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An updated review and conceptual model for optimizing WEEE management in China from a life cycle perspective

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第5期11卷 21-32页

作者： xiaolong song Jingwei Wang Jianxin Yang Bin Lu WEEE Research Center of Shanghai Polytechnic University Shanghai 201209 China Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for WEEE Recycling Shanghai 201209 China State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China

Waste electrical and electronic equipment （WEEE） is a rapidly growing category of solid waste. China is now facing WEEE problems from both growing domestic generation and illegal imports. Currently, the amount of WEEE formally treated has increased steadily in China. The layout of the formal sector has been basically completed. Meanwhile, by controlling illegal disassembly activities, the informal sector has been gradually transformed to formal one. Beginning with the overview of the WEEE recycling industry in China, this paper first lists the latest progress in WEEE management from such aspects as the new edition of China RollS Directive （Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive）, the updated WEEE Treatment List, the updated WEEE fund standard, the revised National Hazardous Waste List, and a brand-new plan on extended producer responsibility. In so doing, we elucidate the current challenges on WEEE management in detail： the imbalance between fund levies and subsidies, the gap in the supervision scope, the homogenization of recycling industry and the lack of life cycle approaches. Finally, a conceptual framework for integrated management of WEEE is proposed from a life cycle perspective. Overall, the life cycle management of WEEE includes three aspects： developing life cycle information for decision-making, implementing life cycle engineering with life cycle tools, and improving WEEE legislation based on life cycle thinking. By providing specific operating strategies, this life cycle framework should help to optimize WEEE management in developing countries where legislation is imperfect and the recycling system is relatively immature.

关键词： Waste electrical and electronic equipment E-wasteLife cycle management China

Comparison on End-of-Life strategies of WEEE in China based on LCA

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2017年第5期11卷 85-96页

作者： Bin Lu xiaolong song Jianxin Yang Dong Yang State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre tbr WEEE Recycling Shanghai Polytechnic University Shanghai 201209 China SDAS Key Laboratory of Scientific Decision-Making Institute of Science and Technology for Develooment of Shandong Shandong Province Academy of Sciences Jinan 250014 China

As the Electrical and Electronic Equipment （EEE） are upgraded more frequently in China, a large quantity of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment （WEEE） was and will be generated. It becomes an urgent issue to develop and adopt an effective End-of-Life （EoL） strategy for EEE in order to balance the resource recovery and environmental impacts. In an EoL strategy hierarchy for EEE, reuse strategy is usually deemed to be prior to materials recovery and other strategies. But in practice, the advantages and disadvantages of different strategies are always context-dependent. Therefore, main EoL strategies for EEE in China need to be evaluated in environment and resources aspects from the life cycle perspective. In this study, the obsolete refrigerator and Power Supply Unit （PSU） ofdesktop PC are both taken as the target products. Life Cycle Assessment （LCA） is applied to assess the environmental impacts of different EoL scenarios in China： Unit Reuse Scenario （URS）, Component Reuse Scenario （CRS） and Materials Recovery Scenario （MRS）. The LCA results show that the EoL strategies hierarchy is reasonable for the part＇of computer, bui not necessarily suitable for obsolete refrigerators. When the policy makers promote or demote one EoL strategy especially reuse, it is necessary to take subsequent impacts into consideration.

关键词： End-of-Life Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Life Cycle Assessment Reuse

Real-time Tire Parameters Observer for Vehicle Dynamics Stability Control

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Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2010年第5期23卷 620-626页

作者： LI Liang LI Hongzhi ZHANG xiaolong HE Lin song Jian State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

The performance of the vehicle dynamics stability control system（DSC） is dominated by the accurate estimation of tire forces in *** characteristics of tire forces are determined by tire dynamic states and parameters,which vary in an obviously large scope along with different working ***,there have been many methods based on the nonlinear observer to estimate the tire force and dynamic parameters,but they were only used in off-line analysis because of the computation complexity and the dynamics differences of four tires in the steering maneuver conditions were not considered *** paper develops a novel algorithm to observe tire parameters in real-time controller for *** algorithm is based on the sensor-fusion technology with the signals of DSC sensors,and the tire parameters are estimated during a set of maneuver *** calibrated tire parameters in the control cycle are treated as the elementary states for vehicle dynamics observation,in which the errors between the calculated and the measured vehicle dynamics are used as the correcting factors for the tire parameter observing *** test process with a given acceleration following a straight line is used to validate the estimation method of the longitudinal stiffness;while the test process with a given steering angle is used to validate the estimated value of the cornering *** ground test result shows that the proposed algorithm can estimate the tire stiffness accurately with an acceptable computation cost for real-time controller only using DSC sensor *** proposed algorithm can be an efficient algorithm for estimating the tire dynamic parameters in vehicle dynamics stability control system,and can be used to improve the robustness of the DSC controller.

