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Gully erosion and expansion mechanisms in loess tablelands and the scientific basis of gully consolidation and tableland protection

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Science China Earth Sciences 2023年第4期66卷 821-839页

作者： Zhao JIN Jianbing PENG Jianqi ZHUANG Li FENG Aidi HUO Xingmin Mu Wenlong WANG State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology Institute of Earth EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXi’an 710061China College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change Xi’an 710061China School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 712000China College of Water and Environment Chang’an UniversityXi’an 710054China Yellow River Research Center Hohai UniversityNanjing 210024China Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China Institute of Global Environmental Change Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China

Gully erosion is serious in the tableland area of the Loess Plateau due to high-intensity human activities and extreme rainfall, which cause serious soil loss and an increasing tableland shrinkage rate. Severe gully erosion has exerted a notable negative impact on local agriculture, human life and socioeconomic development. In recent decades, progress has been made in soil and water conservation with the goal of reducing soil erosion and protecting loess tableland, but basic research on gully consolidation and tableland protection(GCTP) is lacking, especially regarding the mechanisms of gully erosion and expansion in loess tableland under the interactive impacts of hydrodynamics and human activities. In addition, there is a lack of a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of soil-water disasters and controlling factors of unreasonable GCTP projects.Currently, the problems of headcut erosion and tableland fragmentation remain serious. Based on this situation, the Dongzhi tableland, the largest tableland on the Loess Plateau, was adopted as an example, and we studied gully erosion and expansion mechanisms in the loess tableland and the scientific basis of GCTP projects. We obtained a series of novel findings, including the following:(1) vertical joints are widely developed in loess and impose a controlling effect on tableland edge erosion;(2) rapid urbanization and road network expansion intensify headcut erosion and are the main reasons for severe erosion and tableland shrinkage in the Dongzhi tableland;and(3) unreasonable drainage of surface runoff and a rise in the groundwater level are the key factors affecting GCTP project stability. Moreover, the mechanisms and modes of erosion disasters in the project driven by these two factors were explained. The systematic remediation idea of retention, storage, drainage and consolidation for the GCTP project was introduced, and the core is water control, which emphasizes the combination of soil and water conservation and geohazard prevention measures. As a syste

关键词： Human activities Hydrodynamics Tableland shrinkage Gully consolidation and tableland protection Failure mechanism Remediation mode

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Decoupling effects of driving factors on sediment yield in the Chinese Loess Plateau

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2023年第1期11卷 60-74页

作者： Xiaojing Tian Guangju Zhao Xingmin Mu Pengfei Zhang Peng Gao Wenyi Sun Xiaoyan Lu Peng Tian State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F University26 Xinong RoadYangling712100Shaanxi ProvinceChina Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources26 Xinong RoadYangling712100Shaanxi ProvinceChina Yangtze Ecology and Environment Co Ltd.Wuhan430000Hubei ProvinceChina Erdos Hydrological Survey Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Erdos017010Inner MongoliaChina College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A&F University3 Taicheng RoadYangling712100Shaanxi ProvinceChina

Investigations of runoff and sediment yield changes and their relationships with potential driving factors provide good insights for understanding the mechanisms of hydrological processes.This study attempted to present a comprehensive investigation on the spatiotemporal variations of sediment yield in the Loess Plateau using continuous observed data at 46 hydrological stations during 1961-2016,and its responses to changes of precipitation,land use/cover and vegetation cover were analyzed by using the Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Model(PLS-SEM).The results indicated that sediment yield reduced pro-nouncedly during 1961-2016 in the Loess Plateau,and 77.9%of this variation was explained by the combined effects of precipitation,land-use change,vegetation dynamics and runoff reduction.Indirect effects of precipitation,land-use change,and vegetation cover on sediment yield were 0.242,-0.528 and-0.630(P<0.05),respectively,and direct effect of runoff on sediment yield was 0.833(P<0.05).According to the Pearson Correlation Coefficient,the strongest positive correlation existed between annual sediment yield and runoff(r=0.88,P<0.05),followed by vegetation cover(r=-0.47,P<0.05)and land-use change(i.***.forest land and grassland)suggesting their significant trapping effects on soil erosion.However,lower correlations were examined between sediment yield and precipitation indices(-0.14

关键词： Sediment yield Driving factors Correlation analysis PLS-SEM Loess Plateau

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Explaining the evaporation paradox in Jiangxi Province of China:Spatial distribution and temporal trends in potential evapotranspiration of Jiangxi Province from 1961 to 2013

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International Soil and Water Conservation Research 2016年第1期4卷 45-51页

