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TP-PROFILE: Monitoring the Thermodynamic Structure of the Troposphere over the Third Pole

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1264-1277页

作者： xuelong CHEN Yajing liU Yaoming MA Weiqiang MA Xiangde xu xinghong CHENG Luhan li xin xu Binbin WANG Land-Atmosphere Interaction and its Climatic Effects Group State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth SystemEnvironment and Resources(TPESER)Institute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China National Observation and Research Station for Qomolongma Special Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Changes Dingri 858200China China-Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesIslamabad 45320Pakistan College of Atmospheric Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China Kathmandu Center of Research and Education Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China State Key Laboratory of Disastrous Weather China Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081China

Ground-based microwave radiometers(MWRs)operating in the K-and V-bands(20–60 GHz)can help us obtain temperature and humidity profiles in the *** from some soundings from local meteorological observatories,the tropospheric atmosphere over the Tibetan Plateau(TP)has never been continuously *** part of the Chinese Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(STEP),the Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Profile(TPPROFILE)project aims to construct a comprehensive MWR troposphere observation network to study the synoptic processes and environmental changes on the *** initiative has collected three years of data from the MWR *** paper introduces the data information,the data quality,and data *** applications of the data obtained from these MWRs were also *** comparisons of MWR against the nearest radiosonde observation demonstrate that the TP-PROFILE MWR system is adequate for monitoring the thermal and moisture variability of the troposphere over the *** continuous temperature and moisture profiles derived from the MWR data provide a unique perspective on the evolution of the thermodynamic structure associated with the heating of the *** TP-PROFILE project reveals that the low-temporal resolution instruments are prone to large uncertainties in their vapor estimation in the mountain valleys on the TP.

关键词： microwave radiometer thermodynamic structure vertical profile Tibetan Plateau

Malware Evasion Attacks Against IoT and Other Devices: An Empirical Study

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2024年第1期29卷 127-142页

作者： Yan xu Deqiang li Qianmu li Shouhuai xu School of Computer Science and Engineering Nanjing University of Science and TechnologyNanjing 210094China School of Computer Science Nanjing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsNanjing 210023China Department of Computer Science University of Colorado Colorado SpringsColorado SpringsCO 80918USA

The Internet of Things(loT)has grown rapidly due to artificial intelligence driven edge *** enabling many new functions,edge computing devices expand the vulnerability surface and have become the target of malware ***,attackers have used advanced techniques to evade defenses by transforming their malware into functionality-preserving *** systematically analyze such evasion attacks and conduct a large-scale empirical study in this paper to evaluate their impact on *** specifically,we focus on two forms of evasion attacks:obfuscation and adversarial *** the best of our knowledge,this paper is the first to investigate and contrast the two families of evasion attacks *** apply 10 obfuscation attacks and 9 adversarial attacks to 2870 malware *** obtained findings are as follows.(1)Commercial Off-The-Shelf(COTS)malware detectors are vulnerable to evasion attacks.(2)Adversarial attacks affect COTS malware detectors slightly more effectively than obfuscated malware examples.(3)Code similarity detection approaches can be affected by obfuscated examples and are barely affected by adversarial attacks.(4)These attacks can preserve the functionality of original malware examples.

关键词： Android malware obfuscation adversarial examples

Type I strain of Toxoplasma gondii from chicken induced different immune responses with that from human,cat and swine in chicken

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第5期14卷 956-965页

作者： ZHAO Guang-wei WANG Shuai WANG Wang ZHANG Zhen-chao XIE Qing ZHANG Meng IA Hassan YAN Ruo-feng SONG Xiao-kai xu li-xin li Xiang-rui College of Veterinary Medicine Nanjing Agricultural University

