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Kerogen Kinetic Distributions and Simulations Provide insights into Petroleum Transformation Fraction (TF) Profiles of Organic-Rich Shales

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年第3期35卷 747-757页

作者： David A.wood DWA Energy Limited Lincoln LN59JPUnited Kingdom

Two hundred and fifty single first-order Arrhenius reactions are simulated to generate S2 pyrograms at three heating rates 25,15,and 5°C·*** activation energy(E)and pre-exponential factor(A)of the reactions simulated follow a long-established trend of those variable values displayed by shales and *** characteristics of the transformation fraction(TF)profiles(product generation window temperatures)of the simulated single reactions are compared to the TF profiles of recorded shale pyrograms generated by multiple reactions with different E-A values lying near the defined E-A *** similarities and differences are observed between the TF profile values of the two *** similarities support the spread of E-A values involved in shale pyrogram best *** differences are most likely explained by the complexity of the multiple kerogen first-order and second-order reactions contributing to the recorded shale pyrograms versus the simplicity and crispness of the single first-order reactions *** results also justify the validity of using the previously described“variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method”of multi-heating-rate shale pyrograms enabling optimizers to choose multiple reactions from an unlimited range of E-A *** contrast,further doubt is cast on the validity of the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method used by the Easy%Ro technique,in that a distribution of reactions with a single A value is unlikely to represent the complex variety of kerogen macerals observed in shale *** profiles generated by the variable E-A pyrogram-fitting method lie close to the established E-A trend and are likely to provide more realistic TF generation window temperatures than TF profiles generated by the constant-A pyrogram-fitting method.

关键词： transformation fraction profiles simulated S2 pyrograms multiple heating rates kerogen/shale kinetics S2 pyrogram fitting techniques kerogen petroleum research.

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Weeks-Ahead Epidemiological Predictions of Varicella Cases From Univariate Time Series Data Applying Artificial intelligence

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infectious Diseases & immunity 2024年第1期4卷 25-34页

作者： David A.wood DWA Energy Limited Lincoln LN59JPUnited Kingdom

Background:"Chickenpox"is a highly infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus,influenced by seasonal and spatial *** with varicella-zoster epidemics can be a substantial drain on health-authority *** that improve the ability to locally predict case numbers from time-series data sets every week are therefore worth ***:Simple-to-extract trend attributes from published univariate weekly case-number univariate data sets were used to generate multivariate data for Hungary covering 10 *** attribute-enhanced data set was assessed by machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL)models to generate weekly case forecasts from next week(t0)to 12 weeks forward(t+12).The ML and DL predictions were compared with those generated by multilinear regression and univariate prediction ***:Support vector regression generates the best predictions for weeks t0 and t+1,whereas extreme gradient boosting generates the best predictions for weeks t+3 to t+***-short-term memory only provides comparable prediction accuracy to the ML models for week t+***-K-fold cross validation reveals that overall the lowest prediction uncertainty is associated with the tree-ensemble ML ***:The novel trend-attribute method offers the potential to reduce prediction errors and improve transparency for chickenpox timeseries.

关键词： Varicella zoster virus infection Disease-case weekly predictions Weeks-ahead forecasting Univariate time-series enhancements Tree-ensemble machine learning Time-series attribute extraction

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Cell-type resolved transcriptomic approaches for dissecting selective vulnerability in neurodgeneration

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第7期19卷 1411-1413页

作者： Caleb A.wood Nicholas M.Tran Department of Neuroscience Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA Department of Molecular and Human genetics Baylor College of MedicineHoustonTXUSA

A common feature among neurodegenerative conditions is that ce rtain neuronal populations are selectively vulnerable to loss(Fu et al.,2018).By corollary,other neurons are selectively resilient,suggesting they may possess unique features that support their survival.U nderstanding the basis of neuronal resilience or vulnerability would provide a logical strategy to identify factors that could be targeted therapeutically.

关键词： selective targeted

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Synthetic polymers:A review of applications in drilling fluids

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Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 475-518页

作者： Shadfar Davoodi Mohammed Al-Shargabi David A.wood Valeriy S.Rukavishnikov Konstantin M.Minaev School of Earth Sciences&Engineering Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityLenin AvenueTomskRussia DWA Energy Limited LincolnUnited Kingdom

With the growth of deep drilling and the complexity of the well profile,the requirements for a more complete and efficient exploitation of productive formations increase,which increases the risk of various ***,reagents based on modified natural polymers(which are naturally occurring compounds)and synthetic polymers(SPs)which are polymeric compounds created industrially,are widely used to prevent emerging complications in the drilling ***,compared to modified natural polymers,SPs form a family of high-molecular-weight compounds that are fully synthesized by undergoing chemical polymerization *** provide substantial flexibility in their ***,their size and chemical composition can be adjusted to provide properties for nearly all the functional objectives of drilling *** can be classified based on chemical ingredients,type of reaction,and their responses to ***,some of SPs,due to their structural characteristics,have a high cost,a poor temperature and salt resistance in drilling fluids,and degradation begins when the temperature reaches 130℃.These drawbacks prevent SP use in some medium and deep ***,this review addresses the historical development,the characteristics,manufacturing methods,classification,and the applications of SPs in drilling *** contributions of SPs as additives to drilling fluids to enhance rheology,filtrate generation,carrying of cuttings,fluid lubricity,and clay/shale stability are explained in *** mechanisms,impacts,and advances achieved when SPs are added to drilling fluids are also *** typical challenges encountered by SPs when deployed in drilling fluids and their advantages and drawbacks are also *** issues also impact the applications of SPs in drilling ***,the cost of the most relevant SPs,and the monomers used in their synthesis,are *** impacts of SPs when deployed in drilling fluids,and t

