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Gastrointestinal tract(gut) health in the young pig

Animal Nutrition 2018年第2期4卷 187-196页

作者： john r.pluske Diana L.Turpin jae-Cheol Kim School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Pork Innovation Western Australia(Inc.) AB Vista Asia Pte.Ltd

An optimally functioning gastrointestinal tract(GIT) clearly is of importance to the overall metabolism,physiology, disease status and performance of pigs of all stages of growth and ***, the‘health’ of the GIT(‘gut health’) has attracted much attention despite the lack of a clear definition to the term or its aetiology, although in broad terms, ‘gut health’ encompasses a number of physiological and functional features including nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable and appropriate microbiota/microbiome, defence mechanisms including barrier function and mucosal immune mechanisms, and the interactions between these components.‘Gut health’ in the newlyweaned(young) pig is of obvious interest due to changes in GIT structure and function associated with the post-weaning transition, and more recently to the upsurge in interest in different feed additives as dietary alternatives/replacements caused by bans/reductions in certain antimicrobial compounds being available in some parts of the *** the presence of enteric disease(s) after weaning, a deterioration in ‘gut health’ may be synonymous to the overall health of the pig, and although some direct relationships can be drawn between pig performance and efficiency and a ‘healthy' GIT, sometimes this connection is subtler and less obvious, especially in the absence of overt enteric disease(s).The factors and conditions involved in ‘gut health’ are multifactorial, complex, often poorly described and sometimes incorrectly interpreted,although it is evident that perturbations of the GIT can cause an imbalance and disturb the generalized *** addition to any enteric diseases or conditions that might arise as a result of these disturbances, other influences will also impact such as the responses occurring in the GIT in the period immediately after weaning, any changes that might occur after a change in diet, and(or) disruptions to meal patterns and hence

关键词： Gastrointestinal tract Gut health Structure and function Pig Piglet Weaning

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Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improves protein utilization efficiency while vitamin E supplementation reduces markers of the inflammatory response in weaned pigs challenged with enterotoxigenic ***

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2017年第1期8卷 143-153页

作者： jae Cheol Kim Bruce P. Mullan john L. Black robert j. E. hewitt robert j. van Barneveld john r. pluske School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA 6150 Australia Department of Agriculture and Food Pork Innovation South Perth WA 6151 Australia john L Black Consulting Warrimoo NSW 2774 Australia SunPork Farms Solutions Loganholme QLD 4129 Australia Barneveld Nutrition Pry Ltd Loganholme QLD 4129 Australia

Background： This experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that vitamin E（Vit E） and acetylsalicylic acid（ASA）, a cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2） inhibitor, will additively reduce the production of the immunosuppressive molecule prostaglandin E_2（PGE_2） and hence reduce inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. ***： The experiment was conducted in a research facility with 192 individually-housed male weaner pigs（Landrace × Large White） weighing 6.6 ± 0.04 kg（mean ± SEM）. The pigs were experimentally infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli and were allocated to a 2 × 3 factorial design with the respective factors being without and with 125 ppm ASA and three levels of Vit E supplementation（50, 100 or 200 IU/kg diet, dl-α-tocopheryl acetate）.results： Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation improved average daily gain（P 〈 0.05） and tended to improve feed：gain ratio（P 〈 0.10） during the first 14 d after weaning. Acetylsalicylic acid supplementation also improved（P 〈 0.001） amino acid utilization efficiency（as assessed by plasma urea level） and tended to decrease（P 〈 0.10） PGE2 production in the liver without affecting smal intestinal histology and tight junction protein mr NA expression in the jejunal epithelium. Vitamin E supplementation greater than 100 IU/kg diet sustained both the plasma Vit E concentration（P 〈 0.001） and plasma haptoglobin content（P 〈 0.001） after weaning. however, there was no additive effects of the combined supplementation of ASA and Vit E on performance, intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses of weaned ***： Although ASA and vitamin E improved amino acid utilization efficiency and reduced acute inflammatory responses, ASA and vitamin E did not additively reduce production of PGE2 and inflammatory responses in weaner pigs experimental y infected with an enterotoxigenic strain of E. coli.