关键词： tire longitudinal stiffness cornering stiffness vehicle dynamics stability

Stochastic evolution of hydraulic geometry relations in the lower Yellow River of China under environmental uncertainties

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2020年第4期35卷 328-346页

作者： xiaolong song Deyu Zhong Guangqian Wang Xiaonan Li State Key Laboratory of Hydro-science and Engineering Tsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engintering Simulation and Safety Tianjin University Changjiang Survey PlanningDesign and Research Co.Ltd

Hydraulic geometry relations comprise a classic way to understand characteristics of a ***,environmental changes pose large uncertainties for the reliability of such *** the current study,on the basis of the ordinary differential equations(ODEs) formed through linear treatment of the deterministic power-law hydraulic geometry relations,a set of stochastic differential equations(SDEs)driven by Fractional white noise and Poisson noise are developed to simulate the historical dynamic probability distributions of typical hydraulic geometry variables such as slope,width,depth,and velocity with bankfull discharge variation over time in the lower Yellow River of *** group of possible stochastic average behaviors within the next 50 years are calculated under three different design incoming water-sediment conditions(including 300,600,and 800 million t of annual average sediment discharge).In each part of the lower reaches,after estimation of the SDE parameters using a nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation(MLE) method,the model is carefully examined using Monte Carlo simulation as compared with the deterministic control *** results of this comparison reveal the potential responses of hydraulic geometry characteristics to environmental disturbances,and the average trends mainly agree with the *** among the three different prediction results reveal the stochastic average solution generally is greater than the deterministic *** results also confirm the severe negative impacts that result from the condition of 300 million t of incoming sediment,thus,pointing out the need to raise the level of river evolution alert for the lower Yellow River of China in the ***,with the help of the stochastic computation,the stream power and hydraulic width/depth ratio could be representative of an effective systematic measure for river *** proposed stochastic approach is not only important to development in t

关键词： Hydraulic geometry relations Environmental uncertainties Stochastic differential equation Lower Yellow River River system

Review of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals: Hydrogen Diffusion, Hydrogen Characterization, Hydrogen Embrittlement Mechanism and Prevention

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2020年第6期33卷 759-773页

作者： Xinfeng Li Xianfeng Ma Jin Zhang Eiji Akiyama Yanfei Wang xiaolong song Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an 710049China Department of Physics and Astronomy Washington State UniversityPullmanWA 99164USA Materials Design Division Institute for Materials ResearchTohoku UniversitySendai 980-8577Japan School of Chemical Engineering and Technology China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221116China

Hydrogen dissolved in metals as a result of internal and external hydrogen can affect the mechanical properties of the metals, principally through the interactions between hydrogen and material defects. Multiple phenomena such as hydrogen dissolution, hydrogen diffusion, hydrogen redistribution and hydrogen interactions with vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries and other phase interfaces are involved in this process. Consequently, several hydrogen embrittlement(HE) mechanisms have been successively proposed to explain the HE phenomena, with the hydrogen-enhanced decohesion mechanism, hydrogenenhanced localized plasticity mechanism and hydrogen-enhanced strain-induced vacancies being some of the most important. Additionally, to reduce the risk of HE for engineering structural materials in service, surface treatments and microstructural optimization of the alloys have been suggested. In this review, we report on the progress of the studies on HE in metals, with a particular focus on steels. It focuses on four aspects:(1) hydrogen diffusion behavior;(2) hydrogen characterization methods;(3) HE mechanisms;and(4) the prevention of HE. The strengths and weaknesses of the current HE mechanisms and HE prevention methods are discussed, and specific research directions for further investigation of fundamental HE mechanisms and methods for preventing HE failure are identified.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement Hydrogen diffusion Hydrogen embrittlement mechanism prevention

Simulation on the stochastic evolution of hydraulic geometry relationships with the stochastic changing bankfull discharges in the Lower Yellow River

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2020年第5期30卷 843-864页

作者： song xiaolong ZHONG Deyu WANG Guangqian State Key Laboratory of Hydro-science and Engineering Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China

Extreme weather is an important noise factor in affecting dynamic access to river morphology *** response characteristics of river channel on climate disturbances draw us to develop a method to investigate the dynamic evolution of bankfull channel geometries(including the hydraulic geometry variables and bankfull discharges)with stochastic differential equations in this *** different forms of random inputs,including single Gaussian white noise and compound Gaussian/Fractional white noise plus Poisson noise,are explored respectively on the basis of the classical deterministic *** model parameters are consistently estimated by applying a composite nonparametric maximum likelihood estimation(MLE)*** of the model application in the Lower Yellow River reveal the potential responses of bankfull channel geometries to climate disturbances in a probabilistic way,and,the calculated average trends mainly run to synchronize with the measured *** among the three models confirm the advantage of Fractional jump-diffusion model,and through further discussion,stream power based on such a model is concluded as a better systematic measure of river *** proposed method helps to offer an effective tool for analyzing fluvial relationships and improves the ability of crisis management of river system under varying environment conditions.

