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Animal behavior can inform conservation policy, we just need to get on with the jobor can it？

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Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 479-485页

作者： ximena j. nelson, Editor School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand

1 Conservation Behavior as an Emerging Discipline on the Brink of Success, or Unrealistic Ideal？ It seems intuitively sensible that an understanding of the behavioral characteristics of animals, such as their home ranges, diets, mating systems, and dispersal me- chanisms, may be useful to inform conservation efforts in determining, for example, suitable reintroduction areas, or the design of dispersal corridors.

关键词：行为特征动物减排新兴学科活动范围交配系统疏散通道再引入

Evolutionary implications of deception in mimicry and masquerade

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Current Zoology 2014年第1期60卷 6-15页

作者： ximena j. nelson School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand

Aggressive mimicry occurs when an organism resembles some aspect of another organism （the model） in order to obtain prey through its deceptive resemblance. This may function either through the overt response of the receiver or through the lack of response of the receiver. Reviewing selected examples, I discuss some of the difficulties in ascribing a model for the mimic. I also discuss how a single animal can have multiple ploys in its armoury of deceptive signals, thus belonging within two or more categories of deceptive signalling. In addition to aggressive mimicry, these may include crypsis or camouflage, mas- querade （mimicry of inanimate objects）, and Batesian or protective mimicry. Each of these examples of deception has multiple evolutionary pathways, and some deceptive signals may be more costly to receivers than others, but no single organism is subject to a single selection pressure, leading to the reality that many evolutionary pathways contribute to the diversity we see around us. New technologies are opening new channels of investigation into deceptive signaling in many different sensory modalities, and this is reflected in the recent increase in studies investigating the structure and function of deceptive signals. In turn, these studies are beginning to expose the fascinating complexity of deceptive signaling systems, allowing us to discover the myriad, non-mutually exclusive, solutions that can be selected for to obtain prey

关键词： Mimicry Masquerade Crypsis Deceptive communication Cleaner fish Pre-existing biases

Vocal repertoire of the New Zealand kea parrot Nestor notabilis

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Current Zoology 2012年第5期58卷 727-740页

作者： Raoul SCHWING Stuart PARSONS ximena j. nelson School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 Auckland New Zealand School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand

The unique alpine-living kea parrot Nestor notabilis has been the focus of numerous cognitive studies, but its com- munication system has so far been largely neglected. We examined 2,884 calls recorded in New Zealand＇s Southern Alps. Based on audio and visual spectrographic differences, these calls were categorised into seven distinct call types： the non-oscillating ＇screech＇ contact call and ＇mew＇; and the oscillating ＇trill＇, ＇chatter＇, ＇warble＇ and ＇whistle＇; and a hybrid ＇screech-trill＇. Most of these calls contained aspects that were individually unique, in addition to potentially encoding for an individual＇s sex and age. Additionally, for each recording, the sender＇s previous and next calls were noted, as well as any response given by conspecifics. We found that the previous and next calls made by the sender were most often of the same type, and that the next most likely pre- ceding and/or following call type was the screech call, a contact call which sounds like the ＇kee-ah＇ from which the bird＇s name derives. As a social bird capable of covering large distances over visually obstructive terrain, long distance contact calls may be of considerable importance for social cohesion. Contact calls allow kea to locate conspecifics and congregate in temporary groups for social activities. The most likely response to any given call was a screech, usually followed by the same type of call as the ini- tial call made by the sender, although responses differed depending on the age of the caller. The exception was the warble, the kea＇s play call, to which the most likely response was another warble. Being the most common call type, as well as the default response to another call, it appears that the ＇contagious＇ screech contact call plays a central role in kea vocal communication and social cohesion [Current Zoology 58 （5）： 727-740, 2012].

关键词： Acoustic signals Communication Kea Psittacidae Social behaviour Habitat

How spiders practice aggressive and Batesian mimicry

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Current Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 620-629页

作者： ximena j. nelson Robert R. jACKSON School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology Thomas Odhiambo Campus EO. Box 30 Mbita Point Kenya

To understand communication, the interests of the sender and the receiver/s of signals should be considered sepa-rately. When our goal is to understand the adaptive significance of specific responses to specific signals by the receiver, questions about signal information are useful. However, when our goal is to understand the adaptive significance to the sender of generating a signal, it may be better to envisage the receiver＇s response to signals as part of the sender＇s extended phenotype. By making signals, a sender interfaces with the receiver＇s model of the world and indirectly manipulates its behaviour. This is especially clear in cases of mimicry, where animals use deceptive signals that indirectly manipulate the behaviour of receivers. Many animals adopt Batesian mimicry to deceive their predators, or aggressive mimicry to deceive their prey. We review examples from the lite-rature on spiders to illustrate how these phenomena, traditionally thought of as distinct, can become entangled in a web of lies .

