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机会平等的核心理念、证成与现实争议

四川大学学报（哲学社会科学版） 2024年第1期 66-72,209,210页

作者：顾肃复旦大学社会科学高等研究院上海200433 南京大学哲学系

机会平等原则要求人们在受教育、兴办企事业、就业、获得晋升、担任政府公职等方面的机会同等,不能因为人的性别、出身、家庭背景等非业绩因素而区别对待。对机会平等的证成是道义论和权利论的,立足于人是目的的道德公设,从而需要给予... 详细信息

机会平等原则要求人们在受教育、兴办企事业、就业、获得晋升、担任政府公职等方面的机会同等,不能因为人的性别、出身、家庭背景等非业绩因素而区别对待。对机会平等的证成是道义论和权利论的,立足于人是目的的道德公设,从而需要给予每个人同等的发展机会。罗尔斯主张,人的天赋、家庭背景等非业绩因素是随机获得的,因而不应认为是应得的。但自由至上主义者则认为,个人拥有其身体及寓于其中的天赋、才能等特质,在此基础上依据正当的程序取得的成就便是其应得的。围绕机会平等理论的争论与众多社会政策和立法密切相关,以族群多样性的理由调整竞争性机会平等,积极行动计划等补偿措施也引起了司法诉讼,美国高院近期关于高校招生不考虑种族因素的判决反映了对竞争性机会平等的新认知和再调整。

关键词：机会平等积极行动计划族群多样性正义理论

罗尔斯以契约论建构制度正义的普遍价值和意义

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浙江社会科学 2024年第6期 97-103,159页

作者：顾肃复旦大学社会科学高等研究院上海200433 南京大学哲学系

罗尔斯的《正义论》反映了当代西方社会运动提出的社会正义制度建构的深刻问题。他以原初状态下的原始契约来论证正义原则的合理性,并对功利主义作了深入的批判,从而复兴了规范性政治哲学。契约论是一种假想的前提,它作为一种解释手段,... 详细信息

罗尔斯的《正义论》反映了当代西方社会运动提出的社会正义制度建构的深刻问题。他以原初状态下的原始契约来论证正义原则的合理性,并对功利主义作了深入的批判,从而复兴了规范性政治哲学。契约论是一种假想的前提,它作为一种解释手段,在理论阐述上成了论证自然权利、正义原则等基本政治法律观念的出发点,具有普遍性的品格。社群主义者批评正义的平等自由原则所适用的订约的个人是不受目标约束的自我,但自由民主主义者并没有把自我当作完全独立于目标的独来独往的自我,而是指出自我优先于目标,永远是自我与目标的关系中能动的方面。罗尔斯先验制度主义的进路深入阐述了正义制度的构成和建立,通过立法将其建立并付诸具体实施,显出其普适性的价值和意义。

关键词：罗尔斯正义原则社会契约论制度主义

Qualitative exploration of home life experiences and care needs among elderly patients with temporary intestinal stomas

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第22期30卷 2893-2901页

作者： Si-Meng Wang Jian-Ling Jiang Rui Li Juan-Juan Wang Chun-Hong gu Jia Zeng xiao-Hui Wei Mei Chen Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University Jiangnan UniversityWuxi 214122Jiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Gastrointestinal surgery Tongren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200335China Department of Nursing Tong Ren Hospital Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai 200335China

BACKGROUND This study employed a phenomenological research approach within qualitative research to explore the challenges encountered by elderly individuals with temporary colostomies in managing their daily lives and care needs.Protecting the anus surgery combined with temporary colostomy has emerged as a prevalent treatment modality for low rectal cancer.However,the ileostomy is susceptible to peri-stoma skin complications,as well as fluid,electrolyte,and nutritional imbalances,posing challenges to effective management.The successful selfmanagement of patients is intricately linked to their adjustment to temporary colostomy;nonetheless,there remains a dearth of research examining the factors influencing self-care among temporary colostomy patients and the obstacles they confront.AIM To investigate the lived experiences,perceptions,and care requirements of temporary colostomy patients within their home environment,with the ultimate goal of formulating a standardized management protocol.METHODS Over the period of June to August 2023,a purposive sampling technique was utilized to select 12 patients with temporary intestinal stomas from a tertiary hospital in Shanghai,China.Employing a phenomenological research approach,a semi-structured interview guide was developed,and qualitative interviews were conducted using in-depth interview techniques.The acquired data underwent coding,analysis,organization,and summarization following Colaizzi’s seven-step method.REsuLTS The findings of this study revealed that the experiences and needs of patients with temporary intestinal stomas can be delineated into four principal themes:Firstly,Temporary colostomy patients bear various burdens and concerns about the uncertainty of disease progression;secondly,patients exhibit limited self-care capabilities and face information deficits,resulting in heightened reliance on healthcare professionals;thirdly,patients demonstrate the potential for internal motivation through proactive self-adjustment;and finally,patients express a significa

