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Voice from China:nomenclature of the novel coronavirus and related diseases

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Chinese Medical Journal 2020年第9期133卷 1012-1014页

作者： Gui-Zhen Wu jian-Wei Wang xu jian-qing Asian-Pacific Biosafety Association Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Research Center in National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention Chinese Academy of Mediw cal Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Christophe Merieux Laboratory Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University Shanghai Institute of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious School of Translational Medicines at Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Fudan University

Since early December 2019,the novel coronavirus has caused an outbreak of pneumonia that has claimed over 2000 lives,with more than 77,000 confirmed cases of infection by February 23,2020 in China.[1]The World Health Organization(WHO)recently named the disease caused by this new coronavirus as"coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)".The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses(ICTV)has named the new virus"severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)".[2]However,questions have been raised by different academic and professional bodies regarding whether the nomenclature is appropriate.

关键词： acute diseases respiratory

CD4^+ T cell-mediated presentation of non-infectious HIV-1 virion antigens to HIV-specific CD8^+ T cells

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Chinese Medical Journal 2006年第19期119卷 1629-1638页

作者： xu jian-qing Franco Lori Julianna Lisziewicz State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy Washington DC 20007 USA

Background The mechanism of chronic immune activation and impairment of HIV-specific immune responses during chronic infection is not fully understood. However, it is known that high immune activation leads to more rapid progression to AIDS. We hypothesize that CD4^＋ T cell-mediated viral antigen presentation contributes to this pathologic immune activation in HIV-infected individuals. Methods HIV-specific T cells, responding to noninfectious HIV-1 virions as antigen, were measured by flow cytometric assays. These experimental conditions reflect the in vivo condition where noninfectious HIV-1 represents more than 99% of the antigens. Results CD4^＋ T cells purified from HIV-infected individuals were capable of cross presenting exogenous noninfectious HIV-1 virions to HIV-1-specific CD8^＋ T cells. Cross presentation required the entry of HIV-1 to CD4^＋ T cells and antigen translocation from endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex. Blocking CD4^＋ mediated activation of HIV-specific CD8^＋ T cells and redirecting the viral antigens to antigen presenting cells improved HIV-specific T cell responses. Contusions One possible cause of chronic immune activation and impairment of HIV-1 specific T cell responses is represented by HIV-1 harboring CD4^＋ T cells cross presenting HIV-1 antigen to activate CD8^＋ T cells. This new mechanism provides the first evidence that cross presentation of noninfectious HIV-1 virions play a role in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection.

关键词： HIV antigen presenting CD4^+ T cell CD8+ T cell immune pathogenesis

HIV/AIDS vaccine development： are we walking out from the dark？

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Chinese Medical Journal 2010年第23期123卷 3489-3494页

作者： WAN Yan-min WANG You-chun xu jian-qing Department of Scientific Research Shanghai Public HealthClinical Center Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Key Laboratoryof Medical Molecular Virology of Shanghai Medical College andInstitute of Medical Microbiology Fudan University Shanghai201508 China National Institute for the Control of-Pharmaceutical and BiologicalProducts Beijing 100050 China State Key Kaboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention andControl Chinese Center for Disease Control and PreventionBeijing 102206 China

The need for AIDS vaccine has been emphasized by the increase of HIV-1 prevalence in sexual transmission which bridges the spreading of HIV-1 from high-risk population to other populations. After more than two-decade intensive effort on the AIDS vaccine development, it remains elusive whether and how an effective vaccine will be achieved. Recent data released from a phase Ⅲ trial in Thailand showed a partial protection might be accomplishable by（R）the ＂prime-boost＂combination of two vaccines： ALVAC（R） HIV vaccine （the prime）, and AIDSVAX（R） B/E vaccine （the boost）.1 This unprecedented large clinical trial observed that the prime-boost combination lowered the rate of HIV infection by 31.2% compared to placebo based on the modified intent-to-treat population （n=51 vs. n=74,respectively; P=0.04）. However, debating on the efficacy interpretation of this trial arose among field ***, how to improve the efficacy will become the most important question to be tackled. Here we reviewed the recent publications and summarized the major progress achieved.