关键词： Mimicry Communication Spider Deception Signal Search image

Suffocated shoots:Hypoxia-induced synthesis of salicylic acid inhibits plant regeneration

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Molecular Plant 2024年第4期17卷 528-530页

作者： ximena Chirinos Francesco Licausi Department of Biology University of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxford OX13RBUK

Plant cells possess the unique ability to revert differentiated somatic cells back to a pluripotent state,a trait utilized in in vitro tissue *** plant propagation strategy involves the exogenous supplementation of auxin and cytokinin,two phytohormones that promote cellular reprogramming and de novo *** exposed to an auxin-rich medium,somatic cells proliferate and form the callus,a pluripotent cell *** the attainment of pluripotency,the callus can be transferred to a cytokinin-rich medium to induce shoot regeneration.

关键词： plant synthesis transferred

Red-purple Andean potato polyphenols have an in vitro anti-neuroblastoma effect via mitochondrial dysfunction-induced apoptosis

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FOOD BIOSCIENCE 2023年第3期53卷 2030-2038页

作者： Silveyra, Maria ximena Andreu, Adriana Balbina Univ Nacl Mar Del Plata Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat Inst Invest Biol IIB UNMdP CONICET Mar Del Plata Argentina Univ Nacl Mar Del Plata Inst Invest Biol IIB CONICET Funes 3250 4 FloorCC 1245 RA-7600 Mar Del Plata Argentina

Andean potatoes (Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena) are a good source of dietary polyphenols, such as phenolic acid and flavonoids. These polyphenols have several beneficial effects on human health due to their antioxidant properties. Previously, we demonstrated that polyphenol extracts from Andean potato tubers exerted a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect in human neuroblastoma cells. However, the mechanisms involved in this cytotoxic activity were not explored. Here, we show that polyphenols from Santa Maria tuber activated programmed cell death by caspase-independent apoptosis. They induced cell morphology changes, including the nucleus, and slightly affected the cell cycle. Furthermore, tuber polyphenols altered redox homeostasis and mitochondrial function of neuroblastoma cells, which increased the number of apoptotic cells. We also showed that neither Bcl-2 nor caspase-3 was involved in this mechanism of death. In summary, our results demonstrated that polyphenols from Santa Maria tuber are bioactive compounds that have mitochondria as a target and contribute to revalorizing Andean potatoes as a functional food. These findings suggest that they would be a good source of anti-tumor compounds that could induce tumor cell death even in apoptotic-resistant tumors, opening new therapeutic avenues.

关键词： Andean potato Functional food Polyphenols Bioactive compounds Anti-neuroblastoma activity Mitochondria

Female mate choice and the potential for ornament evolution in túngara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus

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Current Zoology 2010年第3期56卷 343-357页

作者： Michael j.RYAN ximena E.BERNAL A.Stanley RAND Section of Integrative Biology C0930 University of Texas Smithsonian Tropical Research Institution Department of Biological Science Texas Tech University Srnithsonian Tropical Research Institution

The potential for ornament evolution in response to sexual selection rests on the interaction between the permissive- ness or selectivity of female preferences and the constraints on male development of signaling related traits. We investigate the former by determining how latent female preferences either exaggerate the magnitude of current traits （i.e. elaborations） or favor novel traits （i.e. innovations）. In tt^ngara frogs, females prefer complex mating calls （whine-chucks） to simple calls （whine only）. The whine is critical for mate recognition while the chuck further enhances the attractiveness of the call. Here we use a combina- tion of synthetic and natural stimuli to examine latent female preferences. Our results show that a diversity of stimuli, including conspecific and heterospecific calls as well as predator-produced and human-made sounds, increase the attractiveness of a call when added to a whine. These stimuli do not make simple calls more attractive than a whine-chuck, however. In rare cases we found stimuli that added to the whine decrease the attractiveness of the call. Overall, females show strong preferences for both elaborations and innovations of the chuck. We argue that the emancipation of these acoustic adornments from mate recognition allows such female permissiveness, and that male constraints on signal evolution are probably more important in explaining why males evolved their specific adornment. Experimentally probing latent female preferences for stimuli out of the species＇ range is a useful means to gain insights about the potential of female choice to influence signal evolution and thus the astounding diversity in male sexually-selected traits [Current Zoology 56 （3）： 343-357, 2010].

