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Control of atmospheric CO_2.concentrations by 2.50: A calculation on the emission rights of different countries

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Science china Earth sciences 2009年第10期52卷 1447-1469页

作者： ding zhongli1, DUAN XiaoNan2. GE QuanSheng3 & ZHANG ZhiQiang4 1 {2. of geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10002., china 2.The General Office of chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100864, china 3 {2. of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 100101, china 4 The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library, the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment, Lanzhou 730000, china institute of geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The General Office of chinese academy of sciences Beijing China institute of Geographic sciences and Natural Resources Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China The Lanzhou Branch of the National Science Library the Scientific Information Center for Resources and Environment Lanzhou China

This paper is to provide quantitative data on some critical issues in anticipation of the forthcoming international negotiations in Denmark on the control of atmospheric CO2.concentrations. Instead of letting only a small number of countries dominate a few controversial dialogues about emissions reductions, a comprehensive global system must be established based on emissions allowances for different countries, to realize the long-term goal of controlling global atmospheric CO2.concentrations. That a system rooted in "cumulative emissions per capita," the best conception of the "common but differentiated responsibilities" principle affirmed by the Kyoto Protocol according to fundamental standards of fairness and justice, was demonstrated. Based on calculations of various countries' cumulative emissions per capita, estimates of their cumulative emissions from 1900 to 2.05, and their annual emissions allowances into the future (2.06―2.50), a 470 ppmv atmospheric CO2.concentration target was set. According to the following four objective indicators―total emissions allowance from 1900 to 2.50, actual emissions from 1900 to 2.05, emissions levels in 2.05, and the average growth rate of emissions from 1996 to 2.05―all countries and regions whose population was more than 300000 in 2.05 were divided into four main groups: countries with emissions deficits, countries and regions needing to reduce their gross emissions, countries and regions needing to reduce their emissions growth rates, and countries that can maintain the current emissions growth rates. Based on this proposal, most G8 countries by 2.05 had already expended their 2.50 emissions allowances. The accu-mulated financial value based on emissions has reached more than 5.5 trillion US dollars (2. dollars per ton of CO2.. Even if these countries could achieve their ambitious emissions reduction targets in the future, their per capita emissions from 2.06 to 2.50 would still be much higher than those of developing coun

关键词： international negotiations on climate change cumulative emissions per capita emission allowance

U-Pb dating of zircon from the bed parallel anatectic granitic intrusion in the Baoban group in Hainan Island and the tectonic implication

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Science china Earth sciences 2005年第12期48卷 2092-2103页

作者： ding Shijiang1, HU Jianmin2. SONG Biao3,4, CHEN Mulun1, xie Shengzhou1 & FAN Yuan1 1. Geological Surveying {2. of Hainan, Haikou 5702.6, china 2. {2. of Geomechanics, chinese academy of Geological sciences, beijing 100081, china 3. beijing Center of SHRIMP, beijing 100037, china 4. {2. of geology, chinese academy of Geological sciences, beijing 100037, china Geological Surveying institute of Hainan Haikou China institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China beijing Center of SHRIMP Beijing China institute of geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China

The petrological and geochemical features of the bed parallel granitic intrusion in the Pre-Cambrian Baoban group in Hainan Island attest to the anatexis origin of the granites. U-Pb dating analyses of zircons from the anatectic granite and the biotite two-feldspar gneiss in the Baoban group, using SHRIMP II in the beijing Ion-probe Center, acquire 2.6Pb/2.8U ages of 368±3.5 Ma (of granite, 95% confidence level, MSDW=1.2.) and 362.9±6.1 Ma (of gneiss, 95% confidence level, MSDW = 2.04) respectively. The two late Devonian ages indicate consistently a tectonic- thermal event experienced in Hainan Island, and are the first discovered record of the Devonian geological process in the district. This event possibly resulted from the deep ther-mal-dynamic process when the Gondwana continent began to break up in the Devonian period.

关键词： Hainan Island, Devonian period, anatectic granite, zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating.