In this study,four strains of Toxoplasma gondii with the same genetic type（Type I） originated from chicken,human,cat and swine were used to compare the immune responses in resistant chicken host to investigate the relationships between the parasite origins and the pathogenicity in certain host.A total of 300,10-day-old chickens were allocated randomly into five groups which named JS（from chicken）,CAT（from cat）,CN（from swine）,RH（from human） and a negative control group（—Ve） with 60 birds in each *** of four different *** strains（JS,CAT,CN and RH） were inoculated intraperitoneally with the dose of 1×10~7 in the four designed groups,*** negative control（-Ve） group was mockly inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline（PBS） *** and spleen samples were obtained on the day of inoculation（day 0） and at days 4,11,25,39 and 53 post-infection to screen the immunopathological *** results demonstrated some different immune characters of *** infected chickens with that of mice or swine previous *** differences included up-regulation of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ（MHC Ⅱ） molecules in the early stage of infection,early peak expressions of interleukin（IL）-12（IL-12） and-10（IL-10） and long keep of *** might partially contribute to the resistance of chicken to *** *** to chickens infected with strains from human,cat and swine,chickens infected with strain from chicken showed significant high levels of CD4~＋ and CD8~＋ T cells,interferon gamma（IFN-γ）,IL-12 and *** suggested that the strain from chicken had different ability to stimulate cellular immunity in chicken.

关键词： chicken Toxoplasma swine pathogenicity parasite inoculated infected immunity inoculation interleukin

Building Feedback-Regulation System Through Atomic Design for Highly Active SO_(2)Sensing

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第7期16卷 343-357页

作者： xin Jia Panzhe Qiao Xiaowu Wang Muyu Yan Yang Chen Bao-li An Pengfei Hu Bo Lu Jing xu Zhenggang xue Jiaqiang xu NEST Lab Department of ChemistryCollege of SciencesShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444People’s Republic of China Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility Zhangjiang LabShanghai Advanced Research InstituteChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 201204People’s Republic of China School of Chemistry and Materials Science University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026People’s Republic of China Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering(MOE) School of Environmental and Chemical EngineeringShanghai UniversityShanghai 200444People’s Republic of China Shanghai University Instrumental Analysis&Research Center of Shanghai UniversityShanghai 200444People’s Republic of China

Reasonably constructing an atomic interface is pronouncedly essential for surface-related gas-sensing ***,we present an ingen-ious feedback-regulation system by changing the interactional mode between single Pt atoms and adjacent S species for high-efficiency SO_(2)*** found that the single Pt sites on the MoS_(2)surface can induce easier volatiliza-tion of adjacent S species to activate the whole inert S ***,the activated S species can provide a feedback role in tailoring the antibonding-orbital electronic occupancy state of Pt atoms,thus creating a combined system involving S vacancy-assisted single Pt sites(Pt-Vs)to synergistically improve the adsorption ability of SO_(2)gas ***-more,in situ Raman,ex situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy testing and density functional theory analysis demonstrate the intact feedback-regulation system can expand the electron transfer path from single Pt sites to whole Pt-MoS_(2)supports in SO_(2)gas *** with wireless-sensing modules,the final Pt1-MoS_(2)-def sensors array can further realize real-time monitoring of SO_(2)levels and cloud-data storage for plant *** a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic link between atomic interface and sensing mechanism is thus expected to broaden the rational design of highly effective gas sensors.

关键词： Feedback-regulation system Atomic interface SO_(2)sensor Single-atom sensing mechanism Intelligent-sensing array

Improved photovoltaic properties of Si quantum dots/SiC multilayers-based heterojunction solar cells by reducing tunneling barrier thickness

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Frontiers of Optoelectronics 2013年第2期6卷 228-233页

作者： Yun-Qing CAO xin xu Shu-xin li Wei li Jun xu Kunji CHEN School of Electronic Science and Engineering and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China

Si quantum dots （Si QDs）/SiC multilayers were fabricated by annealing hydrogenated amorphous Si/ SiC stacked structures prepared in plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition （PECVD） system. The micro- structures were examined by transmission electron micro- scopy （TEM） and Raman spectroscopy, and results demonstrate the formation of Si QDs. Moreover, p-i-n devices containing Si QDs/SiC multilayers were fabri- cated, and their photovoltaic property was investigated. It was found that these devices show the good spectral response in a wide wavelength range （400-1200 nm）. And it was also observed that by reducing the thickness of SiC layer from 4 to 2 nm, the external quantum efficiency was obviously enhanced and the short circuit current density （Jsc） was increased from 17.5 to 28.3 mA/cm2, indicating the collection efficiency of photo-generated carriers was improved due to the reduced SiC barriers.

