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Male circumcision： towards a World Health Organisation normative practice in resource limited settings

Asian Journal of Andrology 2010年第5期12卷 628-638页

作者： tim Hargreave Senior Fellow School of Clinical Science Edinburgh University Scotland UK Technical Adviser to the WHO RHR -HRP Africa HIV Prevention Male Circumcision Programme

There is now grade 1 evidence that male circumcision （MC） reduces the risk of a man acquiring HIV. Modelling studies indicate MC could in the next 10 years save up to 2 million lives in those African countries with high HIV prevalence. Several African countries are now scaling up public health MC programmes. The most effective immediate public health MC programmes in Africa will need to target 18-20 years old men. In the longer term there is a need for infant circumcision programmes. In order to implement more widespread MC there is a need to make the surgical procedures as simple as possible so that safe operations can be performed by paramedical staff. The WHO Manual of Male Circumcision under local anaesthetic was written with these objectives in mind. Included in the manual are three adult techniques and four paediatric procedures. The adult procedures are the dorsal slit, the for- ceps guided and the sleeve resection methods. Paediatric methods included are the plastibell technique, the Mogen and Gomco shield method and a standard surgical dorsal slit procedure. Each method is described in a step by step manner with photographic and line drawing illustrations. In addition to the WHO manual of surgical technique a teaching course has been developed and using this course it has been possible in one week to train a circumcision surgeon who has had no or minimal previous surgical experience. Further scaling will require training of circumcision surgeons, monitoring performance, training the trainer workshops as well as advocacy at national, international and government meetings. In addition to proceeding with standardised methods work is in progress to assess novel techniques in adults such as stay on ring devices and policies are being formulated as to how to assess new devices. Also work is in progress to explore efficiencies in surgical processing by task sharing. Proper informed consent and safety remain paramount and great care has to be taken as programmes in

关键词： Africa HIV male circumcision

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Orderly Algorithm to Enumerate Central Groupoids and Their Graphs

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2007年第2期23卷 249-264页

作者： tim BOYKETT time’s Up Research Department and Department of Mathematics Johannes-Kepler University

A graph has the unique path property UPPif there is a unique path of length n betweenany ordered pair of *** paper reiterates Royle and MacKay’s technique for constructing orderly *** wishto use this technique to enumerate all UPPgraphs of small orders 3~2 and 4~*** attempt to use thedirect graph formalism and find that the algorithm is *** introduce a generalised problem and derive algebraic and combinatoric structures with appro-priate *** we are able to design an orderly algorithm to determine all UPPgraphs oforder 3~2,which runs fast *** hope to be able to determine the UPPgraphs of order 4~2 in thenear future.

关键词： orderly algorithms paths in directed graphs enumeration

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Long-term results of olecranon fractures treated using the XS nail® system

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Chinese Journal of Traumatology 2022年第6期25卷 336-344页

作者： Leonard Hochtl-Lee Matthias Spalteholz tim Friedrich Raven Arash Moghaddam Wilhelm Friedl Aschaffenburg Trauma and Orthopaedic Research Group Center for OrthopaedicsTrauma Surgery and Sports MedicineHospital Aschaffenburg-Alzenau GGmbHAm Hasenkopf1AschaffenburgGermany Center for Orthopaedicsand Trauma Surgery LeipzigGermany Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery Rotkreuzklinik Wertheim GGmbHWertheim Am MainGermany

Purpose:Olecranon fractures are particularly vulnerable to distraction and subsequent fracture dislocation due to the high tensile *** treatment aims at reducing the fracture and restoring the anatomical joint surface condition,as well as neutralizing the strain inhibiting fracture *** XS nail®(Intercus GmbH,Bad Blankenberg,Germany),an intramedullary implant exerting compression across the entire fracture surface,unlike plates,leaves a minimal extra-cortical profile,and can be secured with threaded locking wires,thereby retaining the anatomical reduction without displacement or steps within the articular surface,which was often found in tension band *** encouraging initial results,the long-term outcome was ***:This retrospective study evaluated the long-term outcome of patients surgically treated at our trauma center between January 2002 and December 2005 using the XS nail®.Patients over the age of 18 years eligible for the study must have undergone surgery for isolated,recent(less than 14 days)traumatic olecranon fractures,without concomitant injuries to the ipsilateral elbow and *** exclusion criteria were pseudarthrosis,re-fractures and osteotomy for distal humerus surgery,as well as polytraumatized patients unable to aid in their own *** were retrospectively gathered by standardised questionnaire and patient records,as well as surgery and anesthesiology *** analysis was performed using Microsoft Office Excel?***:There were 32 patients,13 males(mean age 49.0 years)and 19 females(mean age 68.9 years)with 11 Schatzkers type D,7 each type A and C,5 type B and 2 type E at an average of 55.2 months,all showing complete *** them,6 patients had a loss of range of motion with more than 10°in the sagittal plane,and only 1 patient exceeded 10°reduction of ***-five patients reported being pain-free under all circumstances,and all but 2 patients(93.75%)had returned to