The internal structure of Early Cambrian fossil embryo Olivooides revealed in the light of Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Microscopy

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chinese Science Bulletin 2008年第24期53卷 3860-3865页

作者： CHEN Fang1,2.& DONG XiPing1,2.1 School of Earth and Space sciences,Peking University,{2. 100871,china 2.Laboratory of Paleontology and Stratigraphy,Nanjing institute of geology and Paleontology,chinese academy of sciences,Nan-jing 2.0008,china School of Earth and Space sciences Peking University Beijing China Laboratory of Paleontology and Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China

Countless fossil embryo Olivooides and the hatched larvae,juveniles and adults(the latter two kinds are Punctatus) are recovered by means of acid maceration from the fine-crystalline to medium-crystalline phosphatic limestone and phosphatic micrite of Early Cambrian Kuanchuanpu Formation at the Shizhonggou section,near Kuanchuanpu Village,Ningqiang County,Shaanxi Province,*** the technique of Synchrotron X-ray Tomographic Microscopy,the 3D internal structure of Olivooides and Punctatus is *** morphological and statistic analyses are also given to the stellae structure of Olivooides and Punctatus,which indicates that this structure is a result of adaptive evolution to a lifestyle of fast-attaching after hatching,probably with the function of mucilage *** internal structure of Punctatus is described and *** ovum-like structure,a common internal feature of Punctatus,is considered as the taphonomic structure,rather than eggs or other biological *** structure is thought to be formed after the burial of the animal and before or during the *** original internal structure of Punctatus is assumed to be tabulae-filled,with soft body grown on them.

关键词：同步加速器 X射线显微镜寒武系化石动物区系内部结构

The species diversity of fusulinaceans and high-frequency sea-level changes in the Carboniferous-Permian boundary section at Xikou, Zhen'an County,Shaanxi Province, china

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第7期49卷 673-683页

作者： ZHANG Haijun1, WANG Xunlian2. ding Lin1, XIA Guoying3 & WANG Lei2.1. institute of Tibetan Plateau Research,{2., beijing 100085, china 2. Faculty of Earth sciences and Mineral Resources, china University of Geosciences, beijing 100083, china 3. Tianjin institute of geology and Mineral Resources, Tianjin 300170, china institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Faculty of Earth sciences and Mineral Resources China University of Geosciences Beijing China Tianjin institute of geology and Mineral Resources Tianjin China

The study on the interrelation between sea-level changes and biodiversity with its evolu-tion has great significance for understanding the impact of global changes on organic evolution and exploring the inherent laws of life-environment coevolution in geological history. In this paper, the stratigraphic distribution of fusulinacean fauna in the Carboniferous-Permian boundary section at Xikou, Zhen’an County, Shaanxi Province, is analyzed quantitatively, and the relationship between the species diversity of fusulinaceans and relative sea-level changes is discussed. As a whole, the spe-cies numbers of fusulinacean fauna experience a rapid increase and an obvious decline in Xikou, Zhen’an County, from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian. There is a significant increase in species diversity around the Carboniferous-Permian boundary, which is one of the biggest bio-events of the fusulinacean fauna, and represents the radiation of Pseudoschwagerininae subfamily in the studied area. Integrated fusulinacean species diversity into sequence stratigraphic framework, de-tailed study suggests that the species diversity of the fusulinaceans is closely related to its relative stratigraphic location, and is essentially controlled by the sea-level changes, especially by the high-frequency sea-level changes. Generally, the species diversity of fusulinaceans is low, and the number of first and last appearance datum is small in the lower unit of high-frequency depositional cycle formed during the quick rise of the sea level; whereas the species diversity of fusulinaceans is high, and the number of first and last appearance datum is large in the upper unit of high-frequency cycle formed during the slow fall of the sea level. Within the third-order depositional sequence, the species diversity of the fusulinaceans at the first flooding surfaces and the maximum flooding surfaces is low, and it increases upward. The fusulinacean species diversity is low within the transgressive syst

关键词： fusulinaceans, species diversity, high-frequency cyclothem, sequence stratigraphy, sea-level changes, Carboniferous-Permian boundary, Zhen'an, Shaanxi.