关键词： Acetylsalicylic acid E.coli infection PGE_2 Vitamin E Weaner pigs

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Post-weaning and whole-of-life performance of pigs is determined by live weight at weaning and the complexity of the diet fed after weaning

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Animal Nutrition 2017年第4期3卷 372-379页

作者： Cherie L.Collins john r.pluske rebecca S.Morrison Trevor N.McDonald robert j.Smits David j.henman Ingunn Stensland Frank r.Dunshea rivalea Australia Pty Ltd School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne

The production performance and financial outcomes associated with weaner diet complexity for pigs of different weight classes at weaning were examined in this experiment. A total of 720 weaner pigs(360 entire males and 360 females) were selected at weaning(27 ± 3 d) and allocated to pens of 10 based on individual weaning weight(light weaning weight: pigs below 6.5 kg; medium weaning weight: 6.5 to8 kg; heavy weaning weight: above 8.5 kg). Pens were then allocated in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the respective factors being weaning weight(heavy, medium and light; h, M and L,respectively), weaner diet complexity(high complexity/cost, hC; low complexity/cost, LC), and gender(male and female). Common diets were fed to both treatment groups during the final 4 weeks of the weaner period(a period of 39 days). In the first 6 d after weaning, pigs offered the hC diets gained weight faster and used feed more efficiently than those offered the LC diets(P = 0.031). Pigs fed a hC diet after weaning tended to be heavier at the sale live weight of 123 d of age compared with pigs fed the LC diet(P = 0.056). There were no other main effects of the feeding program on growth performance through to slaughter. Weaning weight had a profound influence on lifetime growth performance and weight at 123 d of age, with h pigs at weaning increasing their weight advantage over the M and L pigs(101.3,97.1, 89.6 kg respectively, P here was a minimal benefit in terms of cost per unit live weight gain over lifetime when pigs were offered a hC feeding program to L,with a lower feed cost/kg gain. The results from this investigation confirm the impact of weaning weight on lifetime growth performance, and suggest that a hC feeding program should be focused on L weaner pigs(i.e., weaning weight less than 6.5 kg at 27 d of age) in order to maximise financial returns.

关键词： Pigs Performance Diet complexity Weaning weight Carcass characteristics Cost benefit analyses

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Generalizing plant–water relations to landscapes

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journal of Plant Ecology 2011年第1期4卷 101-113页

作者： r.h.Waring j.j.Landsberg College of Forestry Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA Withycombe Church LaneMt WilsonNSW 2786Australia

Aims Changing climate and land use patterns make it increasingly important that the hydrology of catchments and ecosystems can be reliably *** aim of this paper is to identify the biophysical factors that determine the rates of water vapor loss from different types of vegetation,and to seek,from an array of currently available satelliteborne sensors,those that might be used to initialize and drive landscape-level hydrologic *** Findings Spatial variation in the mean heights,crowd widths,and leaf area indices(LAI)of plant communities are important structural variables that affect the hydrology of *** stomatal conductance(G)imposes physiological limitation on transpiration by *** maximum value of G(Gmax)is closely linked to canopy photosynthetic capacity,which can be estimated via remote sensing of foliar chlorophyll or nitrogen *** be modeled as a nonlinear multipliable function of:(i)leaf–air vapor pressure deficit,(ii)water potential gradient between soil and leaves,(iii)photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by the canopy,(iv)plant nutrition,(v)temperature and(vi)the CO_(2) concentration of the *** surveys with Light Detection and ranging(LiDAr)and interferometric rADAr,along with high-resolution spectral coverage in the visible,near-infrared,and thermal infrared bands,provide,along with meteorological data gathered from weather satellites,the kind of information required to model seasonal and interannual variation in transpiration and evaporation from landscapes with diverse and dynamic vegetation.