作者： Xianghui Lu Hua Bai Xingmin Mu School of Water Resources and Ecological Engineering Nanchang Institute of TechnologyNanchang 330099China Soil and Water Conservation and Eco-Environmental Research Center of Ministry of Education Chinese Academy of SciencesYangling 712100China

Evaporation acts as an important component and a key control factor in land hydrological processes.In order to analyze the trend of change on potential evapotranspiration from 1961 to 2013 and to discuss the existence of the evaporation paradox in Jiangxi province,China,monthly meteorological data spanning the years 1961–2013 were analyzed in this study,where the data were collected from 15 national meteorological stations in Jiangxi Province.The Penman–Monteith equation was employed to compute the potential evapotranspiration(ET0).Spatial interpolation and data mining technology were used to analyze the spatial and temporal changes of ET0 and air temperature,with the effort to explain the evaporation paradox.By solving the total differential and the partial derivatives coefficients of the independent variables in Penman–Monteith equation,the cause of the paradox was quantitatively evaluated.The results showed that the annual ET0 had been decreasing significantly in Jiangxi Province since 1979,whereas the air temperature had been rising significantly,presenting the evaporation paradox.The decreases in sunshine duration and wind speed reduced ET0 by 0.207 mm and 0.060 mm,respectively,accounting for 92.3%and 26.7%of the total ET0,respectively.It is concluded that sunshine duration and wind speed are the main causes to the decrease in potential evapotranspiration in Jiangxi Province.

关键词： Jiangxi province Evaporation paradox Penman-Monteith model Spatial and temporal variation

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Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin, China

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第4期14卷 426-440页

作者： WU Changxue QIU Dexun GAO Peng mu xingmin ZHAO Guangju State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin(WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST(integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources m

关键词： water yield InVEST model Weihe River Basin Geoda model scenario analysis

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Effect of shrub-grass vegetation coverage and slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2021年第1期36卷 29-37页

作者： Dandan Han Jingcheng Deng Chaojun Gu Xingmin Mu Peng Gao Jianjian Gao State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources University of Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Agriculture on Loess Plateau Northwest A&F University Yangtze River Basin Monitoring Center Station for Soil and Water Conservation Changjiang Water Resources Commission Suide Test Station of Water and Soil Conservation Yellow River Conservancy Committee of the Ministry of Water Resources

Evaluating the benefits of sediment and runoff reduction in different vegetation types is essential for studying the mechanisms of soil and water conservation on the Loess Plateau.The experiment was conducted in shrub-grass plots with nine levels of mixed vegetation coverage from 0% to 70%,three slopes(10°,15°,and 20°) and two rainfall intensities(1.0 and 2.5 mm/min).The results showed that the vegetation coverage and slope gradient significantly affect runoff and sediment yield.Shrub-grass vegetation coverage had a significant effect on the runoff start-time,runoff flow velocity,runoff rate,and soil erosion rate on hillslopes.Mixed vegetation coverage could effectively delay the runoff starttime and decrease the runoff flow velocity.However,the effects of the slope gradient on runoff and sediment yield are opposite to those of vegetation coverage.Shrub-grass vegetation coverage could effectively increase runoff and sediment yield reduction benefits,while their benefits were affected by the rainfall intensity.At the 1.0 mm/min rainfall intensity,the reduction in the sediment production rate was greater than that under the 2.5 mm/min intensity.However,when the shrub-grass vegetation coverage exceeded 42%,the runoff reduction benefit was more obvious at higher rainfall intensities.The cumulative sediment yield increased with increasing cumulative runoff,and the rate of increase in the cumulative runoff was greater than that of the cumulative sediment yield with increasing of shrub-grass vegetation coverage.Moreover,there was a power function relationship between cumulative sediment yield and cumulative runoff yield(P <0.05).Our paper is expected to provide a good reference on the ecological environment and vegetation construction on the Loess Plateau.

关键词： Simulated rainfall Shrub-grass coverage Slope Runoff and sediment yield

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Changes in sediment discharge in a sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010: implications for further soil erosion control

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Journal of Arid Land 2014年第5期6卷 540-549页

作者： JuYing JIAO ZhiJie WANG GuangJu ZHAO WanZhong WANG Xingmin Mu Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources

The well-documented decrease in the discharge of sediment into the Yellow River has attracted considerable attention in recent years. The present study analyzed the spatial and temporal variation of sediment yield based on data from 46 hydrological stations in the sediment-rich region of the Yellow River from 1955 to 2010. The results showed that since 1970 sediment yield in the region has clearly decreased at different rates in the 45 sub-areas controlled by hydrological stations. The decrease in sediment yield was closely related to the intensity and extent of soil erosion control measures and rainstorms that occurred in different periods and sub-areas. The average sediment delivery modulus（SDM） in the study area decreased from 7,767.4 t/（km^2·a） in 1951–1969 to 980.5 t/（km^2·a） in 2000–2010. Our study suggested that 65.5% of the study area with the SDM below 1,000 t/（km^2·a） is still necessary to control soil deterioration caused by erosion, and soil erosion control measures should be further strengthened in the areas with the SDM above 1,000 t/（km^2·a）.

