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Fundamentals of atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing:a review

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International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing 2022年第1期4卷 1-20页

作者： Jian Gao xichun luo Fengzhou Fang Jining Sun Centre for Precision Manufacturing DMEMUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgow G11XJUnited Kingdom State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology&Instruments Laboratory of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology(MNMT)Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072People’s Republic of China Centre of Micro/Nano Manufacturing Technology(MNMT-Dublin) University College DublinDublin 4Ireland School of Mechanical Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024People’s Republic of China

Atomic and close-to-atomic scale manufacturing(ACSM)represents techniques for manufacturing high-end products in various fields,including future-generation computing,communication,energy,and medical devices and materials.In this paper,the theoretical boundary between ACSM and classical manufacturing is identified after a thorough discussion of quantum mechanics and their effects on manufacturing.The physical origins of atomic interactions and energy beams-matter interactions are revealed from the point view of quantum mechanics.The mechanisms that dominate several key ACSM processes are introduced,and a current numerical study on these processes is reviewed.A comparison of current ACSM processes is performed in terms of dominant interactions,representative processes,resolution and modelling methods.Future fundamental research is proposed for establishing new approaches for modelling ACSM,material selection or preparation and control of manufacturing tools and environments.This paper is by no means comprehensive but provides a starting point for further systematic investigation of ACSM fundamentals to support and accelerate its industrial scale implementation in the near future.

关键词： manufacturing ACSM quantum mechanics first-principles atomic interaction energy-matter interaction mechanisms

Atomic-Scale Friction Studies on Single-Crystal Gallium Arsenide Using Atomic Force Microscope and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2022年第1期5卷 39-49页

作者： Pengfei Fan Saurav Goel xichun luo Hari M.Upadhyaya Centre for Precision Manufacturing DMEMUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK School of Engineering London South Bank University103 Borough RoadLondon SE10AAUK School of Aerospace Transport and ManufacturingCranfield UniversityBedfordshire MK430ALUK Department of Mechanical Engineering Shiv Nadar UniversityGautam Buddh Nagar 201314India

This paper provides a fresh perspective and new insights into nanoscale friction by investigating it through molecular dynamics(MD)simulation and atomic force microscope(AFM)nanoscratch experiments.This work considered gallium arsenide,an importantⅢ-Ⅴdirect bandgap semiconductor material residing in the zincblende structure,as a reference sample material due to its growing usage in 5G communication devices.In the simulations,the scratch depth was tested as a variable in the fine range of 0.5-3 nm to understand the behavior of material removal and to gain insights into the nanoscale friction.Scratch force,normal force,and average cutting forces were extracted from the simulation to obtain two scalar quantities,namely,the scratch cutting energy(defined as the work performed to remove a unit volume of material)and the kinetic coefficient of friction(defined as the force ratio).A strong size effect was observed for scratch depths below 2 nm from the MD simulations and about 15 nm from the AFM experiments.A strong quantitative corroboration was obtained between the specific scratch energy determined by the MD simulations and the AFM experiments,and more qualitative corroboration was derived for the pile-up and the kinetic coefficient of friction.This conclusion suggests that the specific scratch energy is insensitive to the tool geometry and the scratch speed used in this investigation.However,the pile-up and kinetic coefficient of friction are dependent on the geometry of the tool tip.

关键词： AFM nanoscratching Molecular dynamic(MD)simulation Single-crystal gallium arsenide Friction

Modelling of grinding mechanics:A review

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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics 2023年第7期36卷 25-39页

作者： Qingyu MENG Bing GUO Qingliang ZHAO Hao Nan LI Mark JJACKSON Barbara SLINKE xichun luo Center for Precision Engineering School of Mechatronics EngineeringHarbin Institute of TechnologyHarbin 150001China School of Aerospace The University of Nottingham NingboNingbo 315100China School of Integrated Studies College of Technology and AviationKansas State UniversitySalinaKS 67401USA Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering University of California DavisDavisUSA Centre for Precision Manufacturing DMEMUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK

Grinding is one of the most widely used material removal methods at the end of many process chains.Grinding force is related to almost all grinding parameters,which has a great influence on material removal rate,dimensional and shape accuracy,surface and subsurface integrity,thermodynamics,dynamics,wheel durability,and machining system deformation.Considering that grinding force is related to almost all grinding parameters,grinding force can be used to detect grinding wheel wear,energy calculation,chatter suppression,force control and grinding process simulation.Accurate prediction of grinding forces is important for optimizing grinding parameters and the structure of grinding machines and fixtures.Although there are substantial research papers on grinding mechanics,a comprehensive review on the modeling of grinding mechanics is still absent from the literature.To fill this gap,this work reviews and introduces theoretical methods and applications of mechanics in grinding from the aspects of modeling principles,limitations and possible future trendencies.

