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Comparison of Submicron Particles at a Rural and an Urban Site in the North China Plain during the December 2016 Heavy Pollution Episodes

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2018年第1期32卷 26-37页

作者： Xiaojing SHEN Junying SUN xiaoye zhang Yangmei zhang Yaqiang WANG Kaiyan TAN Peng WANG Lu zhang Xuefei QI Haochi CHE Zhouxiang zhang Junting ZHONG Huarong ZHAO Sanxue REN State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather/Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Integrated Ecological–Meteorological Observation and Experimental Station Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Longfengshan Atmospheric Background Regional Station Heilongjiang Provincial Meteorological Bureau

An extensive field experiment for measurement of physical and chemical properties of aerosols was conducted at an urban site in the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences（CAMS） in Beijing and at a rural site in Gucheng（GC）, Hebei Province in December 2016. This paper compares the number size distribution of submicron particle matter（PM1, diameter 〈 1 μm） between the two sites. The results show that the mean PM1 number concentration at GC was twice that at CAMS, and the mass concentration was three times the amount at CAMS. It is found that the accumulation mode（100–850 nm） particles constituted the largest fraction of PM1 at GC, which was significantly correlated with the local coal combustion, as confirmed by a significant relationship between the accumulation mode and the absorption coefficient of soot particles. The high PM1 concentration at GC prevented the occurrence of new particle formation（NPF） events, while eight such events were observed at CAMS. During the NPF events, the mass fraction of sulfate increased significantly, indicating that sulfate played an important role in NPF. The contribution of regional transport to PM1 mass concentration was approximately 50% at both sites, same as that of the local emission. However, during the red-alert period when emission control took place, the contribution of regional transport was notably higher.

关键词： particle number size distribution new particle formation severe haze-fog events Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area Jing-Jin-Ji region submicron particles

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Relative Contributions of Boundary-Layer Meteorological Factors to the Explosive Growth of PM2.5 during the Red-Alert Heavy Pollution Episodes in Beijing in December 2016

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第5期31卷 809-819页

作者： junting zhong xiaoye zhang yaqiang wang junying sun yangmei zhang jizhi wang kaiyan tan xiaojing shen haochi che lu zhang zhouxiang zhang xuefei qi huarong zhao sanxue ren yang li state key laboratory of severe weather/key laboratory of atmospheric chemistry of china meteorological administration chinese academy of meteorological sciencesBeijing 100081 center for excellence in regional atmospheric environment institute of urban environmentchinese academy of sciencesBeijing 100081 integrated ecologica–meteorological observation and experimental station chinese academy of meteorological sciencesXiamen 361021 center for atmosphere watch and service meteorological observation centerchina meteorological administrationBeijing 100081

Based on observations of urban mass concentration of fine particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in diameter （PM2.5）, ground meteorological data, vertical measurements of winds, temperature, and relative humidity （RH）, and ECMWF reanalysis data, the major changes in the vertical structures of meteorological factors in the boundary layer （BL） during the heavy aerosol pollution episodes （HPEs） that occurred in winter 2016 in the urban Beijing area were analyzed. The HPEs are divided into two stages： the transport of pollutants under prevailing southerly winds, known as the transport stage （TS）, and the PM2.5 explosive growth and pollution accumulation period characterized by a temperature inversion with low winds and high RH in the lower BL, known as the cumulative stage （CS）. During the TS, a surface high lies south of Beijing, and pollutants are transported northwards. During the CS, a stable BL forms and is characterized by weak winds, temperature inversion, and moisture accumulation. Stable atmospheric stratifica- tion featured with light/calm winds and accumulated moisture （RH 〉 80%） below 250 m at the beginning of the CS is closely associated with the inversion, which is strengthened by the considerable decrease in near-surface air temperat- ure due to the interaction between aerosols and radiation after the aerosol pollution occurs. A significant increase in the PLAM （Parameter Linking Aerosol Pollution and Meteorological Elements） index is found, which is linearly re- lated to PM mass change. During the first 10 h of the CS, the more stable BL contributes approximately 84% of the explosive growth of PM2.5 mass. Additional accumulated near-surface moisture caused by the ground temperature de- crease, weak turbulent diffusion, low BL height, and inhibited vertical mixing of water vapor is conducive to the sec- ondary aerosol formation through chemical reactions, including liquid phase and heterogeneous reactions, which fur- ther increases the PM2.5 concentration

关键词： explosive growth of PM2.5 pollutant transport anomalous temperature inversion moisture accumula-tion light or calm winds

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Modeling study on the roles of the deposition and transport of PM_(2.5) in air quality changes over central-eastern China

