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Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease

Neural Regeneration Research 2025年第6期20卷 1628-1643页

作者： Yimiao Jiang Zengxin Qi Huixian Zhu Kangli Shen Ruiqi Liu Chenxin Fang Weiwei Lou Yifan Jiang Wangrui Yuan xin cao Liang Chen Qianxing Zhuang Department of Physiology School of MedicineNantong UniversityNantongJiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Neurosurgery Huashan HospitalShanghai Medical CollegeFudan UniversityShanghaiChina National Center for Neurological Disorders ShanghaiChina Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Function Restoration and Neural Regeneration ShanghaiChina State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science Institute of Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina

The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson's disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson's disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore,bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico–striato–pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson's disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease,particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremordominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia–thalamus network. Therefore, the comp

关键词： anxiety basal ganglia bradykinesia deep brain stimulation depression globus pallidus externus globus pallidus internus lateral globus pallidus medial globus pallidus neural circuit Parkinson's disease

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Preparation mechanism,physical characteristic and antitumor activity of nano-scheelite

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2009年第4期16卷 468-474页

作者： Lin cao Fu-qiang Yang Jie-xin cao School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing 100083 China Peking University Health Science Center Beijing 100083 China

After preparing the EU^3＋-doped scheelite nano-material by Pechini method with the nanoparticles of 30-50 nm in diameter, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM） were used to show a microcosmic description of the particle morphology and crystal structure. The spectrum signature of the nano-scheelite, which was taken by fluorescence spectrometer, was used to discuss the difference of luminescent performance between the nano-scheelite and bulk scheelite. The atomic site of the nano-scheelite was intuitively shown through HRTEM images and HRTEM simulated images from the relation between luminescent properties and crystal structure, which was analyzed by spectrum probe. The results of antitumor activity examined by the 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） method show that the inhibition of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line （HL60） is enhanced immediately with increasing the concentration and presents a reliance on the quantity. The results of fluorescence spectra and structure show that the antitumor activity has something to do with micro-structure and surface charge.

关键词： scheelite fluorescence spectrum atomic site anti-tumor activity

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BL Lacertae objects and the extragalactic γ-ray background

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2011年第8期11卷 879-887页

作者： Fan Li xin-Wu cao Key Laboratory for Research in Galaxies and Cosmology Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

A tight correlation between γ-ray and radio emission is found for a sample of BL Lacertae （BL Lac） objects detected by the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope （Fermi） and the Energetic Gamma-Ray Experiment Telescope （EGRET）. The γ-ray emission of BL Lac objects exhibits strong variability, and the detection rate of γ-ray BL Lac objects is low, which may be related to the γ-ray duty cycle of BL Lac objects. We estimate the γ-ray duty cycle, δγ ≌ 0.11, for BL Lac objects detected by EGRET and Fermi. Using the empirical relation of γ-ray emission with radio emission and the estimated γ-ray duty cycle δγ, we derive the γ-ray luminosity function （LF） of BL Lac objects from their radio LE Our derived γ-ray LF of BL Lac objects can almost reproduce that calculated with the recently released Fermi bright active galactic nuclei （AGN） sample. Comparison of the derived LF of the γ-ray BL Lac objects in this work with that derived by Abdo et al. （2009a） requires the γ-ray duty cycle of BL Lac objects to be almost luminosity-independent. We find that - 45% of the extragalactic diffuse γ-ray background （EGRB） is contributed by BL Lac objects. Combining the estimate of the quasar contribution to the EGRB in the previous work, we find that 77% of the EGRB is contributed by BL Lac objects and radio quasars.

关键词： galaxies active -- galaxies BL Lacertae objects general -- cosmology diffuse radiation -- gamma rays theory

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On the Geometry of Broad-Line Regions in BL Lac Objects

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Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2006年第6期6卷 649-654页

作者： Yun Xu xin-Wu cao Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049

The geometry of broad-line regions （BLRs） in active galactic nuclei （AGNs） is still controversial. We use a sample of BL Lac objects, of which the black hole masses Mbh are estimated from their host galaxy absolute magnitude at R-band, MR, by using the empirical relation between MR and black hole mass Mbh. The sizes of the broad-line regions for MglI are derived from the widths of MglI lines and the black hole masses. Compared with the empirical relation between BLR size RBLR and MgII line luminosity LMglI, it is found the BLR sizes in the BL Lac objects derived in this paper are 2-3 orders of magnitude higher. If the BLR geometry of these sources is disklike, then the viewing angle between the axis and the line of sight is in the range of - 2° - 15°, which is consistent with the unification scheme.