关键词： Elderly Temporary intestinal stomas Life experiences Intestinal ostomy complications Qualitative study

Layered oxide cathodes for sodium-ion batteries:microstructure design,local chemistry and structural unit

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第1期67卷 191-213页

作者： Ling-Yi Kong Han-xiao Liu Yan-Fang Zhu Jia-Yang Li Yu su Hong-Wei Li Hai-Yan Hu Yi-Feng Liu Ming-Jing Yang Zhuang-Chun Jian Xin-Bei Jia Shu-Lei Chou Yao xiao Institute for Carbon Neutralization College of Chemistry and Materials EngineeringWenzhou UniversityWenzhou 325035China

Because of the low price and abundant reserves of sodium compared with lithium,the research of sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)in the field of large-scale energy storage has returned to the research spotlight.Layered oxides distinguish themselves from the mains cathode materials of SIBs owing to their advantages such as high specific capacity,simple synthesis route,and environmental benignity.However,the commercial development of the layered oxides is limited by sluggish kinetics,complex phase transition and poor air stability.Based on the research ideas from macro-to micro-scale,this review systematically summarizes the current optimization strategies of sodium-ion layered oxide cathodes(SLOC)from different dimensions:microstructure design,local chemistry regulation and structural unit construction.In the dimension of microstructure design,the various structures such as the microspheres,nanoplates,nanowires and exposed active facets are prepared to improve the slow kinetics and electrochemical performance.Besides,from the view of local chemistry regulation by chemical element substitution,the intrinsic electron/ion properties of SLOC have been enhanced to strengthen the structural stability.Furthermore,the optimization idea of endeavors to regulate the physical and chemical properties of cathode materials essentially is put forward from the dimension of structural unit construction.The opinions and strategies proposed in this review will provide some inspirations for the design of new SLOC in the future.

关键词： sodium-ion batteries layered oxide cathodes microstructure design local chemistry structural unit

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Structural regulation of coal-derived hard carbon anode for sodium-ion batteries via pre-oxidation

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Rare Metals 2024年第6期43卷 2585-2596页

作者： Meng-Yuan su Kai-Yang Zhang Edison Huixiang Ang Xue-Li Zhang Yan-Ning Liu Jia-Lin Yang Zhen-Yi gu Faaz A.Butt Xing-Long Wu Faculty of Chemistry Northeast Normal University MOE Key Laboratory for UV Light-Emitting Materials and Technology Northeast Normal UniversityMinistry of Education Natural Sciences and Science Education National Institute of EducationNanyang Technological University Materials Engineering Department NED University of Engineering and Technology

Hard carbon（HC） is broadly recognized as an exceptionally prospective candidate for the anodes of sodium-ion batteries（SIBs）,but their practical implementation faces substantial limitations linked to precursor factors,such as reduced carbon yield and increased cost.Herein,a cost-effective approach is proposed to prepare a coal-derived HC anode with simple pre-oxidation followed by a post-carbonization process which effectively expands the d002layer spacing,generates closed pores and increases defect sites.Through these modifications,the resulting HC anode attains a delicate equilibrium between plateau capacity and sloping capacity,showcasing a remarkable reversible capacity of 306.3 mAh·g-1at 0.03 A·g-1.Furthermore,the produ ced HC exhibits fast reaction kinetics and exceptional rate performance,achieving a capacity of 289 mAh·g-1at 0.1 A·g-1,equivalent to ～94.5% of that at 0.03 A·g-1.When implemented in a full cell configuration,the impressive electrochemical performance is evident,with a notable energy density of 410.6 Wh·kg-1（based on cathode mass）.In short,we provide a straightforward yet efficient method for regulating coal-derived HC,which is crucial for the widespread use of SIBs anodes.