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第1期123卷 535-544页

作者： Lei zhang Jianjun He Sunling Gong Xiaomei Guo Tianliang Zhao Huizheng Che Hong Wang Chunhong Zhou Jingyue Mo Ke Gui Yu Zheng Lei Li Junting Zhong xiaoye zhang State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather&Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China Heavy Rain and Drought-Flood Disasters in Plateau and Basin Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610072China Weather Modification Office of Sichuan Province Chengdu 610072China Climate and Weather Disasters Collaborative Innovation Center Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China

The role of PM_(2.5)(particles with aerodynamic diameters≤_(2.5)μm)deposition in air quality changes over China remains *** using the three-year(2013,2015,and 2017)simulation results of the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model from a previous work(zhang et al.,2021),a non-linear relationship between the deposition of PM_(2.5)and anthropogenic emissions over central-eastern China in cold seasons as well as in different life stages of haze events was ***_(2.5)deposition is spatially distributed differently from PM_(2.5)concentrations and anthropogenic emissions over *** North China Plain(NCP)is typically characterized by higher anthropogenic emissions compared to southern China,such as the middlelow reaches of Yangtze River(MLYR),which includes parts of the Yangtze River Delta and the ***,PM_(2.5)deposition in the NCP is significantly lower than that in the MLYR region,suggesting that in addition to meteorology and emissions,lower deposition is another important factor in the increase in haze *** transport of pollution in central-eastern China acts as a moderator of pollution levels in different regions,for example by bringing pollution from the NCP to the MLYR region in cold *** was found that in typical haze events the deposition flux of PM_(2.5)during the removal stages is substantially higher than that in accumulation stages,with most of the PM_(2.5)being transported southward and deposited to the MLYR and Sichuan Basin region,corresponding to a latitude range of about 24°N-31°N.

关键词： PM_(2.5) Deposition Regional transport China WRF/CUACE v1.0 model

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL EXTINCTION COEFFICIENT AND PM_(10) CONCENTRATION IN XI'AN,CHINA,DURING 1980-2002

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China Particuology 2006年第6期4卷 327-329页

作者： Huizheng Che xiaoye zhang Yang Li Zijiang Zhou Zhenlin Chen Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry (LAC) Centre for Atmosphere Watch and Services (CAWAS) Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Chinese Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China SKLLQG Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710075 China National Meteorological Information Center Chinese Meteorological A dministration Beijing 100081 China Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China

Based on daily visibility data obtained from 1980-2002 and air pollution index data from 2001-2004 in Xi＇an, long-term variations and relationships for daily horizontal extinction coefficient and mass concentration of PM10 have been evaluated. A decreasing trend was found in horizontal extinction coefficient during the past 23 years, with higher values observed in 1980s relative to 1990s, and the highest and lowest values in winter and summer, respectively. Significant correlation and similar seasonal variations existed between horizontal extinction coefficient and PM10 concentration, suggesting the high influence of PM10 to the visibility drop at a site in the Guanzhong Plain of central China during the past two decades.

关键词： visibility aerosol horizontal extinction coefficient air pollution index Xi'an

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Pathways of China's PM2.5 air quality 2015–2060 in the context of carbon neutrality

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National Science Review 2021年第12期8卷 63-73页

作者： Jing Cheng Dan Tong Qiang zhang Yang Liu Yu Lei Gang Yan Liu Yan Sha Yu Ryna Yiyun Cui Leon Clarke Guannan Geng Bo Zheng xiaoye zhang Steven J.Davis Kebin He Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling Department of Earth System ScienceTsinghua University Department of Earth System Science University of California Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning Joint Global Change Research Institute Pacific Northwest National LaboratoryUniversity Research Court Center for Global Sustainability School of Public PolicyUniversity of Maryland State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua University Institute of Environment and Ecology Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather&Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences

Clean air policies in China have substantially reduced particulate matter(PM2.5) air pollution in recent years,primarily by curbing end-of-pipe ***,reaching the level of the World Health Organization(WHO) guidelines may instead depend upon the air quality co-benefits of ambitious climate ***,we assess pathways of Chinese PM2.5air quality from 2015 to 2060 under a combination of scenarios that link global and Chinese climate mitigation pathways(*** 2℃-and 1.5℃-pathways,National Determined Contributions(NDC) pledges and carbon neutrality goals) to local clean air *** find that China can achieve both its near-term climate goals(peak emissions) and PM2.5air quality annual standard(35 μg/m~3) by 2030 by fulfilling its NDC pledges and continuing air pollution control ***,the benefits of end-of-pipe control reductions are mostly exhausted by 2030,and reducing PM2.5exposure of the majority of the Chinese population to below 10 μg/m~3 by 2060 will likely require more ambitious climate mitigation efforts such as China’ s carbon neutrality goals and global1.5℃-*** results thus highlight that China’s carbon neutrality goals will play a critical role in reducing air pollution exposure to the level of the WHO guidelines and protecting public health.