关键词： canopy stomatal conductance plant water relations process-based models remote sensing

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Thermally insulating robust carbon composite foams with high EMI shielding from natural cotton

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journal of Materials Science & Technology 2021年第35期94卷 113-122页

作者： A.Chithra Praveen wilson Sujith Vijayan r.rajeev K.Prabhakaran Department of Chemistry Indian Institute of Space Science and TechnologyThiruvananthapuram 695547India Analytical and Spectroscopy Division Vikram Sarabhai Space CentreThiruvananthapuram 695022India

Thermally insulating and fire-resistant carbon composite foams are prepared by consolidating natural cotton fibre dispersed in aqueous sucrose solution by filter-pressing followed by drying and *** compressive strength(5 kPa to 1.4 MPa)and thermal conductivity(0.069 to 0.185 W m^(-1)K^(-1))depend on the foam density(0.06 to 0.31 g cm^(-3))which is modulated by varying the sucrose solutions concentration(100 to 700 g L^(-1)).Partially flexible to the rigid transition of the carbon composite foams occurs at sucrose concentration above 200 g L^(-1).The tubular carbon fibre formed from cotton is welded at their contact points by the amorphous carbon produced from sucrose leading to partial flexibility at low sucrose concentration and advancement of fibre-to-fibre bonding area at higher sucrose concentration results in rigid *** porosity in the inter-fibre space and lumen of the carbonized cotton fibre contributes to the low thermal *** carbon composite foams prepared at a sucrose solution concentration of 500 g L^(-1) and above are amenable to machining using conventional machines and *** rigid carbon foams show EMI shielding effectiveness and specific shielding effectiveness in the ranges of 21.5 to 38.9 d B and 108-138 dB cm^(3) g^(-1),respectively.

关键词： Foams natural fibres thermal properties consolidation mechanical properties emi shielding properties

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断奶仔猪肠道健康和发育相关的饲料及添加剂

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饲料工业 2013年第10期34卷 60-64页

作者： john r.pluske 珀斯默多克大学动物研究所

当我们最大限度地减少抗菌复合物,如抗生素生长促进剂(AGP)和重金属混合物的使用时,为了保持养猪业的长期可持续发展,就必须发展新的或者不同的管理和饲养策略,来刺激刚断奶仔猪肠道的发育和健康,以达到改善生长性能的目的。仔猪断奶所... 详细信息

当我们最大限度地减少抗菌复合物,如抗生素生长促进剂(AGP)和重金属混合物的使用时,为了保持养猪业的长期可持续发展,就必须发展新的或者不同的管理和饲养策略,来刺激刚断奶仔猪肠道的发育和健康,以达到改善生长性能的目的。仔猪断奶所引起的包括养分和能量摄入量不足,不适当的肠道菌群数量和平衡,不成熟和被抑制的免疫功能,以及身心失调等不利因素,这些因素能降低消化和吸收的效率,并通过黏膜损伤和改变肠道上皮紧密连接的完整性,从而降低肠道的屏障功能。因此,断奶仔猪对于像由于肠毒素大肠杆菌血清型引起的断奶后腹泻这样的致病肠道条件极其易感。尽管日粮成分、菌群和肠道三者之间有些作用机制并不完全清楚,但是许多日粮成分,如蛋白质、纤维、饲料添加剂和矿物质,都被报道能通过影响胃肠道微生物增殖,从而影响仔猪肠道的发育和健康。在全世界对养猪业中使用抗生素的监管越来越严格的氛围下,使得我们需要找出某种饲料添加剂来作为抗生素的替代品或替代物。在某些情况下,这种可替代抗生素使用的饲料添加剂在日常商品猪的营养上也将发挥重要作用。然而,一般说来,并不是所有饲料添加剂的功效都稳定,因此在重大疾病暴发时,治疗剂量的抗生素和重金属,比如氧化锌仍然被普遍应用。如果饲料成分和饲料添加剂的使用具有较大的规范性和可靠性,并配合恰当的感染模型和体内体外技术,就更有利于我们理解抗生素和矿物元素(氧化锌)影响动物生理机能的机制。

关键词：断奶仔猪胃肠道健康饲料添加剂与抗生素

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Effect of mucin 4 allele on susceptibility to experimental infection with enterotoxigenic F4 Escherichia coli in pigs fed experimental diets

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journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology 2019年第4期10卷 981-989页

作者： Samantha O.Sterndale Danica j.Evans josephine P.Mansfield julie Clarke Shafi Sahibzada Sam Abraham Mark O’Dea David W.Miller jae Cheol Kim john r.pluske Agriculture Sciences College of ScienceHealthEngineering and Education Murdoch UniversityMurdochWA 6150Australia CSIrO health and Biosecurity PO BOX 10041AdelaideBC 5000Australia Antimicrobial resistance and Infectious Disease Laboratory Murdoch UniversityMurdochWA 6150Australia AB Vista Asia Pte.Ltd The MezzoWhampoa 329682Singapore

