异。【结论】与单施化肥相比，在施化肥的基础上添加生物炭、秸秆还田、秸秆还田配施生物炭的措施均能够在不影响作物产量的前提下抑制增温潜势，其中秸秆还田配施生物炭能够最大程度地降低农田增温潜势，因此秸秆还田配施生物炭是增加农田固碳、缓解气候变化的一项有效措施。

关键词：生物炭秸秆还田温室气体冬小麦-夏玉米轮作土壤有机碳变化量净全球增温潜势温室气体排放强度

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Variation and driving factors of nitrous oxide emissions from irrigated paddy field in the arid and semiarid region

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2018年第3期6卷 245-252页

作者： Qingwen Zhang Hui Zhang xingren liu Aiping Zhang Meijia Xiao Zhengli Yang Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in AgricultureCAASBeijing100081China Ningxia Vocational and Technical College Yinchuan750002China

Agricultural pollution source as Nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from irrigated paddy field as affected by overuse of chemical fertilizer application and flooding irrigation is the primary anthropogenic source of nitrogen (N) losses in the Ningxia irrigation district. The emissions variation and driving factors of N2O emission in the large irrigation districts needs much more investigation. A static chamber-gas chromatograph method was conducted to quantify N losses from a paddy field in Lingwu Farm during 2009– 2010. Three nitrogen (N) treatments were conducted, including the conventional N application rate of 300 kg ha-1 (N300), the reducing N application rate of 240 kg ha-1 (N240) and control plot (N0). The N2O emissions due to combined effects of the fertilizer application and flood irrigation after winter dry follow was 2.86–3.27 kg ha-1 in N300. The flood irrigation at the beginning of the rice transplanting promotes N2O emissions due to nitrification–denitrification of a richer N source provided by the N fertilizer accumulation of soil NH4 + and NO3 -. During the rice growth stage when the paddy field was submerged, N2O emission was very low while intermittent irrigation before tillering and the maturation stages, frequent alteration of dry and wet soil condition enhance N2O emission. The reducing N fertilizer application improved the recovery rate in rice and resulted in a less N2O emission from irrigated paddy field in the arid and semiarid region while keeping the rice yield.

关键词： N2O emission Irrigated paddy field Flood irrigation Anthropogenic-alluvial alkaline soil

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Litter mixing significantly affects decomposition in the Hulun Buir meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2014年第1期7卷 59-67页

作者： Caihong Zhang Shenggong Li Leiming Zhang Xiaoping Xin xingren liu Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesDatun Road 11AChaoyangBeijing 100101China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing 100081China

Aims We explored the decomposition rates of single-and mixed-species litter,the litter-mixing effect and the effect of component litters in a mixture on decomposition.Methods In a litter bag experiment,shoot litters from two dominant grasses(Leymus chinensis and Stipa baicalensis)and one legume(Melissitus ruthenica)were decomposed separately and as a mixture from May 2010 to September 2011 in the Hulun Buir meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia,China.We separated the litter mixture into its individual component litters(i.***.the different single-species litters)and analyzed the changes in litter mass remaining and litter nitrogen(N)remaining during single-and mixed-species litter decomposition.Important Findings(i)Litter mixing had significant positive effects on litter decomposition.The litter-mixing effect was strongest for the mixture of S.baicalensis and L.chinensis litters,followed by the mixture of S.baicalensis and M.ruthenica litters.(ii)Single-species component litters decomposed faster in the mixtures than separately(positive effect),but these effects were not significant for legume species M.ruthenica litter.Relative to single-species litter decomposition,the decomposition rates of the two grass(S.baicalensis and L.chinensis)litters significantly increased when they were mixed with each other or with M.ruthenica litter.(iii)For each species litter type,the percentage of litter N remaining during decomposition(NR)differed between the single-species litter and mixed litter treatments.The NR of S.baicalensis litter was higher when it was decomposed in the mixture than in isolation.However,the NR of L.chinensis litter was lowest in its mixture with M.ruthenica among the treatments.Regardless of its decomposition in the mixture or in isolation,the NR of M.ruthenica litter varied little among treatments.There was a significant positive relationship between the NR and percentage of initial litter mass remaining in both the single litter and mixed litter treatments.These results suggest that N transfer may happen amon

关键词： non-additive effect interaction strength single litter mixed litter nutrient concentration

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2020—2023年贵州省调味品监督抽检结果分析

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现代食品 2024年第9期30卷 160-163页

作者：王菲张秀宇刘杏忍李文雅李雨浓郝胜涛北京信睿浩扬科技有限公司北京100071 贵州省分析测试研究院贵州贵阳550002

目的:分析贵州省近几年调味品的食品安全形势,及时发现调味品质量安全隐患,丰富现有风险指标,为调味品的风险评估提供科学依据。方法:汇总2020—2023年贵州省调味品的抽检数据,对其整体进行分析。结果:2020—2023年共抽检调味品855批次... 详细信息