关键词： sediment delivery modulus（SDM） Yellow River hydrological station（s）-controlled sub-area soil and water conservation

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Runoff characteristics and its sensitivity to climate factors in the Weihe River Basin from 2006 to 2018

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Journal of Arid Land 2022年第12期14卷 1344-1360页

作者： WU Changxue Xu Ruirui QIU Dexun DING Yingying GAO Peng mu xingmin ZHAO Guangju State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest A&F UniversityYangling 712100China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100000China

Exploring the current runoff characteristics after the large-scale implementation of the Grain for Green(GFG)project and investigating its sensitivities to potential drivers are crucial for water resource prediction and management.Based on the measured runoff data of 62 hydrological stations in the Weihe River Basin(WRB)from 2006 to 2018,we analyzed the temporal and spatial runoff characteristics in this study.Correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between different runoff indicators and climate-related factors.Additionally,an improved Budyko framework was applied to assess the sensitivities of annual runoff to precipitation,potential evaporation,and other factors.The results showed that the daily runoff flow duration curves(FDCs)of all selected hydrological stations fall in three narrow ranges,with the corresponding mean annual runoff spanning approximately 1.50 orders of magnitude,indicating that the runoff of different hydrological stations in the WRB varied greatly.The trend analysis of runoff under different exceedance frequencies showed that the runoff from the south bank of the Weihe River was more affluent and stable than that from the north bank.The runoff was unevenly distributed throughout the year,mainly in the flood season,accounting for more than 50.00%of the annual runoff.However,the trend of annual runoff change was not obvious in most areas.Correlation analysis showed that rare-frequency runoff events were more susceptible to climate factors.In this study,daily runoff under 10%-20%exceeding frequencies,consecutive maximum daily runoff,and low-runoff variability rate had strong correlations with precipitation,aridity index,and average runoff depth on rainy days.In comparison,daily runoff under 50%-99%exceeding frequencies,consecutive minimum daily runoff,and high-runoff variability rate had weak correlations with all selected impact factors.The sensitivity analysis results suggested that the sensitivity of annual runoff to precipitation was always higher than that to potent

关键词： daily runoff climate-related factors precipitation potential evaporation correlation analysis sensitivity analysis Weihe River Basin

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Spatial-temporal Analysis and Prediction of Precipitation Extremes: A Case Study in the Weihe River Basin, China

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Chinese Geographical Science 2022年第2期32卷 358-372页

作者： QIU Dexun WU Changxue mu xingmin ZHAO Guangju GAO Peng State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationChinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water ResourcesYangling 712100China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau Institute of Soil and Water ConservationNorthwest Agriculture and Forestry UniversityYangling 712100China

Extreme precipitation events bring considerable risks to the natural ecosystem and human life.Investigating the spatial-temporal characteristics of extreme precipitation and predicting it quantitatively are critical for the flood prevention and water resources planning and management.In this study,daily precipitation data(1957–2019)were collected from 24 meteorological stations in the Weihe River Basin(WRB),Northwest China and its surrounding areas.We first analyzed the spatial-temporal change of precipitation extremes in the WRB based on space-time cube(STC),and then predicted precipitation extremes using long short-term memory(LSTM)network,auto-regressive integrated moving average(ARIMA),and hybrid ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD)-LSTM-ARIMA models.The precipitation extremes increased as the spatial variation from northwest to southeast of the WRB.There were two clusters for each extreme precipitation index,which were distributed in the northwestern and southeastern or northern and southern of the WRB.The precipitation extremes in the WRB present a strong clustering pattern.Spatially,the pattern of only high-high cluster and only low-low cluster were primarily located in lower reaches and upper reaches of the WRB,respectively.Hot spots(25.00%–50.00%)were more than cold spots(4.17%–25.00%)in the WRB.Cold spots were mainly concentrated in the northwestern part,while hot spots were mostly located in the eastern and southern parts.For different extreme precipitation indices,the performances of the different models were different.The accuracy ranking was EEMD-LSTM-ARIMA>LSTM>ARIMA in predicting simple daily intensity index(SDII)and consecutive wet days(CWD),while the accuracy ranking was LSTM>EEMD-LSTM-ARIMA>ARIMA in predicting very wet days(R95 P).The hybrid EEMD-LSTM-ARIMA model proposed was generally superior to single models in the prediction of precipitation extremes.