关键词： Si quantum dots (Si solar cells transmission electron Raman spectroscopy QDs) SiC multilayer microscopy (TEM),

Effect of hot isostatic pressure on the microstructure and tensile properties of γ'-strengthened superalloy fabricated through induction-assisted directed energy deposition

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International Journal of Minerals,Metallurgy and Materials 2024年第5期31卷 1089-1097页

作者： Jianjun xu Hanlin Ding xin lin Feng liu Analytical&Testing Center Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing Northwestern Polytechnical UniversityXi’an 710072China

The microstructure characteristics and strengthening mechanism of Inconel738LC(IN-738LC) alloy prepared by using induction-assisted directed energy deposition(IDED) were elucidated through the investigation of samples subjected to IDED under 1050℃ preheating with and without hot isostatic pressing(HIP,1190℃,105 MPa,and 3 h).Results show that the as-deposited sample mainly consisted of epitaxial columnar crystals and inhomogeneously distributed γ’ phases in interdendritic and dendritic core *** HIP,grain morphology changed negligibly,whereas the size of the γ’ phase became increasingly *** further heat treatment(HT,1070℃,2 h + 845℃,24 h),the γ’ phase in the as-deposited and HIPed samples presented a bimodal size distribution,whereas that in the as-deposited sample showed a size that remained *** comparison of tensile properties revealed that the tensile strength and uniform elongation of the HIP + HTed sample increased by 5% and 46%,respectively,due to the synergistic deformation of bimodal γ’phases,especially large cubic γ’ ***,the relationship between phase transformations and plastic deformations in the IDEDed sample was discussed on the basis of generalized stability theory in terms of the trade-off between thermodynamics and kinetics.

关键词： directed energy deposition Ni-based superalloys high-temperature preheating hot isostatic pressing microstructure tensile properties

Synthesis of spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite with intergranular mesoporous for alkylation of ethylbenzene with ethanol to produce m-diethylbenzene

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第3期67卷 298-309页

作者： Siyue Wang Jinhong li Qingxin xu Shengjie Song Yu'ni Jiang lidong Chen xin Shi Weiguo Cheng Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Liaoning Normal UniversityDalian 110629China Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic liquids Clean Process Key Laboratory of Green Process and EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China

Catalytic synthesis of m-diethylbenzene(m-DEB)through alkylation of ethylbenzene(EB)may be a promising alternative route in comparison with traditional rectification of mixed DEB,for which the top priority is to develop efficient and stable heterogeneous ***,the spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite with abundant intergranular mesoporous is synthesized by the seed-mediated growth method for alkylation of EB with ethanol to produce *** results show that the spherical nano-ZSM-5 zeolite exhibits better stability and higher alkylation activity at a lower temperature than those of commercial micropore *** then,the spherical nano-ZSM-5 is further modified by La_(2)O_(3) through acid treatment followed by immersion *** acid treatment causes nano-ZSM-5 to exhibit the increased pore size but decreased the acid sites,and subsequent La_(2)O_(3) loading reintroduces the weak acid *** a result,the HNO_(3)-La_(2)O_(3)-modified catalyst exhibits a slight increase in EB conversion and DEB yield in comparison with unmodified one,and meanwhile,it still maintains high m-DEB *** catalyst after acid treatment achieves higher catalytic stability besides maintaining the high alkylation activity of EB with *** present study on the spherical nano-HZSM-5 zeolite and its modification catalyst with excellent alkylation ability provides new insights into the production of mDEB.