Background: This study investigated the validity of the DNA-marker based test to determine susceptibility to ETECF4 diarrhoea by comparing the results of two DNA sequencing techniques in weaner pigs following experimental infection with F4 enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli(ETEC-F4). The effects of diet and genetic susceptibility were assessed by measuring the incidence of piglet post-weaning diarrhoea(PWD), faecal E. coli shedding and the diarrhoea ***: A DNA marker-based test targeting the mucin 4 gene(MUC4) that encodes F4 fimbria receptor identified pigs as either fully susceptible(SS), partially or mildly susceptible(Sr), and resistant(rr) to developing ETEC-F4 diarrhoea. To further analyse this, DNA sequencing was undertaken, and a significantly higher proportion of C nucleotides was observed for rr and Sr at the Xba I cleavage site genotypes when compared to SS. however, no significant difference was found between Sr and rr genotypes. Therefore, results obtained from Sanger sequencing retrospectively allocated pigs into a resistant genotype(MUC4–), in the case of a C nucleotide, and a susceptible genotype(MUC4+), in the case of a G nucleotide, at the single nucleotide polymorphism site. A total of 72 weaner pigs(age ~ 21 days), weighing 6.1 ± 1.2 kg(mean ± SEM), were fed 3 different diets:(i) positive control(PC) group supplemented with 3 g/kg zinc oxide(Zn O),(ii) negative control(NC) group(no Zn O or hAMSA),and(iii) a diet containing a 50 g/kg high-amylose maize starch product(hAMSA) esterified with acetate. At days five and six after weaning, all pigs were orally infected with ETEC(serotype O149:F4;toxins LT1, ST1, ST2 and EAST). The percentage of pigs that developed diarrhoea following infection was higher(P = 0.05) in MUC4+ pigs compared to MUC4– pigs(50% vs. 26.8%, respectively). Furthermore, pigs fed Zn O had less ETEC-F4 diarrhoea(P = 0.009) than pigs fed other diets, however faecal shedding of ETEC was similar(P > 0.05) between ***

关键词： Diarrhoea Escherichia coli F4 MUC4 Weaner pigs Zinc oxide

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Coral reef recovery Status in South Andaman Islands after the Bleaching Event 2010

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journal of Ocean University of China 2013年第1期12卷 91-96页

作者： N. Marimuthu j. jerald wilson N. V. Vinithkumar r. Kirubagaran Department of Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences King Abdulaziz University Andaman and Nicobar Centre for Ocean Science and Technology National Institute of Ocean Technology (Ministry of Earth Sciences Govt. of India) Marine Biotechnology National Institute of Ocean Technology (Ministry of Earth Sciences Govt. of India)

The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are one of the Union Territories of India, located in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal. In 2010 summer, the increment in sea surface water temperature （up to 34℃） resulted in the bleaching of about 74% to 77% of corals in the South Andaman. During this event, coral species such as Acropora cerealis, A. humilis, Montipora sp., Favia paIlida, Diploastrea sp., Goniopora sp. Fungia concinna, Gardineroseries sp., Porites sp., Favites abdita and Lobophyllia robusta were severely affected. This study is to assess the recovery status of the reef ecosystem by estimating the percentage of Live Coral cover, Bleached coral cover, Dead coral with algae, rubble, Sandy fiat, Algal assemblage and other associated organisms, The sedimentation rate （mg cm^-2 d^-1） and coral coverage （%） were assessed during this study period. The average sedimentation rate was ranged between 0.27 and 0.89 mg cm^-2 d^1. The observed post bleaching recovery of coral cover was 21.1% at Port Blair Bay and 13.29% at havelock Island. The mortality rate of coral cover due to this bleaching was estimated as 2.05% at Port Blair Bay and 9.82% at havelock Island. Once the sea water temperature resumed back to the normal condition, most of the corals were found recovered.