关键词： Sodium-ion batteries Hard carbon Anode Coal Pre-oxidation

Eco-friendly calcium alginate microspheres enable enhanced profile control and oil displacement

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Petroleum Science 2024年第3期21卷 1928-1943页

作者： xiao-Han Zhang Chang-Jing Zhou Yuan-Xiang xiao Bo Hui Yong-Gang Xie Yu-Bin su Xin-Ru Li Jie Huang Mao-Chang Liu International Research Center for Renewable Energy State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Stimulation Technology for Oil & Gas Reservoirs School of Petroleum Engineering Xi'an Shiyou University Oil & Gas Technology Research Institute Changqing Oilfield Branch Company PetroChina suzhou Academy of Xi'an Jiaotong University

Polymer microspheres(PMs), such as polyacrylamide, have been widely applied for enhanced oil recovery(EOR), yet with environmental concerns. Here, we report a microfluid displacement technology containing a bio-based eco-friendly material, i.e., calcium alginate(CaAlg) microspheres for EOR. Two dominant mechanisms responsible for EOR over Ca Alg fluid have been verified, including the microscopic oil displacement efficacy augmented by regulating capillary force(determined by the joint action of interfacial tension and wettability between different phases) and macroscopic sweep volume increment through profile control and mobility ratio reduction. This comprehensive effectiveness can be further impacted when the CaAlg microsphere is embellished ulteriorly by using appropriate amount of sodium dodecyl sulfonate(SDS). The core flooding and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) tests demonstrate that CaAlg-SDS microsphere can balance the interphase property regulation(wettability alteration and IFT reduction) and rheology properties, enabling simultaneous profile control and oil displacement. Excessive introduction of SDS will have a negative impact on rheological properties, which is not favored for EOR. Our results show that the involvement of 4-m M SDS will provide the best behavior, with an EOR rate of 34.38%. This cost-effective and environmentally-friendly bio-microspherebased microfluidic displacement technology is expected to achieve “green” oil recovery in future oilfield exploitation.

关键词： Calcium alginate microspheres Wettability Interfacial tension Rheology Viscoelasticity Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)

Cinobufotalin prevents bone loss induced by ovariectomy in mice through the BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

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Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 2024年第3期7卷 208-221页

作者： Da-zhuang Lu Li-jun Zeng Yang Li Ran-li gu Meng-long Hu Ping Zhang Peng Yu xiao Zhang Zheng-wei Xie Hao Liu Yong-sheng Zhou Department of Prosthodontics Peking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingChina National Center of Stomatology BeijingChina National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases BeijingChina Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology BeijingChina Department of Cariology and Endodontology Peking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingChina Peking University International Cancer Institute Peking University Health Science CenterPeking UniversityBeijingChina Central Laboratory Peking University School and Hospital of StomatologyBeijingChina National Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterials and Digital Medical Devices BeijingChina

Background:Osteoporosis is a chronic bone disease characterized by bone loss and decreased bone strength.However,current anti-resorptive drugs carry a risk of various complications.The deep learning-based efficacy prediction system(DLEPS)is a forecasting tool that can effectively compete in drug screening and prediction based on gene expression changes.This study aimed to explore the protective effect and potential mechanisms of cinobufotalin(CB),a traditional Chinese medicine(TCM),on bone loss.Methods:DLEPS was employed for screening anti-osteoporotic agents according to gene profile changes in primary osteoporosis.Micro-CT,histological and morphological analysis were applied for the bone protective detection of CB,and the osteogenic differentiation/function in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(hBMMSCs)were also investigated.The underlying mechanism was verified using qRT-PCR,Western blot(WB),immunofluorescence(IF),etc.Results:A safe concentration(0.25mg/kg in vivo,0.05μM in vitro)of CB could effectively preserve bone mass in estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and promote osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs.Both BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways participated in CB-induced osteogenic differentiation,further regulating the expression of osteogenesis-associated factors,and ultimately promoting osteogenesis.Conclusion:Our study demonstrated that CB could significantly reverse estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss,further promoting osteogenic differentiation/function of hBMMSCs,with BMPs/SMAD and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways involved.

