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人工智能中的“解释”:来自社会科学的洞见(下)

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数字人文研究 2024年第2期4卷 90-128页

作者：蒂姆·米勒张菁(译) 澳大利亚昆士兰大学电气工程与计算机科学学院中国人民大学教育学院

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(ExplainableAr-tificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一... 详细信息

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(ExplainableAr-tificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一个有用起点,这应该没有争议。诚然,公正地说,大多数关于可解释人工智能的工作仅利用研究人员对什么构成“好”解释的直觉。哲学、心理学和认知科学领域存在大量关于人们如何定义、生成、选择、评估和呈现解释的有价值的研究,这些研究认为人们在解释过程中运用了某些认知偏见和社会期望。文章认为,可解释人工智能领域可以建立在这些现有研究的基础上,并回顾了研究这些主题的哲学、认知心理学/科学和社会心理学的相关论文,由此获取了一些重要的发现,并讨论了如何将这些发现融入可解释人工智能的相关工作中。

关键词：解释可解释性可阐释性可解释人工智能透明度

人工智能中的“解释”:来自社会科学的洞见(上)

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数字人文研究 2024年第1期4卷 18-41页

作者：蒂姆·米勒张菁(译) 澳大利亚昆士兰大学电气工程与计算机科学学院

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一... 详细信息

随着研究人员和从业者寻求为其算法提供更多透明度,可解释人工智能(Explainable Artificial Intelligence)有一场新近的复苏。这项研究的大部分聚焦于向人类观察者明确地解释决策或行动。观察人类如何相互解释可以作为人工智能解释的一个有用起点,这应该没有争议。诚然,公正地说,大多数关于可解释人工智能的工作仅利用研究人员对什么构成“好”解释的直觉。哲学、心理学和认知科学领域存在大量关于人们如何定义、生成、选择、评估和呈现解释的有价值的研究,这些研究认为人们在解释过程中运用了某些认知偏见和社会期望。文章认为,可解释人工智能领域可以建立在这些现有研究的基础上,并回顾了研究这些主题的哲学、认知心理学/科学和社会心理学的相关论文,由此获取了一些重要的发现,并讨论了如何将这些发现融入可解释人工智能的相关工作中。

关键词：解释可解释性可阐释性可解释人工智能透明度

CFD modeling of dynamic airflow and particle transmission in an aircraft lavatory

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建筑模拟(英文) 2023年第8期16卷 1375-1390页

作者： Pin Li Wei Liu Tengfei(tim)Zhang Tianjin Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control School of Environmental Science and EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjinChina School of Civil Engineering Dalian University of TechnologyDalianChina Division of Sustainable Buildings Department of Civil and Architectural EngineeringKTH Royal Institute of TechnologyBrinellvägen 23Stockholm10044Sweden

Lavatories are frequently used facilities,especially on long-haul *** a vacuum toilet in a lavatory can induce strong airflow,produce aerosols in the toilet bowl,and resuspend deposited particles from the ***,the exact particle transport routes and the fates of particle after toilet flushing are unclear so *** investigation used computational fluid dynamics(CFD)to model the transient airflow and pollutant transport after a toilet flushing process in a lavatory of a commercial *** time-varying pressure profile measured in a laboratory was assigned to the drainage valve as boundary *** aerosols generated inside the toilet bowl during flushing and the particles resuspended from the lavatory floor were used as particle *** tracking of airborne particles in the lavatory was *** addition,ammonia gas was used to examine odor *** multi-physics software program COMSOL 5.4 was employed for numerical solution after being *** results revealed that more than 70%of the generated particles in the toilet bowl are drained into sewage.A few particles may leak out of the toilet bowl and remain suspended in the air for more than five minutes when the toilet lid is open during *** the toilet with a closed lid can effectively reduce the particle leakage and the spread of odor gas,but it leads to greater deposition of particles on both the lid and *** is a slight inhalation exposure risk in the initial three minutes after flushing with a closed lid.

关键词： lavatory vacuum toilet flushing particle odor gas CFD

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大师镜头里的鸟类世界蒂姆·拉曼对话奚志农

人与自然 2024年第4期 76-93页

作者：蒂姆·拉曼奚志农不详

鸟类栖息在地球上的每个大陆和主要岛屿,而对鸟类学家和摄影师蒂姆·拉曼来说,记录这些壮观的生物是他毕生的追求。在野生动物摄影这一艺术殿堂中,拉曼如同神秘的探险家,深入地球的未知之域,他的镜头不仅捕捉到了大自然的精彩瞬间。

关键词：拉曼精彩瞬间艺术殿堂鸟类镜头摄影师探险家地球

Identification of Characteristic Values in Impulse-Based Processes Using Small Specimens

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Nanomanufacturing and Metrology 2022年第3期5卷 310-323页

作者： Tobias Valentino tim Radel BIAS-Bremer Institut Fur Angewandte Strahltechnik GmbH Klagenfurter StraBe 528359 BremenGermany

Suitable approaches are needed for rapid and cost-efficient materials ***-throughput experimentation reduces the identification time of suitable material *** approach is to use small specimen geometries to save additional production ***,research is continuously being conducted on a new hardness test based on laser-induced shock *** far,characteristic values from the induced indentations have been extracted,which correlate with hardness and tensile ***,the indentation result varies in dependence of the specimen size and *** condition hinders the correlation between characteristic values and material ***,the goal was to induce similar indentation results to minimum specimen ***,different mounting materials and methods were *** created indentations were compared with those induced in large *** mounting parameters were derived from the ***,small specimens can be used for material characterization by considering these mounting parameters.