关键词： coral reef coral recovery coral bleaching sea surface temperature

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rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus do not exhibit a dear enemy effects towards conspecific or heterospecific competitors

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Current Zoology 2015年第1期61卷 23-33页

作者： Matthew M. BATTISTON David r. wilson Brendan A. GrAhAM Kristin A. KOVACh Daniel j. MENNILL Department of Biological Sciences University of Windsor Windsor Ontario Canada N9B 3P4

Many territorial animals exhibit reduced aggression towards neighbours. Known as ＂the dear enemy effect＂, this phenomenon has been documented among conspecific animals across a wide range of animal taxa. In theory, the dear enemy ef- fect can also exist between individuals of different species, particularly when those species compete for shared resources. To date, a heterospecific dear enemy effects has only been documented in ants. In this study, we test for both a conspecific and heterospe- cific dear enemy effect in neotropical rufous-and-white wrens Thryophilus rufalbus. This species competes for resources with banded wrens Thryophilus pleurostictus, a closely related sympatric congener. We used acoustic playback to simulate ruf- ous-and-white wren and banded wren neighbours and non-neighbours at the edges of rufous-and-white wren territories. ruf- ous-and-white wrens responded more strongly to signals from their own species, demonstrating that resident males discriminate between conspecific and heterospecific rivals. They did not, however, exhibit a conspecific dear enemy effect. Further, they did not exhibit a heterospecific dear enemy effect. This could be due to neighbours and non-neighbours posing similar levels of threat in this system, to the possibility that playback from the edges of the subjects＇ large territories did not simulate a threatening signal, or to other factors. Our study provides the first test of a heterospecific dear enemy effect in vertebrates, and presents a valuable experimental approach for testing for a heterospecific dear enemy effect in other animals [Current Zoology 61 （1）： 23-33, 2015].

关键词： Conspecific aggression Dear enemy effect heterospecific aggression Intra-specific interactions Inter-specific interactions resource competition

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Effects of single and dual species herbivory on the behavioral responses of three thrips species to cotton seedlings

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Insect Science 2017年第4期24卷 684-698页

作者： rehan Silva Gimme h. Walter Lewis j. wilson Michael j. Furlong School of Biological Sciences The University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia Cotton research Unit CSIRO Agriculture Flagship Locked Bag 59 Narrabri NSW 2390 Australia

This study investigated the olfactory responses of 3 thrips species [Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, E occidentalis Pergrande and Thrips tabaci Lindeman （Thysanoptera： Thripidae）] to cotton seedlings [Gossypium hirsutum L. （Malvales： Malvaceae）] simulta- neously damaged by different combinations of herbivores. Cotton seedlings were damaged by foliar feeding Tetranychus urticae Koch （Trombidiforms： Tetranychidae）, helicoverpa armigera hibner （Lepidoptera： Noctuidae）, Aphis＇ gossypii Glover （hemiptera： Aphidi- dae） or root feeding Tenebrio molitor L. （Coleoptera： Tenebrionidae）. Thrips responses to plants simultaneously damaged by 2 species of herbivore were additive and equivalent to the sum of the responses of thrips to plants damaged by single herbivore species feeding alone. For example, E occidentalis was attracted to T. urticae damaged plants but more attracted to undamaged plants than to plants damaged by h. armigera. Plants simultane- ously damaged by low densities of T. urticae and h. armigera repelled E occidentalis but as T. urticae density increased relative to h. armigera density, E occidentalis attraction to coinfested plants increased proportionally. Thrips tabaci did not discriminate between un- damaged plants and plants damaged by h. armigera but were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae alone or simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and h. armigera. Olfactometer assays showed that simultaneous feeding by 2 herbivores on a plant can affect predator- prey interactions. Attraction of F. occidentalis to plants damaged by its T. urticae prey was reduced when the plant was simultaneously damaged by h. armigera, T. molitor, or A. gossypii and F. schultzei was more attracted to plants simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and h. armigera than to plants damaged by T. urticae alone. We conclude that plant responses to feeding by I species of herbivore are affected by responses to feeding by other herbivores. These plant-mediated interactions between herbivo

关键词： attraction dual-herbivory Frankliniella occidentalis Frankliniella schultzei induced responses predictability simultaneous damage Thrips tabaci

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