关键词： Mate choice Ornament evolution Tfingara frogs Physalaemus pustulosus

Correlation between color parameters and bioactive compound content during cocoa seed transformation under controlled process conditions

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FOOD BIOSCIENCE 2023年第3期53卷 544-553页

作者： Becerra, Lili Dahiana Quintanilla-Carvajal, Maria ximena Escobar, Sebastian Ruiz, Ruth Y. Univ Sabana Fac Ingn Doctorado Biociencias Campus Univ Puente ComunKm 7 Autopista Norte Bogo Chia Cundinamarca Colombia Univ Sabana Fac Ingn Grp Invest Proc Agroind Campus Univ Puente ComunKm Autopista Norte Bogota Chia Cundinamarca Colombia Corp Colombiana Invest Agr Agrosavia Ctr Invest Palmira Proc & Qual Cocoa Lab Palmira Valle Del Cauca Colombia

The quality demanded by consumers in the cocoa sector has led to carrying out the postharvest transformation of cocoa, directing efforts to highlight properties of cocoa beans, such as the content of bioactive compounds, due to its beneficial effects on health, as well as its color, which varies from the typical brown color to the recently developed red-pink hues. This work aims to establish a correlation between the color parameters of a cocoa matrix obtained during the transformation of cocoa seeds under controlled process conditions (temperature, organic acid, and its concentration, and time) and the flavan-3-ols content (catechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin), methylxanthines content (theobromine, caffeine), and total phenolic content (TPC) through image analysis of color. The results showed that the content of flavan-3-ols and methylxanthines decreased as the controlled transformation advanced. However, the content of these bioactive compounds is retained by applying mild temperature conditions (30 degrees C) and low concentrations of organic acid (1 g/L) to transform cocoa seeds. Furthermore, the color parameters respond to changes in the internal pH of the seeds, and the red-pink hues are favored when using high concentrations of organic acid (30 g/L). Based on these findings, it was possible to establish a correlation between epigallocatechin content and four color parameters (a*, b*, h*ab and C*ab) through a multiple linear regression model. In this way, color image analysis could be an appropriate alternative to predict the concentration of quality-related compounds in cocoa matrices.

关键词： CIELab color space Bioactive compounds Cocoa beans Controlled cocoa postharvest transformation Organic acids

Comparison of lipid extraction methods for the microalgae Acutodesmus obliquus

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International journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering 2018年第5期11卷 211-217页

作者： Diana ximena Hurtado Claudia Lorena Garzón-Castro jhon Cortés-Romero Edisson Tello Camacho Bioprospecting and CAPSAB Research Groups Faculty of EngineeringUniversidad de La SabanaCundinamarca 53753Colombia Biosciences Doctoral Program Faculty of EngineeringUniversidad de La SabanaCundinamarca 53753Colombia Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá53753Colombia

Microalgae are widely used in the pharmaceutical and energy industries,therefore the conditions for their cultivation and extraction methods play an important role in the profiling and acquisition of *** efficiency of lipid extraction from microalgae has attracted great interest from industry because of the wide variety of lipids and amounts that can be *** obliquus(Scenedesmus obliquus UTEX 393)was used in this *** was cultivated in Bold 3N medium modified with 75%nitrogen at 25℃,pH 6.8,125 r/min and a photoperiod of 18/6 h and illuminated with white light provided by a Light-Emitting Diode Surface Mount Device extensions(LED SMD)with an intensity of 1200μE/(m^(2)·s).The cells were stained with the Red Nile(RN)technique to indicate lipid *** extraction methods were compared,classical,microwave(MW),Soxhlet,and ultrasound(US),using the same solvent proportions(hexane:chloroform:methanol=1:2:3).All samples were analyzed with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy(FTIR)and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS).The results showed:1)lipid production detected by RN was consistent with microalgal growth;2)the MW technique was the best extraction method,according to the statistical analysis through Randomized Complete Block(RCB)design and performance of 4.6%;and 3)the presence of saturated and unsaturated acids was indicated by FTIR ***-MS was able to identify palmitic and linoleic acids as the likely major constituents of the sample.

关键词： Acutodesmus obliquus lipid extraction trans-esterification Red Nile(RN)