关键词： galaxies active BL Lacertae objects general-accretion, accretion disks- black hole physics

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Evidence of the Link between Broad Emission Line Regions and Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei

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Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2007年第1期7卷 63-70页

作者： Yun Xu xin-Wu cao Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030 Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049

There is observational evidence that broad-line regions （BLRs） exist in most active galactic nuclei （AGNs）, but their origin is still unclear. One scenario is that the BLRs originate from winds accelerated from the hot coronae of the disks, and the winds are suppressed when the black hole is accreting at low rates. This model predicts a relation between rh （m ~ /~f//~fEdd） and the FWHM of broad emission lines. We estimate the central black hole masses for a sample of bright AGNs by using their broad Hβ line-widths and optical luminosities. The dimensionless accretion rates rh = M/MEdd are derived from the optical continuum luminosities by using two different models： using an empirical relation between the bolometric luminosity Lbol and the optical luminosity （rh = Lbol/LEdd, a fixed radiative efficiency is adopted）; and calculating the optical spectra of accretion disks as a function of rh. We find a slgmficant correlation between the denved of and the observed line width of Hβ, FWHMα m^-***, which almost overlaps the disk-corona model calculations, if the viscosity a α≈ 0.1 - 0.2 is adopted. Our results provide strong evidence for the physical link between the BLRs and accretion disks in AGNs.

关键词： accretion, accretion disks-galaxies active-galaxies theory-radiation mechanisms emission lines-black hole physics

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Preparation of Degradable Polymenthide and Its Elastomers from Biobased Menthide via Organocatalyzed Ring-opening Polymerization and UV Curing

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2020年第10期38卷 1092-1098,I0006页

作者： Na Zhao xin-xin cao Jin-Feng Shi Zhi-Bo Li Key Laboratony of Biobased Polymer Materials Shandong Provincial Education DepartmentCllege of Polymer Science and EngineeringQingdao Universityof Science and Technology Qingdao 266042China

Development of degradable polyester elastomers plays an important role in the applications of soft *** polymenthides(PMs)from menthol derived lactone monomers are excellent soft segments for preparing degradable polyester *** using cyclic trimeric phosphazene base(CTPB)as an organocatalyst,we succesfully synthesized PMs with different molecular weights(8.2 kDa to 100.7 kDa)in high yields via ring-opening polymerization(ROP)of *** a CTPB/urea binary catalytic system was adopted,the polymerizations proceeded in a more controlled *** glycerol as initiator,star shaped PMs with *** structure were synthesized and subsequently end-capped by *** iradiation of the terminal acrylate groups in the star-shaped PMs resulted in formation of chemically cos-linked polyester elastomers without heat or other *** obtained polyester elastomers exhibit matched modulus(3.8-5.5 MPa),tensile strength(0.56-0.68 MPa),and strain at break(280%-320%)with soft body tssues,displaying great potential in biomedical applications.

关键词： Polyester elastomer Cyclic trimeric phosphazene base Ring-opening polymerization Menthide,Biobased polyester

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Stability of Functional Equations in Several Variables

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2007年第2期23卷 321-326页

作者： Deng Hua ZHANG Huai xin cao College of Mathematics and Information Science Shaanxi Normal University

We prove a generalization of Hyers＇ theorem on the stability of approximately additive mapping and a generalization of Badora＇s theorem on an approximate ring homomorphism. We also obtain a more general stability theorem, which gives the stability theorems on Jordan and Lie homomorphisms. The proofs of the theorems given in this paper follow essentially the D. H. Hyers-Th. M. Rassias approach to the stability of functional equations connected with S. M. Ulam＇s problem.