关键词： human immunodeficiency virus 1 vaccine innate immunity cross-reactive

基于临界区传热特性的LNG冷能与空分系统集成与优化

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工程热物理学报 2017年第8期38卷 1607-1612页

作者：陈仕卿许剑谭春青中国科学院工程热物理研究所北京100190 鄂尔多斯启迪创业服务中心鄂尔多斯017010

本文提出了一种利用LNG冷能的新型空分流程,利用LNG冷能冷却进入氮压机的下塔顶部氮气并使其节流液化,部分液体作为产品输出,部分液体流入过冷器后进入上塔顶部完成回流,节流产生的高压氮返回LNG冷能换热器补充冷能。本文采用MATLAB编... 详细信息

本文提出了一种利用LNG冷能的新型空分流程,利用LNG冷能冷却进入氮压机的下塔顶部氮气并使其节流液化,部分液体作为产品输出,部分液体流入过冷器后进入上塔顶部完成回流,节流产生的高压氮返回LNG冷能换热器补充冷能。本文采用MATLAB编程对该流程进行计算,并考虑冷热流体在临界区比定压热容随温度剧烈变化的特性,分析氮气压缩机入口温度与总压比对系统能耗、LNG冷能利用率的影响。计算结果表明:氮气压缩机入口温度的降低会同时降低氮压机耗功和LNG冷能利用率,系统等效能耗随其先降低后升高;氮气压缩机总压比的升高会增加氮压机耗功与LNG冷能利用率,但系统等效能耗随之降低;将氮气压缩机入口温度选定为准临界温度时冷能利用系统的等效能耗最低,LNG冷能的利用最高效,相较于已有文献研究结果,本研究所设计新流程的单位液体产品能耗与LNG冷能利用率等指标均有大幅度提高。

关键词： LNG冷能空分流程准临界温度冷能利用率系统等效能耗

HLA-DR expression on regulatory T cells is closely associated with the global immune activation in HIV-1 infected subjects naive to antiretroviral therapy

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Chinese Medical Journal 2011年第15期124卷 2340-2346页

作者： XIAO jian QIAN Ke-lei CAO qing-hua QIU Chen-li QIU Cao xuE Yi-le ZHANG Xiao-yan ZHONG Ping xu jian-qing LI Ming-yuan WANG Ying Department of Microbiology West China School of preclimcal and Forensic Medicine Sichuan University Chengdu Sichuan 610041 China Department of AIDS/STD Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention Shanghai 200336 China Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education/Health Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai 201508 China

Background The frequencies of regulatory T cells （Tregs） increased over the HIV infection but its counts actually decreased. We proposed that the decrease of Treg counts may cause the reduction of inhibitory effect and thereby account for the over-activation of Tregs during HIV infection. However, it remains unknown whether Tregs are also over-activated and thereafter the activation induced death may lead to the decrease of Tregs. Methods Tregs were defined as CD4＋CD25＋CD127lo/-T cells. Eighty-one HIV-1 infected patients were enrolled in our study, and twenty-two HIV-1 seronegative donors were recruited as the control. The levels of HLA-DR on Tregs were determined by FACSAria flow cytometer. Results Compared to HIV-1 seronegative donors, the levels of HLA-DR on CD4＋CD25＋CD127lo/- Tregs were significantly increased in HIV-1 infected patients, and its increase was positively associated with viral loads （r=0.3163, P=-0.004） and negatively with CD4 T-cell counts （r=-0.4153, P 〈0.0001）. In addition, significant associations between HLA-DR expression on CD4＋CD25＋CD127lo/- Tregs and the percentages of HLA-DR, CD38, Ki67 expressing CD4＋ and CD8＋ T cells were also identified. Conclusion HLA-DR on Tregs is a good marker for viral replication and disease progression. The over-activation of Tregs might result in the decrease of Tregs.

关键词： human immunodeficiency virus type 1 T-lymphocytes, regulatory HLA-DR antigens immune activation

A mouse model based on replication-competent Tiantan vaccinia expressing luciferase/HIV-1 Gag fusion protein for the evaluation of protective efficacy of HIV vaccine

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Chinese Medical Journal 2009年第14期122卷 1655-1659页

作者： HUANG Yang QIU Chao LIU Lian-xing FENG Yan-meng ZHU Ting xu jian-qing State Key Laboratory for Infectious Diseases Prevention and Control National Center for AIDS/STD Control and Prevention Chinese Center of Disease Control and Prevention Beijing 100050 China Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Fudan University Shanghai 201508 China

Background Developing an effective vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 （HIV-1） remains a grand challenge after more than two decades of intensive effort. It is partially due to the lack of suitable animal models for screening and prioritizing vaccine candidates. In this study, we aim to develop a mice model to test HIV-1 vaccine efficacy. Methods We constructed a recombinant vaccinia expressing firefly luciferase and HIV-1 Gag fusion protein based on Tiantan strain, an attenuated but replication-competent poxvirus （rTTV-lucgag）. By quantifying the luciferase activity as its read out, we defined the biodistribution of Tiantan strain poxvirus in mice inoculated intraperitoneally and attempted to apply this model to evaluate the HIV-1 vaccine efficacy. Results Our data demonstrated that the rTTV-lucgag was able to express high level of luciferase （〈106 relative luciferase units （RLU）/mg protein） and HIV-1 Gag （〉3 folds increase comparing to the control）. After intraperitoneal inoculation, this virus had dominant replication in the ovary, uterus, and cervix of mice and the luciferase activities in those organs are significantly correlated with viral titers （r^2=0.71, P 〈0.01）. Pre-immunization with an HIV gag DNA vaccine reduced the luciferase activity in ovary from （6006±3141） RLU/mg protein in control group to （1538±463） RLU/mg protein in vaccine group （P=0.1969）. Conclusions The luciferase activity in ovary could represent viral replication in vivo; this rTTV-lucgag/mice model may be suitable to assess the protective efficacy of cytotoxic T-cell responses to HIV Gag with less tedious work and high through-put.