关键词： Force modeling Grinding Grinding mechanics Macro force Micro force Model application

Insight into Atomic-Scale Adhesion at the C-Cu Interface During theInitial Stage of Nanoindentation

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2022年第3期5卷 250-258页

作者： Jian Gao xichun luo Wenlong Chang Zhengjian Wang Yongda Yan Yanquan Geng Centrefor Precision Manufacturing DMEMUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Center for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinPeople's Republic of China

Adhesion is a common phenomenon in nanomachining which affects processing accuracy and repeatability.As material removal approaches the atomic or close-to-atomic scale,quantum mechanics becomes the dominant principle behind the atomic-level interaction.However,atomic-scale effects cannot be properly described by empirical potential function-based molecular dynamics simulations.This study uses a first-principles method to reveal the atomic-scale adhesion between a diamond tip and a copper slab during initial-stage nanoindentation.Using a simplified tip and slab model,adhesion energy,electronic distribution,and density of states are analyzed based on quantum chemistry calculation.Results show that atomic adhesion is primarily due to the covalent bonding interaction between C and Cu atoms,which can induce structural changes to the diamond tip and copper slab.The effects of tip position and angles on adhesion are further studied through a series of simulations.The results show that adhesion between the tip and slab is sensitive to the lattice structure and a variant in angstroms is enough to cause different adhesion and structural changes.The actual determinants of adhesion can only be the atomic and electronic structures at the tip-slab interface.Bond rotation and breakage are observed during simulation and their effects on adhesion are further discussed.To conclude,the first-principles method is important for the analysis of an atomic-scale interaction system,even if only as an aid to describing adhesion at atomic and electronic scales.

关键词： Nanoindentation Adhesion Diamond Copper First-principles Density functional theory

Centre for Precision Manufacturing

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2020年第3期3卷 236-237页

作者： xichun luo University of Strathclyde GlasgowUK

The Centre for Precision Manufacturing(CPM)is an internationally leading research centre for advanced manufacturing.The centre researches and develops materials,processes,tools,machinery,and numerical modelling techniques for improving economic and technical performance of materi-als and manufacturing processes with advaneed precision,micro-and nano-manufacturing techniques.CPM is one of the most successful centres in Europe in attracting external funding(over￡40 million)to con duct industry-relevant research.The centre led the EU FP6什agship integrated project MASMICRO,one of the largest-ever funded EU projects in the EU NMP theme(€21.4 million budget and 36 partners from 13 EU countries)which led to a series of new design and manufacturing solutions in dealing with materials,size effects.

关键词： centre attracting dealing

Foreword to the Special Issue on Nanofabrication,Atomic and Close-to-atomic Scale Manufacturing

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2020年第3期3卷 165-166页

作者： xichun luo Jiang Guo Saeed Chavoshi Centre for Precision Manufacturing.DMEM.University of Strathclyde Glasgow G11XQUK Dalian University of Technology DalianChina University of Bristol.Bristol BS81TH UK

Nanomanufacturing covers a wide range of manufacturing technologies for enabling nanoscale materials,structures,components,devices,and systems through the manipula-tion and control of matter at the nano-scale.This is pivotal to our economy,as nanoproducts such as nano materials,nanooptics,nanosensors,nanoelectronics,NEMS,etc.,are becoming established in major areas of our daily lives and can already be found across a broad spectrum of application areas,especially in sectors such as autos,appliances,electronics,photonics,food,healthcare,and fitness.

