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Hyperconcentrated flows as influenced by coupled wind-water processes

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第11期48卷 1990-2000页

作者： xu Jiongxin Institute of geographical sciences and Natural {3. research, chinese academy of sciences Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Using data from more than 40 rivers in the middle Yellow River basin, a study has been made of the influence of coupled wind-water processes on hyperconcentrated flows. A simple “vehicle” model has been proposed to describe hyperconcentrated flows. The liquid phase of two-phase flows is a “vehicle”, in which coarse sediment particles are carried as solid-phase. The formation and characteristics of hyperconcentrated flows are closely related with the forma-tion and characteristics of this liquid-phase and solid-phase. Surface materials and geomorphic agents of the middle Yellow River basin form some patterns of combination, which have deep influence on the formation and characteristics of liquid- and solid-phases of hyperconcentrated flows. The combination of high percentages of relatively coarse material with low percentages of fine material appears in the area predominated by the wind process, where the supply of rela-tively coarse sediment is sufficient, but the supply of relatively coarse sediment is not. The com-bination of low percentages of relatively coarse material with high percentages of fine material appears in the area predominated by the water process, where the supply of fine sediment is sufficient, but the supply of fine sediment is not. In the area predominated by coupled wind-water processes appears the combination of medium percentages of coarse and fine materials, and thus both coarse and fine sediments are in relatively sufficient supply. The manner in which the mean annual sediment concentrations of liquid- and solid-phases vary with total suspended sediment concentration is different. With the increased total suspended sediment concentration, mean annual sediment concentration of liquid-phase increased to a limit and then remained constant; however, mean annual sediment concentrations of solid-phase in-creased continuously. Thus, the magnitude of total suspended sediment concentration depends on the supply conditions of relatively coarse sedime

关键词： river sediment, hyperconcentrated flows, liquid-solid two-phase flows, wind process, fluvial process, Yellow River

Reconstruction of temperature series in china for the last 5000 years

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第8期16卷 838-845页

作者： GE Quansheng, WANG Shunbing and ZHENG Jingyun (Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3., chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10003., china) Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China

A temperature series with a 100 year resolution for the last 5000 years in china has been reconstructed by using 3. longterm temperature proxy series selected from recent publications in the last 20 years. The proxy records include pollens, stalagmites, lake-sediments, peat, ice cores and historical documents. The result reveals that in the millennial scale temperature variation it was warm in 3.50-250 BC and it was cold in 250 BC-1950 AD. In the above two periods there were many stages of sub-scale temperature fluctuations. The result also shows an obvious temperature discrepancy on the century to multi-century scale between the Eastern Monsoon Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Region and the Northwestern Region in 2850 BC, 23.0 BC, 13.0 BC, 950-3.0 BC, 50-250 AD, and 550 AD. A comparison between the reconstructed series of this paper and some North Hemisphere temperature series indicates that in the longterm scale change, the temperature change in china is in phrase with that of the Northern Hemisphere during the last 5000 years, while on the century to multi-century scale there are differences at the beginning and end times, which may imply that temperature change does not occur simultaneously in different regions.

关键词： temperature series the last 5000 years china.

Comparison of flow shear stress and energy expenditure between sand-and gravel-bed rivers and some geomorphological implications

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chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第13期44卷 1224-1228页

作者： xu jiongxininstitute of Geography, chinese academy of sciences ,{3., china Institute of Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Based on data from more than 100 alluvial rivers, a systematic comparison of flow shear stress and energy expenditure has been made between sand- and gravel-bed rivers, by plotting the relationships between channel shape (i.e. channel width-depth ratio) and hydraulic indices in a two-dimensional plane. These relationships show clearly that the four channel patterns, i.e. sand-bed meandering, sand-bed braided, gravel-bed meandering and gravel-bed braided, are located in 4 different areas that can be divided by 2 straight lines.

关键词： sand-bed river gravel-bed river channel pattern channel pattern discrimination.