关键词： human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine mice model luciferase

Chloramphenicol improved expression of recombinant cholera toxin B subunit in Escherichia coli and its adjuvanticity

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Chinese Medical Journal 2011年第17期124卷 2751-2755页

作者： XIE Xiao-yan WAN Yan-min ZHU Zhao-qin ZHANG Huan-xiang xu jian-qing Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center Institutes of Biomedical Sciences Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministry of Education Shanghai Medical College Fudan University Shanghai 201508 China Department of Cell Biology Medical College of Soochow University jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China

Background Cholera toxin B subunit （CTB） was shown to be a potent adjuvant for protein immunogen, especially when inoculated through mucosal route. We aimed to optimize the expression approach for CTB and thereafter to determine the adjuvant effect on DNA vaccine. Methods Wild type CTB coding gene was amplified and cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a, and the recombinant CTB was expressed in the presence of different concentration of chloramphenicol and isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside. Purified recombinant CTB was mixed with HIV-1 AE2f tat-rev-integrase-vif-nef fusion gene DNA vaccine and female BALB/c mice were vaccinated with a DNA priming-recombinant vaccinia vectored vaccine boosting regimen through intramuscular injection. Interferon γ （IFN-γ） enzyme-linked immunospot （Elispot） assay was used to read out the specific T-cell immunity. Results Chloramphenicol was essential for the efficient expression of recombinant CTB （rCTB） in pET-30a/BL21 （DE3） system and could be optimized at the concentration of 0.625 μg/ml in the presence of chloramphenicol. The purified rCTB could bind with GM1 efficiently. INF-γ Elispot data showed the T-cell response induced in CTB adjuvanted group （（734±240） spot forming cells/106 splenocytes） was higher than that induced by non-adjuvanted （（520±150） spot forming cells/10e splenocytes）, all responses against different antigens were enhanced in parallel. Conclusion CTB could be efficiently expressed in the presence of chloramphenicol and purified CTB is functional and capable of enhancincl the specific T cell responses elicited by DNA vaccine, the mechanism needs to be explored in the future.

关键词： HIV-1 DNA vaccine cholera toxin B subunit expression efficacy adjuvant

Difference and Inheritance of the Sterility Maintenance of CMS in Indica Rice

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Agricultural Sciences in China 2002年第8期1卷 945-948页

作者： xu jian-hong and xuE qing-zhong( Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, P.R.China) Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture and Biotechnology Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310029 P.R. China

The inheritance of the sterility maintenance ability was studied for three types of CMS lines (Zhenshan97A, XieqingzaoA and II-32A) and several lines in indica rice. The result showed that the abilities to keep the male sterility of the maintainer lines strengthened obviously with the progressive backcrossing. The critical stage to maintain the sterility of CMS lines happened usually in BC5-6 generation. The selection of the recurrent parent gave an obvious influence on the pollen fertility distribution of the later generations. The author has discussed ways of improving of the maintainer lines.

关键词： Rice Maintainer Line Cytoplasm male sterile (CMS) Inheritance

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“一五”时期的投资与制度变革

当代中国史研究 2005年第6期12卷 29-38页

作者：徐建青中国社会科学院经济研究所

“一五”期间,我国资源供求状况及其配置方式发生巨大变化,这些变化与这一时期的投资过热和经济波动存在必然联系.“一五”时期的投资是个连续大起大落的过程,两次冒进间隔时间短,这在建国以来的投资史上是少见的.由于投资规模过大、增... 详细信息

“一五”期间,我国资源供求状况及其配置方式发生巨大变化,这些变化与这一时期的投资过热和经济波动存在必然联系.“一五”时期的投资是个连续大起大落的过程,两次冒进间隔时间短,这在建国以来的投资史上是少见的.由于投资规模过大、增长速度过快,导致生产资料和消费品供求形势全面紧张,促使国家将计划管理的力度和范围不断加大,从而加快了三大改造的步伐,全面建立起了计划经济体制.但自此也形成了追求高速度和外延、粗放型的增长方式.

关键词： “一五”计划时期投资建设制度变革