Developmental sequence of Cambrian embryo Markuelia

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chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第7期52卷 929-935页

作者： DONG XiPing1,2.1 School of Earth and Space sciences, Peking University, beijing 100871,{2. 2.Laboratory of Palaeobiology & Stratigraphy, Nanjing institute of geology and Palaeontology, chinese academy of sciences, Nan-jing 2.0008,{2. (email: dongxp@***) School of Earth and Space sciences Peking University Beijing China Laboratory of Palaeobiology & Stratigraphy Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing China

Based on more exquisitely preserved specimens of Markuelia hunanensis recently recovered from Middle and Upper Cambrian in western Hunan and in the light of Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomo-graphic microscopy, the developmental sequence from cleavage through organogenesis to the pre-hatching of Cambrian embryo Markuelia, especially the developmental sequence during the pre-hatching stage, i.e. from the earliest period when the scalids and tail spines only took shape to the latest period (just about hatching), is established. This developmental sequence provides a pattern of embryonic development during the pre-hatching stage, which has not been established in the living scalidophorans (priapulids, loriciferans and kinorhynchs). Thus, it not only enriches our knowledge on the embryonic development of the extant descendants of Markuelia, but also opens a new window to the evolution and development of the animal.

关键词：寒武纪蠕虫化石胚胎发育序列两侧对称动物胚胎

Cosmogenic ^(2.)Ne concentrations and exposure ages of summit bedrocks in the Grove Mountains,Antarctica

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Science china Earth sciences 2010年第4期53卷 518-521页

作者： KONG Ping1,2.ding Lin2.LAI QingZhou2.& HUANG FeiXin3 1 Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior,{2. of geology and Geophysics,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 10002.,china 2.Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift,{2. of Tibetan Plateau Research,chinese academy of sciences,beijing 100085,china 3 {2. of Mineral Resources Research,china Metallurgical geology Bureau,beijing 10002.,china Key Laboratory of the Earth’s Deep Interior Institute of Geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China institute of Mineral Resources Research China Metallurgical Geology Bureau Beijing China

Various sources of 2.Ne and 2.Ne exist in surface rocks:cosmogenic,in situ nucleogenic from internal U and Th,trapped crustal nucleogenic and trapped *** paper reports the first measurement,in china,of cosmogenic 2.Ne and 2.Ne in surface *** developed a unique sample pre-treatment procedure that effectively removed inclusions inside quartz grains,and thus maximally reduced nucleogenic contributions of 2.Ne and ***-heating experiments show that concen-trations of cosmogenic 2.Ne and 2.Ne in summit bedrock samples R92.2.and R92.3 from Grove Mountains,Antarctica,are(3.83±0.87)×108 and(5.2.±0.51)×108 atoms/g,*** corresponding minimum exposure ages are 2.2.0.5 and 3.0±0.3 *** indicates that the ice sheet in East Antarctica was uncovered the crest of Mount Harding,a typical nunatak in Grove Mountains,since at least mid-Pliocene.

关键词： 2.Ne cosmogenic nuclide exposure age Antarctica Grove Mountains

Discovery of eclogite and its geological significance in Qiangtang area, central Tibet

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Science Bulletin 2006年第9期51卷 1095-1100页

作者： LI Cai1, ZHAI Qingguo2. DONG Yongsheng1 & HUANG Xiaopeng11. College of Earth sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, china 2. {2. of geology, chinese academy of Geological sciences, Bei- jing 100037, china College of Earth sciences Jilin University Changchun China institute of geology Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Beijing China