目的:分析贵州省近几年调味品的食品安全形势,及时发现调味品质量安全隐患,丰富现有风险指标,为调味品的风险评估提供科学依据。方法:汇总2020—2023年贵州省调味品的抽检数据,对其整体进行分析。结果:2020—2023年共抽检调味品855批次,其中检出不合格样品3批,总体合格率为99.65%。按照食品细类进行分类,其他半固体调味料占比51.93%,合格率占比相对较高。不合格原因主要是微生物(菌落总数)、食品添加剂(防腐剂、脱氢乙酸及其钠盐)超标。结论:调味品存在微生物污染、食品添加剂使用不规范问题,而质量不达标、真菌毒素等问题在本次抽检中未出现。

关键词：调味品食品安全监督抽查结果分析

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Simulated NH_4^+-N Deposition Inhibits CH_4 Uptake and Promotes N_2O Emission in the Meadow Steppe of Inner Mongolia, China

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Pedosphere 2017年第2期27卷 306-317页

作者： liu xingren ZHANG Qingwen LI Shenggong ZHANG Leiming REN Jianqiang Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Ministry of Agriculture Agricultural Clear Watershed Group Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 (China) Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 (China) Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing 100081 (China)

Few studies are conducted to quantify the effects of enhanced N deposition on soil nitrous oxide(N_2O) emission and methane(CH_4) uptake in the meadow steppe of Inner Mongolia, China. A two-year field experiment was conducted to assess the effects of nitrogen(N) deposition rates(0, 10, and 20 kg N ha^(-1)year^(-1) as(NH_4)2SO_4) on soil N_2O and CH_4 fluxes. The seasonal and diurnal variations of soil N_2O and CH_4 fluxes were determined using the static chamber-gas chromatography method during the two growing seasons of 2008 and 2009. Soil temperature, moisture and mineral N(NH_4^+-N and NO-3-N) concentration were simultaneously measured. Results showed that low level of(NH_4)2SO_4(10 kg N ha-1year-1) did not significantly affect soil CH_4 and N_2O fluxes and other variables. High level of(NH_4)_2SO_4(20 kg N ha^(-1)year) significantly increased soil NO-3-N concentration by 24.1% to35.6%, decreased soil CH_4 uptake by an average of 20.1%, and significantly promoted soil N_2O emission by an average of 98.2%.Soil N_2O emission responded more strongly to the added N compared to CH_4 uptake. However, soil CH_4 fluxes were mainly driven by soil moisture, followed by soil NO-3-N concentration. Soil N_2O fluxes were mainly driven by soil temperature, followed by soil moisture. Soil inorganic N availability was a key integrator of soil CH_4 uptake and N_2O emission. These results suggest that the changes of availability of inorganic N induced by the increased N deposition in soil may affect the CH_4 and N_2O fluxes in the cold semi-arid meadow steppe over the short term.

关键词： N2O排放量 CH4通量 CH4吸收草原土壤草甸草原氮沉降内蒙古 (NH4)2SO4

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Spatial-temporal variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors in three steppes of Stipa L. in Inner Mongolia, China

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Science China Earth Sciences 2010年第5期53卷 683-693页

作者： QI YuChun DONG YunShe liu LiXin liu xingren PENG Qin XIAO ShengSheng HE YaTing Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Grassland is the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China. It is of great significance to measure accurately the soil respiration of different grassland types for the contribution evaluation of the Chinese terrestrial ecosystem’s carbon emission to the atmospheric CO2 concentration. A three-year (2005-2007) field experiment was carried out on three steppes of Stipa L. in the Xilin River Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, using a static opaque chamber technique. The seasonal and interannual variations of soil respiration rates were analyzed, and the annual total soil respiration of the three steppes was estimated. The numerical models between soil respiration and water-heat factors were established respectively. Similar seasonal dynamic and high annual and interannual variations of soil respiration were found in all of the three steppes. In the growing season, the fluctuation of soil respiration was particularly evident. The coefficients of variation (CVs) for soil respiration in different growing seasons ranged from 54% to 93%, and the annual CVs were all above 115%. The interannual CV of soil respiration progressively decreased in the order of Stipa grandis (S. grandis) steppe > Stipa baicalensis (S. baicalensis) steppe > Stipa krylovii (S. krylovii) steppe. The annual total soil respiration for the S. baicalensis steppe was 223.62?299.24 gC m-2 a-1, 150.62-226.99 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. grandis steppe, and 111.31–131.55 gC m-2 a-1 for the S. krylovii steppe, which were consistent with the precipitation gradient. The variation in the best fitting temperature factor explained the 63.5%, 73.0%, and 73.2% change in soil respiration in the three steppes at an annual time scale, and the corresponding Q10 values were 2.16, 2.98, and 2.40, respectively. Moreover, the Q10 values that were calculated by soil temperature at different depths all expressed a 10 cm > 5 cm > surface in the three sampling sites. In the growing season, the soil respiration rates were related mostly to the surface soil moisture, and the 95.2%, 97.4%, and

关键词： temperate steppe Stipa L. soil respiration season variation interannual variation annual total soil respiration Q10 soil moisture

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基于哨兵-2A模拟反射率及其影像的冬小麦收获指数估算

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农业机械学报 2022年第12期53卷 231-243页