关键词： BMPs/SMAD bone loss cinobufotalin hBMMSCs osteogenesis osteoporosis Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways

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Optimized online filter stack spectrometer for ultrashort X-ray pulses

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Nuclear Science and Techniques 2024年第5期35卷 85-98页

作者： Jia-Xing Wen Ge Ma Ming-Hai Yu Yu-Chi Wu Yong-Hong Yan Shao-Yi Wang Huai-Zhong Gao Lu-Shan Wang Yu-Gang Zhou Qiang Li Yue Yang Fang Tan xiao-Hui Zhang Jie Zhang Wen-Bo Mo Jing-Qin su Wei-Min Zhou Yu-Qiu gu Ming Zeng Zong-Qing Zhao Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory Laser Fusion Research CenterCAEPMianyang 621900China Department of Engineering Physics Tsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China Key Laboratory of Particle and Radiation Imaging(Tsinghua University) Ministry of EducationBeijing 100084China School of Information Engineering Southwest University of Science and TechnologyMianyang 621010China

Currently,with the advent of high-repetition-rate laser-plasma experiments,the demand for online diagnosis for the X-ray spectrum is increasing because the laser-plasma-generated X-ray spectrum is very important for characterizing electron dynamics and applications.In this study,scintillators and silicon PIN(P-type–intrinsic-N-type semiconductor)diodes were used to construct a wideband online filter stack spectrometer.The X-ray sensor and filter arrangement was optimized using a genetic algorithm to minimize the condition number of the response matrix.Consequently,the unfolding error was significantly reduced based on numerical experiments.The detector responses were quantitatively calibrated by irradiating the scintillator and PIN diode with various nuclides and comparing the measuredγ-ray peaks.A prototype 15-channel spectrometer was developed by integrating an X-ray detector with front-and back-end electronics.The prototype spectrometer could record X-ray pulse signals at a repetition rate of 1 kHz.Furthermore,an optimized spectrometer was employed to record the real-time spectra of laser-driven bremsstrahlung sources.This optimized spectrometer offers a compact solution for spectrum diagnostics of ultrashort X-ray pulses,exhibiting improved accuracy in terms of spectrum measurements and repetition rates,and could be widely used in next-generation high-repetition-rate high-power laser facilities.

关键词： Filter stack spectrometer Laser plasma diagnostics X-ray diagnostics Scintillator PIN diode

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Application of psychological intervention in intensive care unit nursing for patients with severe acute pancreatitis

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World Journal of Psychiatry 2024年第6期14卷 913-919页

作者： Chun-Xia Huang xiao-Yan Xu Dong-Mei gu Hui-Ping Xue Department of Outpatient The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001Jiangsu ProvinceChina Emergency Intensive Care Unit The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001Jiangsu ProvinceChina Department of Nursing The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantong 226001Jiangsu ProvinceChina

BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis(SAP)is a familiar critical disease in the intensive care unit(ICU)patients.Nursing staff are important spiritual pillars during the treatment of patients,and in addition to routine nursing,more attention needs be paid to the patient’s psychological changes.AIM To investigate the effects of psychological intervention in ICU patients with SAP.METHODS One hundred ICU patients with SAP were hospitalized in the authors’hospital between 2020 and 2023 were selected,and divided into observation and control groups per the hospitalization order.The control and observation groups received routine nursing and psychological interventions,respectively.Two groups are being compared,using the Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS),Self-Determination Scale(SDS),Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation(APACHE)Ⅱ,and 36-item Short Form Health survey(SF-36)scores;nursing satisfaction of patients;ICU care duration;length of stay;hospitalization expenses;and the incidence of complications.REsuLTS After nursing,the SDS,SAS,and APACHEⅡ scores in the experimental group were significantly lower than in the control group(Psures can effectively alleviate adverse psychological conditions.

关键词： Severe acute pancreatitis Intensive care unit nursing Psychological intervention Changes of psychological status Short Form Health survey