关键词： Synthetic versus natural polymers Nanopolymers Drilling fluid additives Lubricity Clay swelling Hole cleaning

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Height-diameter models for King Boris fir(Abies borisii regis Mattf.) and Scots pine(Pinus sylvestris L.) in Olympus and Pieria Mountains, greece

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Journal of Mountain Science 2024年第5期21卷 1475-1490页

作者： Dimitrios i.RAPTiS Dimitra PAPADOPOULOU Angeliki PSARRA Athanasios A.FALLiAS Aristides g.TSiTSANiS Vassiliki KAZANA Renewable Natural Resource Management and Bioeconomy Laboratory Department of Forest and Natural Environment SciencesInternational Hellenic University66100 DramaGreece

in forest science and practice, the total tree height is one of the basic morphometric attributes at the tree level and it has been closely linked with important stand attributes. in the current research, sixteen nonlinear functions for height prediction were tested in terms of their fitting ability against samples of Abies borisii regis and Pinus sylvestris trees from mountainous forests in central greece. The fitting procedure was based on generalized nonlinear weighted regression. At the final stage, a five-quantile nonlinear height-diameter model was developed for both species through a quantile regression approach, to estimate the entire conditional distribution of tree height, enabling the evaluation of the diameter impact at various quantiles and providing a comprehensive understanding of the proposed relationship across the distribution. The results clearly showed that employing the diameter as the sole independent variable, the 3-parameter Hossfeld function and the 2-parameter N?slund function managed to explain approximately 84.0% and 81.7% of the total height variance in the case of King Boris fir and Scots pine species, respectively. Furthermore, the models exhibited low levels of error in both cases(2.310m for the fir and 3.004m for the pine), yielding unbiased predictions for both fir(-0.002m) and pine(-0.004m). Notably, all the required assumptions for homogeneity and normality of the associated residuals were achieved through the weighting procedure, while the quantile regression approach provided additional insights into the height-diameter allometry of the specific species. The proposed models can turn into valuable tools for operational forest management planning, particularly for wood production and conservation of mountainous forest ecosystems.

关键词： generalized nonlinear weighted regression Monte Carlo cross-validation Mountainous ecosystems Quantile regression Central greece

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Chemical-assisted MMP reduction on methane-oil systems:implications for natural gas injection to enhanced oil recovery

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Petroleum 2024年第1期10卷 101-108页

作者： Mohamed Almobarak Matthew B.Myers Colin D.wood Yongbing Liu Ali Saeedi Quan Xie Discipline of Petroleum Engineering WA School of Mines: Minerals Energy and Chemical Engineering Curtin University Commonwealth Scientific and industrial Research Organization Curtin University Oil and gas innovation Centre Management State Key Laboratory of Oil and gas Reservoir geology and Exploitation

Miscible natural gas injection is widely considered as a practical and efficient enhanced oil recovery technique. However, the main challenge in this process is the high minimum miscibility pressure（MMP）between natural gas and crude oil, which limits its application and recovery factor, especially in hightemperature reservoirs. Therefore, we present a novel investigation to quantify the effect of chemicalassisted MMP reduction on the oil recovery factor. Firstly, we measured the interfacial tension（iFT） of the methane-oil system in the presence of chemical or CO2to calculate the MMP reduction at a constant temperature（373K） using the vanishing interfacial tension（ViT） method. Afterwards, we performed three coreflooding experiments to quantify the effect of MMP reduction on the oil recovery factor under different injection *** interfacial tension measurements show that adding a small fraction（1.5 wt%） of the tested surfactant（SOLOTERRA ME-6） achieved 9% of MMP reduction, while adding 20 wt% of CO2to the methane yields 13% of MMP reduction. Then, the coreflooding results highlight the significance of achieving miscibility during gas injection, as the ultimate recovery factor increased from 65.5% under immiscible conditions to 77.2% using chemical-assisted methane, and to 79% using gas mixture after achieving near miscible condition. The results demonstrate the promising potential of the MMP reduction to significantly increase the oil recovery factor during gas injection. Furthermore, these results will likely expand the application envelop of the miscible gas injection, in addition to the environmental benefits of utilizing the produced gas by re-injection/recycling instead of flaring which contributes to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions.