关键词： stability functional equation, Jordan homomorphism, Lie homomorphism

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The advection-dominated accretion flow+thin accretion disk model for two low-luminosity active galactic nuclei: M81 and NGC 4579

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Chinese Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics 2009年第4期9卷 401-408页

作者： Ya-Di Xu xin-Wu cao Physics Department Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China Shanghai Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200030~ China

It was found that advection-dominated accretion flow （ADAF）＋thin disk model calculations can reproduce the observed spectral energy distributions （SEDs） of two low-luminosity active galactic nuclei （AGNs）, provided they are accreting at -0.01-0.03 Eddington rates and the thin disks are truncated to ADAFs at -100Rs （Rs is the Schwarzschild radius） for M81 and NGC 4579 （Quataert et al. 1999）. However, the black hole masses adopted in their work are about one order of magnitude lower than recent measurements on these two sources. Adopting the well estimated black hole masses, our ADAF＋thin disk model calculations can reproduce the observed SEDs of these two low- luminosity AGNs, if the black hole is accreting at 2.5×10^-4 Eddington rates with the thin disk truncated at Rtr=120Rs for M81（m= 3.3×10^-3 and Rtr=80Rs are required for NGC 4579）. The transition zones with temperature from the thin disk with ,-10^4- 10^5 to ,-10^9-10^10K in the ADAF will inevitably emit thermal X-ray lines, which provides a useful diagnosis of their physical properties. The observed widths of the thermal X-ray iron lines at -6.8 keV are consistent with Doppler broadening by Keplerian motion of the gases in the transition zones at ,-100Rs. We use the structure of the transition zone between the ADAF and the thin disk derived by assuming the turbulent diffusive heat mechanism to calculate their thermal X-ray line emission with the standard software package Astrophysical Plasma Emission Code （APEC）. Comparing them with the equivalent widths of the observed thermal X-ray iron lines in these two sources, we find that the turbulent diffusive heat mechanism seems to be unable to reproduce the observed thermal X-ray line emission. The test of the evaporation model for the accretion mode transition with the observed thermal X-ray line emission is briefly discussed.

关键词： accretion, accretion disks-black hole physics-galaxies active-radiation mechanisms thermal-galaxies individual (M81, NGC 4579)

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Effect of Na^+ on xonotlite crystals in hydrothermal synthesis

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2013年第1期20卷 88-93页

作者： Fei Liu Xiao-dan Wang Jian-xin cao School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guizhou University

The effect of Na＋ ion concentration on the crystalline phase composition and morphology of xonotlite crystals pre- pared in a cao-SiO2-H20 system via hydrothermal synthesis was analyzed. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron mi- croscopy （SEM） results indicate that Na＋ ion concentration has a significant impact on the composition and morphology of crystalline phases in the products under the initial conditions of a molar ratio of cao/SiO2 of 1.0 and a reactant concentration of 0.05 mol.L-1 at 225℃ for 15 h. The main crystalline phase in the products has a phase transition from xonotlite to pectolite, and the morphology changes from fibrous to broomlike shape with the Na＋ ion concentration increasing. Therefore, the content of Na^O in the raw material should be less than 5wt% for preparing pure xonotlite crystals via hydrothermal synthesis in a cao-SiO2-H20 system.

关键词： crystals xonotlite pectolite hydrothermal synthesis morphology

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Comparisons of the film peeling from the composite oxides of quartz sand filters using ozone, hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2015年第8期27卷 20-27页

作者： Yingming Guo Tinglin Huang Gang Wen xin cao School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology

To solve the problem of shortened backwashing intervals in groundwater plants, several disinfectants including ozone（O3）, hydrogen peroxide（H2O2） and chlorine dioxide（Cl O2）were examined to peel off the film from the quartz sand surface in four pilot-scale *** optimized oxidant dosage and oxidation time were determined by batch ***, the optimized conditions were tested in the four pilot-scale columns. The results demonstrated that the backwashing intervals increased from 35.17 to 54.33（H2O2）and to 53.67 hr（ClO2） after the oxidation treatments, and the increase of backwashing interval after treatment by O3 was much less than for the other two ***, the treatment efficiency of filters was not affected by O3 or H2O2 oxidation;but after oxidation by ClO2, the treatment efficiency was deteriorated, especially the ammonia removal（from 96.96% to 24.95%）. The filter sands before and after the oxidation were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron *** with the oxidation by O3 and H2O2, the structures on the surface of filter sands were seriously damaged after oxidation by ClO2. The chemical states of manganese on the surfaces of those treated sands were only changed by ClO2. The damage of the structures and the change of the chemical states of manganese might have a negative effect on the ammonia removal. In summary, H2O2 is a suitable agent for film peeling.

关键词： Pilot-scale Ozone Hydrogen peroxide Chlorine dioxide Backwashing interval

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