关键词： Olecranon fracture Intramedullary nail Treatment DASH XS nail

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VETA:Visual eye-tracking analytics for the exploration of gaze patterns and behaviours

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Visual Informatics 2022年第2期6卷 1-13页

作者： Sarah Goodwin Arnaud Prouzeau Ryan Whitelock-Jones Christophe Hurter Lee Lawrence Umair Afzal tim Dwyer Monash University ClaytonAustralia Inria&LaBRI(University of Bordeaux CNRSBordeaux-INP)BordeauxFrance ENAC UniversitédeToulouseToulouseFrance Swinburne University of Technology MelbourneAustralia

Eye tracking is growing in popularity for multiple application areas,yet analysing and exploring the large volume of complex data remains difficult for most *** present a comprehensive eye tracking visual analytics system to enable the exploration and presentation of eye-tracking data across time and space in an efficient *** application allows the user to gain an overview of general patterns and perform deep visual analysis of local gaze *** ability to link directly to the video of the underlying scene allows the visualisation insights to be verified on the *** system was motivated by the need to analyse eye-tracking data collected from an‘in the wild’study with energy network operators and has been further evaluated via interviews with 14 eye-tracking experts in multiple *** suggest that,thanks to state-of-the-art visualisation techniques and by providing context with videos,our system could enable an improved analysis of eye-tracking data through interactive exploration,facilitating comparison between different participants or conditions,thus enhancing the presentation of complex data analysis to *** research paper provides four contributions:(1)analysis of a motivational use case demonstrating the need for rich visual-analytics workflow tools for eye-tracking data;(2)a highly dynamic system to visually explore and present complex eye-tracking data;(3)insights from our applied use case evaluation and interviews with experienced users demonstrating the potential for the system and visual analytics for the wider eye-tracking community.

关键词： Eye tracking Visual analytics Spatial-temporal visualisation

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Structure of the myenteric plexus in normal and diseased human ileum analyzed by X-ray virtual histology slices

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2022年第29期28卷 3994-4006页

作者： Bela Veress Niccolo Peruzzi Marina Eckermann Jasper Frohn tim Salditt Martin Bech Bodil Ohlsson Department of Pathology Skåne Universiity HospitalMalmo 20502Sweden Medical Radiation Physics Department of Clinical SciencesLund UniversityLund 22100Sweden Institute for X-Ray Physics University of GottingenGottingen 37077Germany Cluster of Excellence“Multiscale Bioimaging:from Molecular Machines to Networks of Excitable Cells”(MBExC) University of GöttingenGöttingen 37077Germany ESRF The European SynchrotronGrenoble 38043France Department of Internal Medicine Skåne University HospitalLund UniversityMalmöS-20502Sweden

BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system(ENS)is situated along the entire gastrointestinal tract and is divided into myenteric and submucosal plexuses in the small and large *** ENS consists of neurons,glial cells,and nerves assembled into ganglia,surrounded by telocytes,interstitial cells of Cajal,and connective *** to the complex spatial organization of several interconnections with nerve fascicles,the ENS is difficult to examine in conventional histological sections of 3-5μ*** To examine human ileum full-thickness biopsies using X-ray phase-contrast nanotomography without prior staining to visualize the *** Six patients were diagnosed with gastrointestinal dysmotility and neuropathy based on routine clinical and histopathological *** controls,fullthickness biopsies were collected from healthy resection ileal regions after hemicolectomy for right colon *** the paraffin blocks,4-μm thick sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for localization of the myenteric ganglia under a light microscope.A 1-mm punch biopsy(up to 1 cm in length)centered on the myenteric plexus was taken and placed into a Kapton®tube for mounting in the subsequent investigation.X-ray phase-contrast tomography was performed using two custom-designed laboratory setups with micrometer resolution for overview ***,selected regions of interest were scanned at a synchrotron-based end-station,and high-resolution slices were *** total,more than 6000 virtual slices were analyzed from nine *** In the overview scans,the general architecture and quality of the samples were studied,and the myenteric plexus was ***-resolution scans revealed details,including the ganglia,interganglional nerve fascicles,and surrounding *** ganglia were irregular in shape and contained neurons and glial ***-shaped cells with very thin cellular projections could be observed on the surface of t

