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Intercomparison of Precipitation Simulated by Regional Climate Models over East Asia in 1997 and 1998

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2007年第4期24卷 539-554页

作者： Dong-Kyou LEE william j.gutowski Hyun-Suk KANG Chun-ji KIM School of Earth and Environmental Sciences Seoul National UniversitySeoulKorea Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences Iowa State UniversityAmesUSAJr Department of Atmospheric Sciences Yonsei UniversitySeoulKorea.School of Earth and Environmental SciencesSeoul National UniversitySeoulKorea

Regional climate simulations in Asia from May 1997 to August 1998 were performed using the Seoul National University regional climate model （SNURCM） and Iowa State University regional climate model （***5/LSM）, which were developed by coupling the NCAR/Land Surface Model （LSM） and the Mesoscale Model （MM5）. However, for physical processes of precipitation, the SNURCM used the Grell scheme for the convective parameterization scheme （CPS） and the simple ice scheme for the explicit moisture scheme （EMS）, while the ***5/LSM used the Betts-Miller scheme for CPS and the mixed phase scheme for EMS.The simulated precipitation patterns and amounts over East Asia for the extreme climatic summer in 1997 （relative drought conditions） and 1998 （relative flood conditions） were especially focused upon. The ***5/LSM simulated more precipitation than was observed in 1997 due to more moisture and cloud water in the lower levels, despite weak upward motion. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion resulted in more precipitation than that was observed in 1998, with more moisture and cloud water in the middle levels. In the ***5/LSM, weak upward motion, unchanged moisture in the lower troposphere, and the decrease in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation only by 3% for the 1998 summer event. In the SNURCM, strong upward motion, the increase in moisture in the lower troposphere, and the increase in latent heat flux at the surface increased convective precipitation by 48% for the summer of 1998. The main differences between both simulations were moisture availability and horizontal momentum transport in the lower troposphere, which were also strongly influenced by large-scale forcing.

关键词： regional climate simulation summer precipitation variability extreme climatic event physical process

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Separations of Metal Ions Using Ionic Liquids: The Challenges of Multiple Mechanisms

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Tsinghua Science and Technology 2006年第2期11卷 188-193页

作者： Violina A. Cocalia john D. Holbrey Keith E. gutowski Nicholas j. Bridges Robin D. Rogers Department of Chemistry and Center for Green Manufacturing The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa AL 35487 USA

Ionic liquids are a distinct sub-set of liquids, comprising only of cations and anions, often with negligible vapor pressure. As a result of the low or non-volatility of these fluids, ionic liquids are often considered in liquid/liquid separation schemes where the goal is to replace volatile organic solvents. Unfortunately, it is often not yet recognized that the ionic nature of these solvents can result in a variety of extraction mechanisms, including solvent ion-pair extraction, ion exchange, and simultaneous combinations of these. This paper discusses current ionic liquid-based separations research where the effects of the nature of the solvent ions, ligands, and metal ion species were studied in order to be able to understand the nature of the challenges in utilizing ionic liquids for practical applications.

关键词： metal ion liquid-liquid separation ionic liquid solvent extraction

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Dose-efficient scanning Compton X-ray microscopy

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第6期12卷 1141-1152页

作者： Tang Li jLukas Dresselhaus Nikolay Ivanov Mauro Prasciolu Holger Fleckenstein Oleksandr Yefanov Wenhui Zhang David Pennicard Ann-Christin Dippel Olof gutowski Pablo Villanueva-Perez Henry N.Chapman Saša Bajt The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging 22761 HamburgGermany Center for Free-Electron Laser Science CFEL Deutsches ElektronenSynchrotron DESY22607 HamburgGermany Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY 22607 HamburgGermany Synchrotron Radiation Research and NanoLund Lund University22100 LundSweden Department of Physics Universität Hamburg22761 HamburgGermany

The highest resolution of images of soft matter and biological materials is ultimately limited by modification of the structure,induced by the necessarily high energy of short-wavelength *** the inelastically scattered X-rays at a photon energy of 60 keV(0.02 nm wavelength)offers greater signal per energy transferred to the sample than coherent-scattering techniques such as phase-contrast microscopy and projection *** present images of dried,unstained,and unfixed biological objects obtained by scanning Compton X-ray microscopy,at a resolution of about 70 *** microscope was realised using novel wedged multilayer Laue lenses that were fabricated to sub-ångström precision,a new wavefront measurement scheme for hard X rays,and efficient pixel-array *** doses required to form these images were as little as 0.02%of the tolerable dose and 0.05%of that needed for phase-contrast imaging at similar resolution using 17 keV photon *** images obtained provide a quantitative map of the projected mass density in the sample,as confirmed by imaging a silicon *** on these results,we find that it should be possible to obtain radiation damage-free images of biological samples at a resolution below 10 nm.

关键词： wedge dried scattered

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