关键词： stochastic differential equation bankfull channel geometry river system extreme weather Lower Yellow River

Identification and assessment of environmental burdens of Chinese copper production from a life cycle perspective

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Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014年第4期8卷 580-588页

作者： xiaolong song Jianxin YANG Bin LU Bo LI Guangyuan ZENG State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100085 China Shanghai Cooperative Centre for WEEE Recycling Shanghai Second Polytechnic University Shanghai 201209 China

The environmental burdens of Chinese copper production have been identified and quantified in the context of typical technologies, materials supplies and environmental emissions by a life cycle approach. Primary and secondary copper production using copper ores and scraps, respectively, were analyzed in detail. The flash and bath smelting approaches and the recycling of copper scraps were selected as representative copper production processes. A quantitative analysis was also conducted to assess the influence of material transport distance in copper production. Life cycle assessment （LCA） results showed that resources depletion and human health contribute significantly to environmental burdens in Chinese copper production. In addition, the secondary copper production has dramatically lower environmental burdens than the primary production. There is no obvious distinction in overall environmental burdens in primary copper production by flash or bath smelting approach. However, resources depletion is lower and the damage to human health is higher for flash smelting approach. Ecosystem quality damage is slight for both approaches. Environ- mental burdens from the mining stage contribute most in all life cycle stages in primary copper production. In secondary copper production, the electrolytic refining stage dominates. Based on the life cycle assessment results, some suggestions for improving environmental performance were proposed to meet the sustainable development of Chinese copper industry.

关键词： copper production environmental burden life cycle assessment refined copper

Spatial non-stationary characteristics between temperate grasslands based on a mixed geographically weighted regression model

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Journal of Geographical Sciences 2022年第6期32卷 1076-1102页

作者： song xiaolong MI Nan MI Wenbao LI Longtang College of Agriculture Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China School of Geography and Planning Ningxia UniversityYinchuan 750021China

Spatial models are effective in obtaining local details on grassland biomass,and their accuracy has important practical significance for the stable management of grasses and *** this end,the present study utilized measured quadrat data of grass yield across different regions in the main growing season of temperate grasslands in Ningxia of China(August 2020),combined with hydrometeorology,elevation,net primary productivity(NPP),and other auxiliary data over the same ***,non-stationary characteristics of the spatial scale,and the effects of influencing factors on grass yield were analyzed using a mixed geographically weighted regression(MGWR)*** results showed that the model was suitable for correlation *** spatial scale of ratio resident-area index(PRI)was the largest,followed by the digital elevation model,NPP,distance from gully,distance from river,average July rainfall,and daily temperature range;whereas the spatial scales of night light,distance from roads,and relative humidity(RH)were the most *** influencing factors maintained positive and negative effects on grass yield,save for the strictly negative effect of *** regression results revealed a multiscale differential spatial response regularity of different influencing factors on grass *** parameters revealed that the results of Ordinary least squares(OLS)(Adjusted R^(2)=0.642)and geographically weighted regression(GWR)(Adjusted R^(2)=0.797)models were worse than those of MGWR(Adjusted R^(2)=0.889)*** on the results of the RMSE and radius index,the simulation effect also was MGWR>GWR>OLS ***,the MGWR model held the strongest prediction performance(R^(2)=0.8306).Spatially,the grass yield was high in the south and west,and low in the north and east of the study *** results of this study provide a new technical support for rapid and accurate estimation of grassland yield to dynamically adjust grazing decision in the semi-ar

关键词： grass yield spatial non-stationary mixed geographically weighted regression model temperate grassland Ningxia

Hydrogen embrittlement and failure mechanisms of multi-principal element alloys:A review

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Journal of Materials Science & Technology 2022年第27期122卷 20-32页

作者： Xinfeng Li Jing Yin Jin Zhang Yanfei Wang xiaolong song Yong Zhang Xuechong Ren Sino-French Institute of Nuclear Engineering and Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China College of Education for the Future Beijing Normal UniversityZhuhai 519087China School of Chemical Engineering&Technology China University of Mining and TechnologyXuzhou 221116China State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials Xi’an Jiaotong UniversityXi’an 710049China State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China National Center for Materials Service Safety University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China

Multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent physical,chemical and mechanical properties,and they are used as novel structural materials for potential applications in nuclear energy,hydrogen energy,and petrochemical ***,exposing components made of the alloys to service conditions related to the mentioned applications may induce hydrogen embrittlement(HE)as one of the typical failure *** this review,we report and summarize the progress in understanding HE in multi-principal element alloys,with a particular focus on high-entropy alloys(HEAs).The review focuses on four aspects:(1)hydrogen migration behavior(hydrogen dissolution,hydrogen diffusion,and hydrogen traps);(2)factors affecting HE(hydrogen concentration,alloy elements and microstructure);(3)tensile mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen and micro-damage HE mechanisms;(4)the design concept for preventing hydrogen-induced mechanical *** differences in the HE behavior and failure mechanisms between HEAs and traditional alloys are compared and ***,specific research directions for further investigation of fundamental HE issues and a strategy for a simultaneous improvement in strength and HE resistance are identified.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement High-entropy alloy Hydrogen diffusion Mechanical property