关键词： Enteric nervous system Immunohistochemistry Neuropathy Synchrotron Virtual histology Xray phase-contrast nanotomography

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Impact of Background Dynamic and Thermodynamic States on Distinctive Annual Cycle of Near-Equatorial Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Western North Pacific

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第4期34卷 822-835页

作者： Liyuan DENG tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI 96822USA

In a sharp contrast to tropical cyclone(TC) genesis over the main development region of the western North Pacific(WNP), near-equatorial(0°-5°N) TCs exhibit a distinctive annual cycle, peaking in boreal winter and being inactive in boreal summer. The relative roles of dynamic and thermodynamic background states on near-equatorial TCs formation were investigated based on the observational diagnosis of the genesis potential index(GPI) and high-resolution model simulations. It is found that the background vorticity makes a major contribution to the distinctive annual cycle, while mean temperature and specific humidity fields are not critical. Numerical simulations further indicate that seasonal mean cyclonic vorticity in boreal winter has three effects on TC genesis near the equator. First, the environmental cyclonic vorticity interacts with TC vortex to promote a mid-level outflow, which strengthens boundary layer friction induced ascending motion and thus condensational heating. Second, it produces an equivalent Coriolis effect(via enhanced absolute vorticity), which strengthens positive feedback between primary and secondary circulation. Third, it helps to merge small-scale vortical hot towers(VHTs) into a mesoscale core through vorticity segregation process. However, background vorticity in boreal summer has an opposite effect on TC development near the equator.

关键词： near-equatorial tropical cyclone(TC) equivalent Coriolis effect vorticity segregation

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Physical Processes Responsible for the Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Concentration in Arctic in Boreal Autumn since 1979

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第3期31卷 468-475页

作者： Lei ZHANG tim LI Climate Dynamics Research Center and Earth System Modeling Center International Laboratory on Climate and Environment ChangeNanjing University of Information Science & Technology Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Hawaii

Arctic sea ice concentration （ASIC） in boreal autumn exhibits prominent interannual variability since 1979. The physical mechanism responsible for the year-to-year variation of ASIC is investigated through observational data analyses and idealized numerical modeling. It is found that the ASIC interannual variability is closely associated with the anomalous meridional circulations over the Northern Hemisphere, which is further linked with the tropical sea surface temperature （SST） forcing. A tropics-wide SST cooling anomaly leads to an enhanced meridional SST gradi- ent to the north of the equator in boreal summer, generating strengthened and northward shifting Hadley circulation over the Northern Hemisphere. Consequently, the meridional circulations are enhanced and pushed poleward, lead- ing to an enhanced descending motion at the North Pole, surrounded by an ascending motion anomaly; the surface outflow turns into easterly anomalies, opposing the mean-state winds. As a result, positive cloudiness and weakened surface wind speed emerge, which reduce ASIC through changes in the surface latent heat flux and the downward longwave radiation.

关键词： Arctic sea ice variability interannual variability tropical forcing meridional circulations

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Increasing Trend of Summertime Synoptic Wave Train Activity over the Western North Pacific since 1950

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第5期34卷 1013-1024页

作者： Xinyi ZHOU tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI 96822USA

The change of summertime synoptic-scale wave train(SWT) activity over the western North Pacific(WNP) since1950 was investigated based on the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data. It is found that the intensity of SWT has a rising trend, while its structure and phase propagation characteristics remain unchanged. Environmental factors responsible for the rising trend are investigated. By separating the whole period into three warming phases(P1: 1950–1958, P2:1978–1986, and P3: 2006–2014), we found that even though the vertical velocity shows a rising trend, the background low-level vorticity over the monsoon trough region increases from P1 to P2 but decreases from P2 to P3, and so is the low-level barotropic energy conversion(CK). Thus, just the environmental dynamic factor could not explain the continuous rising SWT trend. On the other hand, thermodynamic factor, such as the sea surface temperature(SST), moisture, and atmospheric instability, shows a clear step-by-step increasing trend. A non-dimensional synoptic activity index(SAI) that combines the dynamic and thermodynamic factors is then proposed. This index well captures the observed long-term trend of the SWT intensity.