Eclogite is first discovered from Qiang- tang area, central Tibet, which occurs as a lens in the high-pressure metamorphic belt comprising glauco- phane-muscovite schist and garnet-muscovite schist, along the south margin of Lungmu Co-Shuanghu Paleo-Tethys suture. A glaucophane 40Ar/39Ar age of 2.0 Ma and a phengite 40Ar/39Ar age of 2.1.9 Ma have been obtained from blueschists associated with eclogite. The rock consists of garnet, omphacite, amphibole, phengite, and rutile, etc, and the jadeite content in omphacite ranges from 32.7% to 38.95%. It is estimated that the temperature of the eclogite is 1.56― 2.35 GPa. The discovery of Qiangtang ecologite fur- ther supports that there is a suture zone of Indo- chinese epoch in central Qiangtang area, and is very important for discssing the evolution of the pa- leo-ocean and paleo-plate tectonics in this area.

关键词： Qianghai-Tibet Plateau Qiangtang eclogite tectonics.

A new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide

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Science china Earth sciences 2006年第4期49卷 421-430页

作者： ding Jixin1,2. YANG Zhifa2. SHANG Yanjun2. ZHOU Shenghua1 & YIN Juntao3 1. china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey, {2. 100012. china 2. institute of geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics, beijing 10002., china 3. School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, china china Non-ferrous Metals Resource Geological Survey Beijing China institute of geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Engineering Geomechanics Beijing China School of Geoscience & Environmental Engineering Central South University Changsha China

Geological condition and rainfall are two most principal conditions inducing landslides in the Chongqing region. By analyzing the forming conditions of rainfall-induced landslides, a new method for spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslide is brought forward on the basis of grading and overlapping geological condition and rainfall factor in this paper. At first, semi-quantitative assessment and grading for the geological condition of a certain area or slope can be carried out with the multi-factor interactive matrix. Then the severity of rainfall in that area is grading according to the maximum daily rainfall and the total rainfall in a rainfall course. Finally, the “landslide probability judgement factor” can be worked out through grading and overlapping “geological condition influenc- ing factor” and “rainfall influencing factor”, by which the landslide can be graded into 4 grades, they are landslide extremely easily happening, landslide easily happening, landslide difficultly happening and landslide hardly ever happening respectively. More accurate spatio-temporal prediction of rain- fall-induced landslides can come true on the ground of detailed geological survey of some dangerous slopes in an area and more precise weather forecast. Finally, the reliability and feasibility of carrying out the spatio-temporal prediction of rainfall-induced landslides with the method of “two factors” grading and overlapping are validated by the example of Jipazi landslide.

关键词： rainfall-induced landslide, geological condition, rainfall, two factors, grading and overlapping, interactive matrix, spatio-temporal prediction.

Structural pattern of eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa and its formation process

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Science china Earth sciences 2004年第2期47卷 138-150页

作者： ZHANG Jinjiang, Jl Jianqing, ZHONG Dalai, ding Lin & HE Shundong1. Department of geology, Peking University, {2. 100871, china 2. institute of geology and Geophysics, chinese academy of sciences, beijing 10002., china Correspondence should be addressed to Zhang Jinjiang (email: zhjj@***) Department of geology Peking University Beijing China institute of geology and Geophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China

The structural pattern of the eastern Himalayan syntaxis in Namjagbarwa consists of two series of structures with different styles. One series compiles the earlier ductile contractional and lateral-slip deformation system, formed by nearly north-south shortening within the syntaxis, left-lateral and right-lateral slipping along its western and eastern boundaries respectively. They were possibly produced by the indentation of the Indian continent into Asian continent after India-Asia collision. The peak deformation-metamorphic ages in these structures are 62.60 Ma, ~2. Ma and ~13 Ma. The other series is composed of ductile-brittle normal faults distributing concentrically and dipping toward the outsides of Namjagbarwa Peak. They were probably the collapse structures caused by rapid uplift in a later time and the beginning ages for the normal faulting are about 7.3-6.3 Ma. Keywords Namjagbarwa - eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS) - structural pattern - formation process - structural chronology

关键词： Namjagbarwa, eastern Himalayan syntaxis (EHS), structural pattern, formation process, structural chronology.