Debris Flow Hazard Assessment Based on Support Vector Machine

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Wuhan University Journal of Natural sciences 2006年第4期11卷 897-900页

作者： YUAN Lifeng 1, 2 , ZHANG Youshui 3. 1. Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, chinese academy of sciences, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, china 2. Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences, {3. 100049, china 3. Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu Sichuan China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Seven factors, including the maximum volume of once flow , occurrence frequency of debris flow , watershed area , main channel length , watershed relative height difference , valley incision density and the length ratio of sediment supplement are chosen as evaluation factors of debris flow hazard degree. Using support vector machine （SVM） theory, we selected 259 basic data of 3. debris flow channels in Yunnan Province as learning samples in this study. We create a debris flow hazard assessment model based on SVM. The model was validated though instance applications and showed encouraging results.

关键词： debris flow hazard assessment support vector machine (SVM)

Relationships between tree-ring width index and NDVI of grassland in Delingha

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chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第9期51卷 1106-1114页

作者： HE Jicheng1,3.& SHAO xuemei1,21. Institute of geographical sciences and Natural {3. research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 2. Institute of Tibetan Plateau research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100085, china 3. Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10003., china Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate School of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China Institute of Tibetan Plateau research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

Using five well-replicated Qilian juniper (Sabina przewalskii Kom.) tree-ring width index se- ries, monthly normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of grassland, and climatic data from 1982 to 2001, the relationships between tree-ring width index, NDVI of grassland, and climatic data were analyzed firstly. Then, the relationship between tree-ring width index and NDVI of grassland was explored. The re- sults showed that: (1) Temperature and precipitation in June influenced tree-ring width index and NDVI of grassland deeply in Delingha. (2) There were sig- nificant relationships between five tree-ring width index series (DLH1-DLH5) and monthly NDVI of grassland from June to September, with the most significant relationship being between tree-ring width index series and NDVI of grassland in August. (3. The PC1 (the first principal component derived from DLH1-DLH5 series) exhibited good agreement with monthly NDVI of grassland in the grass growth sea- son (from June to September) and the averaged NDVI in the growth season, which was attributed to their common responses to water-supply limit in Delingha. This study may allow an increase in studying the past dynamics of grassland in Delingha in that the variation of grassland NDVI during the last millennium has been reconstructed from PC1.

关键词：圆柏祁连山 NDVI 草原年轮宽度指数

Trend of urban system structure under the restriction of water and land resources in Xinjiang

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chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第A1期51卷 179-188页

作者： ZHANG Xiaolei & LEIJun Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, chinese academy of sciences, Urumqi 83.011, china Institute of geographical Science and Natural {3. research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china Graduate School, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10003., china Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography Chinese Academy of Sciences Urumqi China Institute of geographical Science and Natural resources research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Graduate School Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

根据在 Xinjiang 影响城市的开发和城市的系统结构的水和陆地资源上的研究，这篇论文分析利用地位和城市的水资源的缺乏。城市的水资源的消费和浪费在一个增加趋势，这被考虑。然而，在 Xinjiang 的大多数城市和镇在水资源的缺乏水资源... 详细信息

根据在 Xinjiang 影响城市的开发和城市的系统结构的水和陆地资源上的研究，这篇论文分析利用地位和城市的水资源的缺乏。城市的水资源的消费和浪费在一个增加趋势，这被考虑。然而，在 Xinjiang 的大多数城市和镇在水资源的缺乏水资源的废物是严肃的，特别在小镇上。megapolis 和中等城市的发展被有限陆地资源显然限制。尽管有扩展小城市和镇的相对大的空格，水和陆地资源的输出好处是低的。为了完成城市的系统的顺序的扩大，在 Xinjiang 组织，在都市化的快速的发展拿一个圆和三条带和节俭资源的策略的城市的空间发展模式被建议。

关键词：城镇体系结构水资源土地资源供水能力新疆

A prototype auto-human support system for spatial analysis

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2006年第9期16卷 954-966页

作者： LI Lianfa and WANG Jinfeng (State Key Laboratory of resources & Environmental Information System, Institute of geographical sciences & Natural resources research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china) State Key Laboratory of resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Re-search Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China