关键词： global warming synoptic wave train barotropic energy conversion(CK) atmospheric instability parameter synoptic activity index(SAI)

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An Improved Method for Defining Short-Term Climate Anomalies

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第6期35卷 1012-1022页

作者： Xuan CHEN tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii atManoaHonoluluHI 96822USA

A conventional method to define short-term climate anomalies for atmospheric and oceanic variables,recommended by the World Meteorological Organization(WMO),is the departure from a 30-yr climatological mean in the preceding three *** a method,however,introduces spurious errors such as sudden jumps and artificial trends.A new method,named a trend correctional method,is introduced to eliminate the *** demonstrate the capability of this new method,we examine a set of idealized cases first by superposing a"true"interannual or interdecadal signal onto a linear or a nonlinear *** to the conventional method,the trend correctional method is able to retain,to a large extent,the"true"anomaly ***,we examined real-time *** anomaly time series derived based on the trend correctional method show a better agreement with the observed anomaly *** rootmean-square error is greatly improved,comparing to that calculated based on the conventional ***,the results from both the idealized and real cases demonstrate that the new method has a clear advantage to the conventional method in deriving true climate anomalies,in particular under the ongoing global warming circumstance.

关键词： long-term trend climate anomaly definition trend correctional method

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Fractal characterization of pore structure and its influence on CH_(4) adsorption and seepage capacity of low-rank coals

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Frontiers of Earth Science 2022年第4期16卷 916-933页

作者： Guangyuan MU Haihai HOU Jiaqiang ZHANG Yue TANG Ya-nan LI Bin SUN Yong LI tim JONES Yuan YUAN Longyi SHAO State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining and College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering China University of Mining and TechnologyBeijing 100083China College of Mining Liaoning Technical UniversityFuxin 123000China Oil&Gas Resource Survey Center China Geological SurveyMinistry of Land and ResourceBeijing 100029China Department of Coalbed Methane Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and DevelopmentPetroChinaBeijing 100083China School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF103YEUK

The pore structures of coal can directly affect the adsorption and seepage capacity of coalbed methane(CBM),which therefore is an important influence on CBM exploration and *** this study,the pore structures of low-rank coals from the Middle Jurassic Xishanyao Formation in the southern Junggar Basin were analyzed,and the fractal dimensions(D1,D2,D3 and D4 corresponding to pore sizes of 0-5 nm,5-100 nm,100-1000 nm and 1000-20000 nm,respectively)were calculated to quantitatively describe these coal pore *** results show that Xishanyao coal is characterized by open pore morphology,good pore connectivity and well-developed seepage pores and microfractures,which is beneficial to CBM *** D1 and D2 can be used to characterize the pore surface and structure of adsorption pores *** D3 and D4 can be used to represent the pore structure of seepage *** with adsorption pores,the structure of seepage pores is more affected by the change of coal *** D1 is better than D2 in characterizing the methane adsorption *** D1>2.2,D1 is positively correlated with Langmuir volume(VL)and negatively correlated with Langmuir pressure(PL),while D2 shows a weak opposite *** coals with the higher D1 and lower D2 are associated with a higher VL,indicating the coal reservoir with more complex pore surfaces and simpler pore structures has stronger methane adsorption capacity.D4 is better than D3 in characterizing the methane seepage *** porosity and permeability of coal reservoirs increase with the increase of D4,while D3 displays an opposite trend,which is mainly related to the well-developed *** well-developed fracture system enhances the seepage capacity of the Xishanyao coal *** study reveals the fractal characteristics of pore structure and its significant influence on adsorption and seepage capacity of low-rank coal.

关键词： southern Junggar Basin Middle Jurassic low-rank coal coalbed methane pore structure fractal dimensions

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