关键词： clean air policy carbon neutrality synergy pathway air quality standards WHO guidelines

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Modeling Study of Aerosol Indirect Effectson Global Climate with an AGCM

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2010年第5期27卷 1064-1077页

作者：王志立张华沈学顺龚山陵张小曳 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Center for Numerical Prediction Research and State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services China Meteorological Administration Air Quality Research Branch Meteorological Service of Canada Toronto Ontario Canada

Aerosol indirect effects （AIEs） on global climate were quantitatively investigated by introducing aerosol–cloud interaction parameterizations for water stratus clouds into an AGCM （BCC AGCM2.0.1）, which was developed by the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration. The study yielded a global annual mean of -1.14 W m^-2 for the first indirect radiative forcing （IRF）, with an obvious seasonal change. In summer, large forcing mainly occurred in mid to high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, whereas in winter, large values were found at 60°S. The second indirect effect led to global annual mean changes in net shortwave flux of -1.03 W m^-2 at the top of the atmosphere （TOA）, which was relatively significant in mid-latitude regions of both hemispheres. The total AIE reduced the global annual means of net shortwave flux at the TOA and of surface temperature by 1.93 W m^-2 and 0.12 K, respectively. Change in surface temperature induced by the total AIE was clearly larger in the Northern Hemisphere （-0.23 K） than in the Southern Hemisphere, where changes were negligible. The interhemispheric asymmetry in surface cooling resulted in significant differences in changes of the interhemispheric annual mean precipitation rate, which could lead to a tendency for the ITCZ to broaden. The total AIE decreased the global annual mean precipitation rate by 0.055 mm df^-1.

关键词： aerosol cloud radiation indirect effect

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Spatial and temporal distribution of the cloud optical depth over China based on MODIS satellite data during 2003–2016

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2019年第6期31卷 66-81页

作者： Xiaopan Li Huizheng Che Hong Wang Xiang'ao Xia Quanliang Chen Ke Gui Hujia Zhao Linchang An Yu Zheng Tianze Sun Zhizhong Sheng Chao Liu xiaoye zhang Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Laboratory of Sichuan Province College of Atmospheric Science Chengdu University of Information Technology State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather LASW and Institute of Atmospheric Composition Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesCMA Laboratory for Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment Observation LAGEO Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Geoscience University of Chinese Academy of Science School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering Henan Polytechnic University

The cloud optical depth(COD) is one of the important parameters used to characterize atmospheric clouds. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the COD over East Asia in 2011 using cloud mode data from the AERONET(Aerosol Robotic Network) ground-based observational network. The applicability of the MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) COD product was verified and compared with the AERONET cloud mode dataset. There was a good correlation between the AERONET and the MODIS. The spatial and temporal distribution and trends in the COD over China were then analyzed using MODIS satellite data from 2003 to 2016. The seasonal changes in the AERONET data and the time sequence variation of the satellite data suggest that the seasonal variations in the COD are significant. The result shows that the COD first decreases and then increases with the season in northern China, and reaches the maximum in summer and minimum in ***, the spatial distribution change is just the opposite in southern China. The spatial variation trend shows the COD in China decreases first with time and gradually increases after 2014. And the trend of COD in the western and central China is consistent with that in China. While the trend of COD shows a continuously increasing over time in northeast China and the Pearl River Delta.

关键词： Sun photometer MODIS COD Verification

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CHARACTERISTICS OF CLAY MINERALS IN ASIAN DUST AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNIFICANCE

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China Particuology 2005年第5期3卷 260-264页

作者： Zhenxing Shen Xuxiang Li Junji Cao Sandrine Caquineau Yaqiang Wang xiaoye zhang Department of Environmental Science and Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 710049 P. R. China Institute of Earth Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Xi'an 710075 P. R. China Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement 32 av. H. Varagnat 93143 Bondy cedex France Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 P. R. China

The objectives of this research were to characterise the clay minerals composition of soil-derived dust in Northern China and to set up a mineralogical signature to trace their origin. Mineral composition of aerosol particles was investigated at Aksu, Dunhuang, Yulin, Tongliao and Changwu during an intensive field campaign period of ACE-Asia. The results show that the kaolinite （K） to chlorite （C） ratio is sensitive to the regional origin of Asian dust. Western source areas （represented by Aksu） displayed the lowest K/C ratio of 0.3 （average）, while it was found to increase up to 0.70 （average） upon moving towards northern source areas （represented by Yulin）. By studying transported dust in a deposition area representative of the Chinese Loess Plateau, the usefulness of the K/C ratio, when associated with back air-mass trajectories, was found to lie in revealing the origin of the dust. Comparison of the mineralogical data between Asian dust and Sahara dust, shows that the K/C ratio is also an effective signature to identify the source areas on a hemisphere scale.