Spatial analysis is a multidisciplinary field that involves multiple influential factors, variation and uncertainty, and modeling of geospatial data is a complex procedure affected by spatial context, mechanism and assumptions. In order to make spatial modeling easier, some scholars have suggested a lot of knowledge from exploratory data analysis (EDA), specification of the model, fitness and diagnosis of the model, to interpretation of the model. Also an amount of software has improved some functionalities of spatial analysis, e. g. EDA by the dynamic link (GeoDa) and robust statistical calculation (R). However, there are few programs for spatial analysis that can automatically deal with unstructured declarative issues and uncertainty in machine modeling using the domain knowledge. Under this context, this paper suggests a prototype support system for spatial analysis that can automatically use experience and knowledge from the experts to deal with complexity and uncertainty in modeling. The knowledge base component, as the major contribution of the system, in support of the expert system shell, codes and stores declarative modeling knowledge, e.g. spatial context, mechanisms and prior knowledge to deal with declarative issues during the modeling procedure. With the open architecture, the system integrates functionalities of other components, e.g. GIS’ visualization, DBMS, and robust calculation in an interactive environment. An application case of spatial sampling, design and implementation of spatial modeling with such a system is demonstrated.

关键词： spatial analysis automatic support system modeling of spatial data artificial inference for modeling.

Improving the accuracy of image-based forest fire recognition and spatial positioning

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Science china(Technological sciences) 2010年第S1期53卷 184-190页

作者： JIANG LiLi 1,QI QingWen 1,ZHANG An 1,GUO ChaoHui 2 & CHENG Xi 1,3.1 Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3.,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100101,china 2 china Center for resources Satellite Data and Applications,beijing 100094,china 3.raduate University of chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100049,china Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China china Center for resources Satellite Data and Applications Beijing China Graduate University of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China

Forest fires are frequent natural *** is necessary to explore advanced means to monitor,recognize and locate forest fires so as to establish a scientific system for the early detection,real-time positioning and quick fighting of forest *** paper mainly expounds methods and algorithms for improving accuracy and removing uncertainty in image-based forest fire recognition and spatial ***,we discuss a method of forest fire recognition in visible-light *** are four aspects to improve accuracy and remove uncertainty in fire recognition:(1)eliminating factors of interference such as road and sky with high brightness,red leaves,other colored objects and objects that are lit up at night,(2)excluding imaging for specific periods and azimuth angles for which interference phenomena repeatedly occur,(3.improving the thresholding method for determining the flame border in image processing by adjusting the threshold to the season,weather and region,and (4)integrating the visible-light image method with infrared image ***,we examine infrared-image-based methods and approaches of improving the accuracy of forest fire recognition by combining the spectrum threshold with an object feature value such as the normalized difference vegetation index and excluding factors of disturbance such as interference signals,extreme weather and high-temperature ***,a method of visible analysis to enhance the accuracy of forest fire positioning is examined and realized;the method includes decreasing the visual angle,selecting central points,selecting the largest spots,and judging the selection of fire spots according to the central *** studies are examined and the results are found to be satisfactory.

关键词： forest fire monitoring spatial positioning accuracy improvement

geographical Agglomeration of chinese Manufacturing Industries

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中国人口·资源与环境：英文版 2007年第2期5卷 3-11页

作者： Zhang Hua 1, 2, Zheng Wei3.1. Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3., chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 2. Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10003., china 3. School of Geography, beijing Normal University, beijing 100875, china Institute of geographical sciences and Natural resources {3. Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Graduate School of the chinese academy of sciences Beijing 100039 China School of Geography Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

Based on the plant level data from the First National Census of Basic Units, the Second National Census of Basic Units, and the First National Economic Census of china, this paper ex- amines the geographical agglomeration of chinese manufacturing industries at a more disaggregated level both by industrial classi-fication and spatial unit analysis. Applying the agglomeration index proposed by Maurel and Sedillot, studies show that the most agglomerated industries are resource-intensive, and capital and technology intensive while industries demanding localized inputs or serving localized markets or favored by local governments are fairly dispersed. The more disaggregated industries are more spa- tially agglomerated. At the finer spatial scale, industries are more dispersed. Results indicate that within-county spillovers are stronger than nearby-county spillovers, and within-prefecture spillovers are stronger than nearby prefecture spillovers. Local- ized spillovers are still quite substantial at a range beyond that of counties. Comparing the agglomeration index of chinese manu- facturing industries in 1996, 2001 and 2004, agglomeration seems to be a general tendency. Results also indicate that some industries have experienced remarkable changes in their levels of agglom- eration in the period 1996–2004.

关键词： industrial agglomeration manufacturing industries the MS index