关键词： precipitation extremes space-time cube(STC) ensemble empirical mode decomposition(EEMD) long short-term memory(LSTM) auto-regressive integrated moving average(ARIMA) Weihe River Basin,China

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在碳隐遁，土壤保留和水之间的交易在中国的 Guanzhong-Tianshui 经济区域让步

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2016年第10期26卷 1449-1462页

作者： YANG Xiaonan ZHOU Zixiang LI Jing FU Xin mu xingmin LI Ting Institute of Soil and Water Conservation Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 Shaanxi China Institute of Water Saving Agriculture in Arid Area of China Northwest A&F University Yangling 712100 Shaanxi China College of Tourism and Environment Shaanxi Normal University Xi'an 710119 China College of Urban and Environment Science Northwest University Xi'an 710127 China

Natural ecosystems provide human society with very important products and services. With the rapid increase in population and the over-exploitation of natural resources, humans are continually enhancing the production of some services at the expense of others. This paper estimates changes in ecosystem services, and the relationship between these services in the Guanzhong-Tianshui Economic Region of China. These ecosystem changes are of great significance to the sustainable development of this economic region. The concept of production possibility frontier （PPF） is applied to evaluate the trade-offs and synergy between carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention. Three land use strategy scenarios - planning, exploitation and protection - are applied to evaluate potential changes in ecosystem services. This study reveals noticeable trade-offs between carbon sequestration, soil retention and water yield, with synergy between carbon sequestration and soil retention. There are synergies between carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention in the three scenarios. The protection scenario is the most favourable land use strategy for regulating ecosystem service capacity. This scenario results in the highest carbon sequestration, water yield and soil retention. The results could have implications for natural capital and ecosystem services planning, management and land use decision-making.

关键词： carbon sequestration water yield soil retention scenarios trade-offs

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黄土高原不同立地条件下枯落物蓄积量及持水特征

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水土保持研究 2021年第3期28卷 45-52页

作者：张缓穆兴民高鹏西北农林科技大学水土保持研究所黄土高原土壤侵蚀与旱地农业国家重点实验室陕西杨凌712100 中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所陕西杨凌712100 中国科学院大学北京100049

枯落物具有重要的水源涵养和拦蓄径流的功能,研究不同立地条件对枯落物蓄积量及水文功能的影响对于评价黄土高原生态恢复过程中枯落物的水土保持功能具有重要的意义。选择黄土高原典型植被带为调查样点,以不同立地条件下草本群落枯落物... 详细信息

枯落物具有重要的水源涵养和拦蓄径流的功能,研究不同立地条件对枯落物蓄积量及水文功能的影响对于评价黄土高原生态恢复过程中枯落物的水土保持功能具有重要的意义。选择黄土高原典型植被带为调查样点,以不同立地条件下草本群落枯落物为研究对象,对枯落物的蓄积量及水文特征进行了相关研究。结果表明:(1)不同植被带枯落物蓄积量表现为森林带(154.25~392.95 g/m^(2))>森林草原带(151.27~287.58 g/m^(2))>草原带(109.24~174.81 g/m^(2)),枯落物蓄积量总体表现为阴坡>阳坡,沟坡>梁坡;(2)不同立地条件下枯落物自然含水率、最大持水量、最大吸湿比均具有一定的差异性。森林带、森林草原带、草原带枯落物自然含水率的变化趋势分别为28%~54.5%,26.8%~41%和20.7%~31.3%,最大持水量分别为自身的3.26~3.64,2.94~3.2,1.63~1.92倍,最大吸湿比分别为3.26~3.64,2.94~3.21,2.63~2.92。(3)不同立地条件下枯落物持水量和浸水时间存在显著对数函数关系(R2>0.91),吸水速率和浸泡时间存在幂函数关系(R2>0.99);(4)枯落物有效拦蓄量表现为森林带(219.86~787.09 g/m^(2))>森林草原带(188.15~437.7 g/m^(2))>草原带(99.89~181.22 g/m^(2)),表明森林带对径流拦蓄的贡献率最大,其次为森林草原带和草原带。立地条件对枯落物蓄积量和持水性能影响显著,研究结果可为科学评价黄土高原生态恢复过程中枯落物水土保持效益提供一定的理论依据。

关键词：黄土高原立地条件枯落物蓄积量持水能力不同植被带

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