关键词： soil dust clay ratios source identification

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中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学成分浓度、组成与来源特征

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气象学报 2014年第6期72卷 1108-1117页

作者：张小曳中国气象科学研究院北京100081

为获得中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学组成的总体"图景",进一步探讨污染治理方向,需要分区域评估其化学成分浓度水平、组成与来源特征。通过对近地层中国内陆大气气溶胶中6种主要化学成分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、有机碳、黑碳和矿物气溶胶)... 详细信息

为获得中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学组成的总体"图景",进一步探讨污染治理方向,需要分区域评估其化学成分浓度水平、组成与来源特征。通过对近地层中国内陆大气气溶胶中6种主要化学成分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、有机碳、黑碳和矿物气溶胶)至少有1 a观测研究的评估分析,获得不同区域气溶胶化学成分质量浓度水平与组成的评估结果,认识到在气溶胶污染最严重的4大区域(即北京以南的华北与关中平原区域、以长三角为主体的华东区域、以珠三角为主体的华南区域以及四川盆地)的PM_(10)中矿物气溶胶(所占比例在20%38%)、硫酸盐(14%-24%)、有机碳(11%-18%)是3个主要组分;其中华北与关中平原气溶胶污染在中国最重,硫酸盐浓度在35—47μg/m^3(远高于北京(13—18μg/m^3))、有机碳28—45μg/m^3(约是北京(19—22μg/n^3)的1.8倍)、硝酸盐19—22μg/m^3(约是北京(9.9—12μg/m^3)的2倍)、铵14—16μg/m^3(仍然比北京(6.2-8.4μg/m^3)高1倍),黑碳在北京和北京以南城市的浓度差别不大(9.1—12μg/m^3)。这其中燃煤对硝酸盐和有机碳气溶胶的贡献超过50%,农业活动是铵的最重要来源。华东、华南和东北城市区域气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相近,但四川盆地城市站各组分浓度均高于北京,污染较重。西北兰州城市站,除了黑碳浓度低很多、硝酸盐浓度稍高外,其他气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相当。西北偏远区域沙漠站点,各种气溶胶化学成分的浓度都要远低于北京。青藏高原和云贵高原城市站气溶胶化学成分浓度与北京相比也明显偏低。不同区域气溶胶化学组成分析显示,燃煤、机动车、城市逸散性粉尘和农业活动是4个最需要关注的污染源,加强除发电行业外的燃煤脱硫,进一步消减燃煤氮氧化物、一次有机碳和挥发性有机物排放,并有效减少农业活动排放到大气中的氨,更有效限制硫酸盐和硝酸盐的形成是已有大气污染治理对策基础上,未来应特别关注的控制方向。

关键词：气溶胶化学成分中国各区域气溶胶污染控制

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有关中国黄土高原黄土物质的源区及其输送方式的再评述

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第四纪研究 2007年第2期27卷 181-186页

作者：张小曳中国气象科学研究院中国气象局大气成分观测与服务中心北京100081

仅通过对黄土的研究来认识黄土物质的源地和输送方式、沉降过程往往需要假设和推测一些问题，不够直接和全面，借助对沙漠和大气中沙尘粒子本身的研究则可以更清晰地认识它们。文章在以往对黄土物质源区、输送和沉积过程研究的基础上，... 详细信息

仅通过对黄土的研究来认识黄土物质的源地和输送方式、沉降过程往往需要假设和推测一些问题，不够直接和全面，借助对沙漠和大气中沙尘粒子本身的研究则可以更清晰地认识它们。文章在以往对黄土物质源区、输送和沉积过程研究的基础上，对有关这些问题的研究进展，特别是2000～2006年以来的进展给出了进一步的评述。结果表明：蒙古源区、以塔克拉玛干沙漠为主体的中国西部沙漠源区和以巴丹吉林沙漠为中心的中国北部沙漠源区贡献了亚洲沙尘释放总量的约70％，它们可视为亚洲沙尘的3个贡献量最大的源区，也可视为是黄土高原黄土物质的主要源地；有关亚洲沙尘的输送，在接近其源区的区域其沙尘浓度峰值在1km及其以下，在中国内陆其峰值通常在1～3km高度，在日本等东亚区域在2～4km高度，在太平洋中部峰值位于4—5km高度，在美国西部在5～7km的位置。通常，亚洲沙尘的区域尺度输送主要受近地面层东亚冬季风的控制，沙尘穿越太平洋的跨洲输送模式与全球尺度的大气环流变化紧密相关，特别是受中纬度西风带的影响。关于黄土高原黄土物质的沉降和堆积，近地面层东亚冬季风起到的是控制性的作用，沙尘在黄土高原的沉降以干沉降为主。晚第四纪黄土-古土壤中的90％以上是亚洲沙尘粒子的沉积物，不到10％受到了再作用过程的影响。

关键词：黄土的源区输送沉积中国黄土高原

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