作者：任建强张宁丹刘杏认吴尚蓉中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所北京100081 中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所北京100081

为验证基于花后累积地上生物量比例动态参数(D-fG)的作物动态收获指数(D-HI)遥感估算方法在大范围获取作物收获指数空间信息的可行性和有效性,以我国黄淮海平原河北省衡水市为研究区,以冬小麦为研究对象,在前期田间冠层尺度确定作物收... 详细信息

为验证基于花后累积地上生物量比例动态参数(D-fG)的作物动态收获指数(D-HI)遥感估算方法在大范围获取作物收获指数空间信息的可行性和有效性,以我国黄淮海平原河北省衡水市为研究区,以冬小麦为研究对象,在前期田间冠层尺度确定作物收获指数估算敏感波段中心和最大波段宽度基础上,利用哨兵-2A(Sentinel-2A)遥感模拟反射率数据及其真实遥感数据开展基于花后累积地上生物量比例的区域冬小麦收获指数遥感估算研究。在基于不同波段组合Sentinel-2A遥感模拟数据筛选出的冬小麦动态收获指数估算最优波段信息基础上,利用Sentinel-2A影像数据实现区域作物收获指数空间信息准确获取。结果表明,在Sentinel-2A多光谱遥感模拟反射率波段λ_(1)(672~680 nm)和λ_(2)(855~875 nm)条件下,基于D-fG遥感参数信息的D-HI估测精度最高,其中,均方根误差(RMSE)、归一化均方根误差(NRMSE)和平均相对误差(MRE)分别为0.0404、10.83%、9.56%,证明Sentinel-2A卫星遥感数据在冬小麦收获指数估算中具有一定应用潜力。同时,在估测D-HI精度最高的模拟遥感数据波段信息基础上,基于Sentinel-2A卫星遥感红光和窄近红外波段组合的灌浆期不同阶段和成熟期D-HI估测区域总体验证精度指标RMSE、NRMSE和MRE分别为0.0502、13.81%、12.00%。上述结果表明基于Sentinel-2A卫星数据和花后累积地上生物量比例的作物动态收获指数遥感估算方法在大范围D-HI空间信息获取中具有一定可行性和有效性,为基于宽波段多光谱卫星遥感数据的大范围作物动态收获指数空间信息准确获取提供一定技术方法借鉴。

关键词：冬小麦收获指数多光谱高光谱光谱指数光谱响应函数

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某高校2968名在职教职工牙齿楔状缺损的调查分析

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中国校医 2023年第12期37卷 911-913,924页

作者：刘兴仁赵梅洱昆明理工大学医院云南昆明650500 云南民族大学医院云南昆明650500

目的调查某高校教职工楔状缺损的患病情况,为其预防保健提供临床参考依据。方法对本校2968名35~64岁在职教师楔状缺损患病率、治疗率等状况进行调查分析,将牙位分布及频数分布等情况作为统计指标。应用统计软件对结果进行分析。结果楔... 详细信息

目的调查某高校教职工楔状缺损的患病情况,为其预防保健提供临床参考依据。方法对本校2968名35~64岁在职教师楔状缺损患病率、治疗率等状况进行调查分析,将牙位分布及频数分布等情况作为统计指标。应用统计软件对结果进行分析。结果楔状缺损总患病率为46.43%,总治疗率为19.65%,3个年龄组间患病率(35~44岁为43.17%,45~54岁为47.79%,55~64岁为53.50%,χ_(趋势)^(2)=15.79,P0.05),其余年龄、岗位以及文化程度均是影响因素。患病率最高的是第1前磨牙(30.46%),最低的是第2磨牙(0.80%)。结论本高校教职工楔状缺损的患病不容忽视,需要加强口腔预防与保健的宣传教育。

关键词：楔状缺损高校教职工口腔健康体检

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从世界到中国:论国家赔偿责任之法理探讨

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湖南社会科学 2009年第6期 55-60页

作者：刘性仁北京大学法学院台湾联合大学

国家赔偿责任在现今世界中是一个热切讨论的行政法议题,对于现今世界任何国家,都扮演举足轻重的角色,故其法理基础的讨论,实有其必要性与迫切性,特别是在人民权利受到损害时,往往都会透过国家赔偿来救济,本文主要是探讨国家赔偿之法理... 详细信息

国家赔偿责任在现今世界中是一个热切讨论的行政法议题,对于现今世界任何国家,都扮演举足轻重的角色,故其法理基础的讨论,实有其必要性与迫切性,特别是在人民权利受到损害时,往往都会透过国家赔偿来救济,本文主要是探讨国家赔偿之法理基础及善后处理之道,针对国家赔偿责任的法理,主要的法理包括传统的行政法治原则及程序上之诸多行政法治原则,作者进行法理原则的梳理,最后就诸多国家赔偿之善后处理方式,来作一结论,从世界上的任一法治国家到中国,皆越来越重视国家赔偿责任,其最终目的就是为了要保障公民基本的权利,以完善赔偿途径及程序,确保受害者能够切实得到赔偿。

关键词：国家赔偿责任损害赔偿依法行政赔偿义务机关

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