关键词： Mounting Stiffness Coefficient of restitution Forming efficiency Measuring instrument TEA-CO_(2)laser

Simulations of a Persistent Heat Wave Event in Missouri in Summer 2012 Using a High-Resolution WRF Model

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2022年第4期36卷 631-642页

作者： Lili ZHU Fengpeng SUN tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC–FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences University of Missouri–Kansas CityKansas CityMissouri 64110USA International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHawaii 96822USA

An extreme and persistent heat wave event hit Missouri in summer *** operational forecast models failed to predict such an event at a long *** objective of the current study is to simulate this extreme event using a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with eight combined physical(including longwave/shortwave radiation,microphysics,and planetary boundary layer)parameterization *** for one month,the model successfully simulates the spatial pattern and temporal evolution of surface air temperature,compared to in-situ *** interesting feature is an oscillatory development of the surface air temperature,with a pronounced synoptic *** a temperature evolution is consistent with the local zonal wind fluctuation,implying the important role of anomalous temperature *** overall skill score that combines the performance of 2-m air temperature,relative humidity,and precipitation fields is *** result shows that the combination of Thompson,Rapid Radiative Transfer Model for GCMs(RRTMG),and Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino level-3(MYNN3)schemes presents the best WRF simulation.A further analysis of this best simulation shows that the model successfully reproduces the urban heat island(UHI)effect in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area with realistic diurnal variation of 2-m air temperature in the urban and nonurban areas with a larger UHI effect at nighttime.

关键词： 2012 US summer heat wave Missouri model evaluation/performance parameterization

Understorey species distinguish late successional and ancient forests after decades of minimum human intervention: A case study from Slovenia

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第1期10卷 92-101页

作者： Mirjana Sipek tim Ravnjak Nina Sajna University of Maribor Faculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsKoroska c.1602000MariborSlovenia

The main species composition drivers in temperate deciduous forests are environmental conditions, a stand?s age and the site history, e.g., the succession stage and past land use, as well as disturbance regime and current management. We compared plant species diversity and composition in late successional and ancient forests, cooccurring on the same small river island applying species accumulation curves and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, respectively. Given the island?s geomorphological characteristics, we expected these to be very similar before human intervention in the past. The forests experienced differing disturbance regimes in the past, while over the last 30 years, human intervention has been the same and reduced to a minimum. The ancient forest in this study had two major characteristics defining it as old, mature forest: continuity of presence for more than 200years and specific composition. The late successional forest experienced major disturbance in the 20th century and was allowed natural regeneration by bordering on the ancient forest, representing a potential species pool,and by decades of minimum human intervention. Our results showed that, even though there was no difference in species richness, we could still detect differences between the forests, particularly in the abundance and species composition of the understorey, among which geophytes had the most indicative importance. To make our results useful on a broader scale, we composed from the literature a species list of plants indicative for ancient forest and tested its application. These results are important for distinguishing between old and mature secondary stands and particularly for identifying old forest stands, which should be conserved and, in the case of fragmented landscapes, included in a network connecting forest fragments.

关键词： Forest community Successional forest Indicator plants Plant diversity Understorey Geophytes

Intestinal eosinophils:characterization of elusive granulocytes as anti-bacterial and immunomodulatory effector cells in colitis

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Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 2023年第9期8卷 3904-3906页

作者： tim Holland Jochen Mattner Mikrobiologisches Institut-Klinische Mikrobiologie Immunologie und HygieneUniversitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität(FAU)Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen FAU Erlangen-NürnbergErlangenGermany

In a recent study published in Nature,Gurtner and colleagues identify active eosinophils(A-Eos)as eosinophil subset with anti-bacterial and immune regulatory functions during intestinal disease.1 Due to the combination of human singe cell transcip-tomics with pre-clinical experimental studies,the authors suggest eosinophils as promising targets for clinical intervention in inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Eosinophils are known to exhibit versatile functions at mucosal ***,they can sustain the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as intestinal tissue architecture,communicate with other cell subsets and regulate local immune responses.2 However,despite having been associated with a panoply of different diseases including eosinophilic esophagitis or IBD,3 their role and plasticity in gastrointestinal disorders have not been well characterized.

关键词： eosinophils clinical diseases

Effect of vertical overturning circulation scale and moist static energy tendency on MJO phase speed

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Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2022年第1期15卷 68-75页

作者： Feng Hu tim Li School of Geographic Information and Tourism Chuzhou UniversityChuzhouChina Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjingChina International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric Sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHawaiiUSA

本文通过对1979-2019年ERA-I再分析资料进行诊断分析,研究了MJO垂直环流(VOC)纬向尺度和湿静力能(MSE)趋势纬向不对称性对MJO传播速度的综合影响.研究结果表明,MJO传播速度与VOC的纬向尺度和MSE趋势纬向梯度之间存在显著的正相关关系.... 详细信息

本文通过对1979-2019年ERA-I再分析资料进行诊断分析,研究了MJO垂直环流(VOC)纬向尺度和湿静力能(MSE)趋势纬向不对称性对MJO传播速度的综合影响.研究结果表明,MJO传播速度与VOC的纬向尺度和MSE趋势纬向梯度之间存在显著的正相关关系.基于上述两个参数,本文建立了线性回归模型,该模型可以较好的估计MJO的传播速度.本文对上述结果在不同的地理区域(120°-140°E)进行了敏感性测试.MJO传播速度仍然与这两个参数之间有显著的正相关关系.

关键词：垂直环流 MJO传播速度湿静力能趋势简单线性回归模型