关键词： optics becoming electronics

A Simulated Investigation of Ductile Response of GaAs in Single-Point Diamond Turning and Experimental Validation

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2020年第4期3卷 239-250页

作者： Pengfei Fan Fei Ding xichun luo Yongda Yan Yanquan Geng Yuzhang Wang Centre for Precision Manufacturing DMEMUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Center for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of TechnologyHarbinPeople's Republic of China

In this paper,molecular dynamic(MD)simulation was adopted to study the ductile response of single-crystal GaAs during single-point diamond turning(SPDT).The variations of cutting temperature,coordination number,and cutting forces were revealed through MD simulations.SPDT experiment was also carried out to qualitatively validate MD simulation model from the aspects of normal cutting force.The simulation results show that the fundamental reason for ductile response of GaAs during SPDT is phase transition from a perfect zinc blende structure(GaAs-I)to a rock-salt structure(GaAs-II)under high pressure.Finally,a strong anisotropic machinability of GaAs was also found through MD simulations.

关键词： Molecular dynamic simulation Single-point diamond turning Gallium arsenide Anisotropy Ductile response

Three-dimensional biofabrication of nanosecond laser micromachined nanofibre meshes for tissue engineered scaffolds

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Biomaterials Translational 2023年第2期4卷 104-114页

作者： Ross HMcWilliam Wenlong Chang Zhao Liu Jiayuan Wang Fengxuan Han Richard ABlack Junxi Wu xichun luo Bin Li Wenmiao Shu Department of Biomedical Engineering University of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Centre for Precision Manufacturing DesignManufacturing&Engineering ManagementUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK Orthopaedic Institute Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsu ProvinceChina

There is a high demand for bespoke grafts to replace damaged or malformed bone and cartilage tissue.Three-dimensional(3D)printing offers a method of fabricating complex anatomical features of clinically relevant sizes.However,the construction of a scaffold to replicate the complex hierarchical structure of natural tissues remains challenging.This paper reports a novel biofabrication method that is capable of creating intricately designed structures of anatomically relevant dimensions.The beneficial properties of the electrospun fibre meshes can finally be realised in 3D rather than the current promising breakthroughs in two-dimensional(2D).The 3D model was created from commercially available computer-aided design software packages in order to slice the model down into many layers of slices,which were arrayed.These 2D slices with each layer of a defined pattern were laser cut,and then successfully assembled with varying thicknesses of 100μm or 200μm.It is demonstrated in this study that this new biofabrication technique can be used to reproduce very complex computer-aided design models into hierarchical constructs with micro and nano resolutions,where the clinically relevant sizes ranging from a simple cube of 20 mm dimension,to a more complex,50 mm-tall human ears were created.In-vitro cell-contact studies were also carried out to investigate the biocompatibility of this hierarchal structure.The cell viability on a micromachined electrospun polylactic-co-glycolic acid fibre mesh slice,where a range of hole diameters from 200μm to 500μm were laser cut in an array where cell confluence values of at least 85%were found at three weeks.Cells were also seeded onto a simpler stacked construct,albeit made with micromachined poly fibre mesh,where cells can be found to migrate through the stack better with collagen as bioadhesives.This new method for biofabricating hierarchical constructs can be further developed for tissue repair applications such as maxillofacial bone injury or nose/ear cartilage replacement in the futur

关键词： 3D biofabrication electrospinning hierarchical scaffold micromachining tissue engineering

Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics Investigation on Brittle-Ductile Transition of Quartz Glass in Single-Grain Grinding Process

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2020年第4期3卷 299-306页

作者： Xiaoguang Guo Ming Li xichun luo Ruifeng Zhai Renke Kang Zhuji Jin Dongming Guo Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education Dalian University of TechnologyDalian 116024China Centre for Precision Manufacturing Department of DesignManufacture and Engineering ManagementUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgow G11XJUK

The smoothed-particle hydrodynamics(SPH)method was introduced to simulate the quartz glass grinding process with a single grain under micrp-nano scale.To investigate the mechanism of brittle-ductile transition,such factors as the machin-ing depth,grinding force,maximum equivalent stress,and residual stress were analyzed.The simulation results indicate that quartz glass can be machined in a ductile mode under a certain condition.In this paper,the occurrence and propaga-tion of cracks in quartz glass at different grinding depths(0.1-1μm)are observed,and the critical depth of brittle-ductile transformation is 0.36 pum.At different grinding depths,the grinding force ratio is greater than 1.When the cutting depth is 0.4 um,the crack propagation depth is about 1.2μm,which provides a basis for the prediction of subsurface damage depth.In addition,the correctness of the simulation result was verified by carrying out scratch experiments of varying cutting depth on optical quartz glass.

关键词： Quartz glass Brittle ductile transition Ultra precision grinding Smoothed particle hydrodynamics