关键词： gas injection Enhanced oil recovery Miscibility Coreflooding

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Surveying organic matter， thermal maturity level， and paleo-environmental conditions by considering biomarker and stable carbon isotopic analysis

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Journal of Earth Science 2024年

作者： Meysam Hemmati Yaser Ahmadi Behzad Vaferi Ali Hosin Alibak David A.wood DWA Energy Limited School of geology， College of Science， University of Tehran Petroleum Engineering Department， Faculty of Engineering， Soran University Department of Chemical Engineering， Shiraz Branch， islamic Azad University Chemical and Petroleum Engineering Department， ilam University

Biomarker and stable carbon isotope analyses are presented for the garau formation of the Cretaceous age， an important source rock in western iran， to reveal its potential as an oil-prone source rock. The C28/C29sterane ratio value range (0.72 to 0.83) of bitumen samples from the formation suggests that they were likely formed during phytoplankton blooms. Sterane， hopane， and isoprenoid/n-alkane ratios indicate that the formation’s organic matter predominantly consists of algae， and bacteria， accompanied by some reworked material derived from higher plants. Due to the predominance of anoxic conditions and the actions of sulfate-reducing bacteria， the bitumen present is enriched with sulfur compounds. The percentages of saturates， aromatics， and nitrogen-sulfur-oxygen (NSO) fractions in the bitumen samples classify them as naphthenic oils. isotope analysis reveals that biodegradation and water-washing have reduced the concentrations of some volatile saturates and low molecular weight aromatics in the bitumen samples. These actions have resulted in distinctive δ13C values for the formation’s kerogen and bitumen fractions. The formation’s organic matter has been subjected to high-temperature thermal regimes and has entered the oil-generation window at the sampled localities， with vitrinite reflectance (%RC) varying between 0.7% and 0.75%.

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硅酸钙钙钛矿的地震波速可以解释下地幔中的大型低剪切波速省(LLSVP)

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矿物岩石地球化学通报 2019年第5期38卷 997-997页

作者： Thomson A R Crichton W A Brodholt J P wood i g Siersch N C Muir J M R Dobson D P Hunt S A 夏群科

地震波记录了下地幔中的各种不均一性,然而这些信号究竟反映的是热学还是化学上的特征尚无定论,因而地震学所包含的有关深部地球性质的信息还不太明确。对观察到的地震波速的精确解译需要对地球上可能存在的所有矿物的地震学性质有所了解。

关键词：地震波速不均一性地震学剪切波速下地幔钙钛矿硅酸钙

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Corn and Soybean growth as Affected by Wastewater-Derived Struvite-Phosphorus Sources and irrigation Water Types

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Agricultural Sciences 2024年第4期15卷 472-504页

作者： Machaela Morrison Kristofor R. Brye gerson Drescher Jennie Popp Lisa S. wood Department of Crop Soil and Environmental Sciences University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA Department of Agricultural Economics & Agribusiness University of Arkansas Fayetteville AR USA

Struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O) produced synthetically from a stock solution of known phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) concentrations has been shown to be an effective, alternative fertilizer-P source for various crops, but little is known about the potential agronomic effectiveness of struvite created from an actual municipal wastewater source. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of soil [i.e., Creldon silt loam (Oxyaquic Fragiudalf) and Calloway silt loam (Aquic Fraglossudalf) series], fertilizer-P source [i.e., synthetically produced electrochemically precipitated struvite (ECSTsyn), real-wastewater-derived ECST (ECSTreal), chemically precipitated struvite (CPST), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and an unamended control (UC)], and irrigation water type (i.e., tapwater and struvite-removed wastewater) on corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [glycine max (L.) Merr.] growth and N, P, and magnesium (Mg) uptake in a 60-day, greenhouse potted-plant study. Crop growth and N, P, and Mg uptakes for the struvite treatments (i.e., CPST, ECSTsyn, and ECSTreal) were generally similar to or at least 1.2 times greater than MAP. The ECSTsyn material commonly had up to five times greater N, P, and Mg uptake in corn and soybean than any other fertilizer-P source. Struvite-removed wastewater resulted in at least 1.3 times lower dry matter and N, P, and Mg uptake than tapwater. Similar corn and soybean results from the struvite fertilizers among the various soil-water type combinations compared to MAP suggest that struvite generates similar crop responses as at least one widely used, commercially available, multi-nutrient fertilizer-P source.

关键词： Arkansas Corn Production Soybean Production Struvite Recovered Nutrients

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小老鼠、红草莓和大饿熊

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阅读 2024年第44期 14-19页

作者： Don Audrey wood

绘本导读：欢乐的“六一”儿童节，你打算和伙伴们一起做点什么呢？不如跟着绘本来玩一场有意思的游戏吧！你看，有一只小老鼠，他一大早就跑去摘了一颗熟透了的红草莓，辛苦地扛回了家。可是，竟然有个声音一直对他说：有一只饥饿的大...

绘本导读：欢乐的“六一”儿童节，你打算和伙伴们一起做点什么呢？不如跟着绘本来玩一场有意思的游戏吧！你看，有一只小老鼠，他一大早就跑去摘了一颗熟透了的红草莓，辛苦地扛回了家。可是，竟然有个声音一直对他说：有一只饥饿的大坏熊，离得老远就能闻到草莓的香气，正准备冲过来抢走红草莓呢！于是，一场关于红草莓的“保卫战”开始了……

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