关键词： Zeolite Modification Alkylation reaction m-diethylbenzene Catalyst Fixed-bed

MOF-templated tubular Ni_(1−x)Co_(x)S_(2)-CdS heterojunction with intensified direct Z-scheme charge transmission for highly promoted visible-light photocatalysis

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Nano Research 2024年第7期17卷 6281-6293页

作者： Chuan Jiang Yuanxin Qiu xinxin xin Yanyan li Huilin li Hui Wang Jixiang xu Haifeng lin Lei Wang Volodymyr Turkevych Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering International S&T Cooperation Foundation of Eco-chemical Engineering and Green ManufactureCollege of Chemistry and Molecular EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266042China Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of EducationSchool of Polymer Science and EngineeringQingdao University of Science and TechnologyQingdao 266042China V.Bakul Institute for Superhard Materials National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyiv 04074Ukraine

Hollow semiconductor nanostructures with direct Z-scheme heterojunction have significant advantages for photocatalytic reactions,and optimizing the interfacial charge transmission of Z-scheme heterojunction is the hinge to achieve excellent solar conversion *** this work,tubular Ni_(1−x)Co_(x)S_(2)-CdS heterostructures with reinforced Z-scheme charge transmission were constructed through an In-metal-organic framework(MOF)templated *** Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism was sufficiently confirmed by combining density functional theory(DFT)calculation,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),surface photovoltage spectroscopy(SPV),and radical testing ***,the use of sodium citrate complexant contributes to the formation of intimate heterointerface,and the Fermi level gap between CdS and NiS_(2)is enlarged through Co doping into NiS_(2),which enhances the built-in electric field and photo-carriers transmission driving force for Ni_(1−x)Co_(x)S_(2)-CdS heterojunction,resulting in an evidently promoted activity toward H2 evolution reaction(HER).Under visible-light(λ>400 nm)irradiation,the Ni_(1−x)Co_(x)S_(2)-CdS composite with 10 mol%Co doping and 80 wt.%CdS(NC_(0.10)S-80%CdS)achieved an outstanding HER rate up to 35.94 mmol·g^(−1)·h^(−1)(corresponding to the apparent quantum efficiency of 34.7%at 420 nm),approximately 76.4 times that of 3 wt.%Pt-loaded CdS and it is much superior to that of most CdS-based photocatalysts ever ***,the good photocatalytic durability of Ni_(1−x)Co_(x)S_(2)-CdS heterostructures was validated by cycling and long-term HER *** work could inspire the development of high-performance Z-scheme heterojunction via optimizing the morphology and interfacial charge transmission.

关键词： tubular heterostructure Z-scheme charge transmission interfacial coupling built-in electric field visible-light photocatalysis

Enhancing volatile fatty acids production from waste activated sludge: The role of pretreatment by N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate (GLDA)

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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 2024年第5期21卷 149-157页

作者： Chang liu lin li linji xu Tanglong Zhang Qiang He Xiaodong xin Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment Ministry of EducationCollege of Environment and EcologyChongqing UniversityChongqing400045PR China Research Center for Eco-Environmental Engineering Dongguan University of TechnologyDongguan523808PR China

N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)-L-glutamate(GLDA)is an eco-friendly chelating agent that effectively extracts multivalent metal ions from waste activated sludge(WAS)flocs,which could potentially alter their ***,the effect of GLDA on the production of volatile fatty acids(VFAs)from WAS is not well ***,we demonstrate that pretreatment with GLDA at a concentration of 200 mmol per kg VSS results in a significant increase of 142%in extractable extracellular polymeric substances and enhances the total VFAs yield by 64%compared to untreated *** reveal GLDA's capability to mobilize organic-binding multivalent metal ions within sludge ***,post-pretreatment analyses showed the release of 69.1 mg L^(-1) of Ca and 109.8 mg L^(-1) of Fe ions from the flocs,leading to a more relaxed floc structure and a reduced apparent activation energy(10.6 versus 20 kJ mol1)for WAS *** dynamic simulations further demonstrate GLDA's preferential binding to Fe3þand Ca2þover Mg2þ.Our study suggests that GLDA pretreatment causes minimal disruption to reactor stability,thereby indicating the stability of microbial community *** has emerged as a viable pretreatment agent for enhancing volatile fatty acids production from waste activated sludge.

关键词： Anaerobic fermentation Pretreatment Resource recovery Multivalent metals Solubilization