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Low temperature microwave-assisted vs conventional pyrolysis of various biomass feedstocks

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Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry 2012年第3期21卷 270-274页

作者： Peter Shuttleworth Vitaliy Budarin Mark Gronnow James h.clark Rafael Luque Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence University of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DD YorkUK Departamento de Química Orgnica Universidad de CórdobaCampus de Excelencia Agroalimentario ceiA3Edif icio Marie Curie(C-3)Ctra Nnal IVKm 396E-14014CórdobaSpain

A comparison between conventional pyrolysis and a novel developed low-temperature microwave-assisted pyrolysis methodology has been performed for the valorisation of a range of biomass feedstocks including waste residues. Microwave pyrolysis was found to efficiently deliver comparable evolution of bio-gases in the system as compared with conventional pyrolysis at significantly reduced temperatures （120-180 ℃vs 250-400 ℃）. The gas obtained from microwave-assisted pyrolysis was found to contain CO2, Ch4 and CO as major components as well

关键词： microwave-assisted pyrolysis biomass valorisation gas production

Urgently reveal longly hidden toxicant in a familiar fabrication process of biomass-derived environment carbon material

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2021年第2期33卷 250-256页

作者： Chao Jia Jiewen Luo Jiajun Fan James h.clark Shicheng Zhang Xiangdong Zhu Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention(LAP3) Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYork YO105DDUnited Kingdom Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes Shanghai200438China

Biomass-derived N-doped carbon(BNC)is an important environmental material and widely used in the fields of water purification and soil ***,the toxicant in the commonly used synthesis process of BNC materials have been largely ***,we firstly report the presence of a highly toxic by-product(KCN)in the activation process of BNC materials consequential of the carbothermal reduction *** this carbothermal reduction reaction also regulates the N-doping and pore development of BNC materials,the KCN content directly relates with the properties of BNC material ***,a high KCN content(-611 mg)can occur in the production process of per g BNC material with high specific surface area(-3600 m^2/g).Because the application performance of BNC material is determined by the surface area and available N doping,therefore,production of a BNC material with high performance entails high ***,this study proves a completely new risk recognition on a familiar synthesis process of biomass-based ***,strict protective device should be taken in fabrication process of biomass-derived carbon material.

关键词： Biomass Biomass based N-doped carbon Carbothermal reduction reaction Pore Toxic by-product

highly efficient NhC-iridium-catalyzedβ-methylation of alcohols with methanol at low catalyst loadings

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Science China Chemistry 2021年第8期64卷 1361-1366页

作者： Zeye Lu Qingshu Zheng Guangkuo Zeng Yunyan Kuang James h.clark Tao Tu Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Department of ChemistryFudan UniversityShanghai200438China State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai200032China Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence University of YorkYorkYO 105DDUK

The methylation of alcohols is of great importance since a broad number of bioactive and pharmaceutical alcohols contain methyl ***,a highly efficientβ-methylation of primary and secondary alcohols with methanol has been achieved by using bis-N-heterocyclic carbene iridium(bis-NhC-Ir)*** substrate scope and up to quantitative yields were achieved at low catalyst loadings with only hydrogen and water as *** protocol was readily extended to theβ-alkylation of alcohols with several primary *** experiments,along with DFT calculations and crystallographic studies,revealed that the ligand effect is critical to their excellent catalytic performance,shedding light on more challenging Guerbet reactions with simple alcohols.

关键词： hydrogen-borrowing ligand effect iridium N-heterocyclic carbene methylation

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Phosphine ligands featuring C-N chiral axis applicable to tetra-ortho-substituted biaryl synthesis

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2023年第7期34卷 3-5页

作者： Weiwei Fang Meiying Kuai James h.clark Tao Tu Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China Circa Renewable Chemistry Institute Green Chemistry Centre of ExcellenceUniversity of YorkYork YO105DDUnited Kingdom Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Department of ChemistryFudan UniversityShanghai 200433China State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesShanghai 200032China Green Catalysis Center and College of Chemistry Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou 450001China

Asymmetric catalysis has been one of the most effective strategies for building up a chirality in the favored stereoisomer. Over the past decades, various sophisticated chiral ligands and catalysts have been well-designed, which enable great advances in enantioselective chemical transformations, for achieving excellent selectivity and activity.

关键词： chiral substituted applicable

Electrochemical Biorefinery toward Chemicals Synthesis and Bio-Oil Upgrading from Lignin

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Engineering 2023年第8期27卷 178-198页

作者： Rui hu Yuying Zhao Chen Tang Yan Shi Gang Luo Jiajun Fan James h.clark Shicheng Zhang Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention(LAP3)Department of Environmental Science and EngineeringFudan UniversityShanghai 200438China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China Circa Renewable Chemistry Institute Green Chemistry Center of ExcellenceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYork YO105DDUK

Recalcitrance and the inherent heterogeneity of lignin structure are the major bottlenecks to impede the popularization of lignin-based chemicals production *** works suggested a promising pathway for lignin depolymerization and lignin-derived bio-oil upgrading via an electrochemical biorefinery(a process in which lignin valorization is performed via electrochemical oxidation or reduction).This review presents the progress on chemicals synthesis and bio-oil upgrading from lignin by an electrochemical biorefinery,relating to the lignin biosynthesis pathway,reaction pathway of lignin electrochemical conversion,inner-sphere and outer-sphere electron transfer mechanism,basic kinetics and thermodynamics in electrochemistry,and the recent embodiments analysis with the emphasis on the respective feature and limitation for lignin electrochemical oxidative and reductive ***,the challenge and perspective associated with lignin electrochemical biorefinery are ***-day results indicate that more work should be performed to promote efficiency,selectivity,and stability in pursuing a lignin electrochemical *** of the most promising developing directions appears to be integrating various types of lignin electrochemical conversion strategies and other existing or evolving lignin valorization *** review aims to provide more references and discussion on the development for lignin electrochemical biorefinery.

关键词： Lignin Electrochemical biorefinery Reaction pathway Electron transfer mechanism Kinetics Thermodynamics

GPS monitoring of the crustal motion in southwestern China

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第19期44卷 1804-1807页

作者： B.clark Burchfiel Robert W.King Leigh h.Royden Massachusetts Institute of Technology CambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USAMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMA 02139USA

Through GPS carrier phases observation in southwestern China during 1991-1997,the velocity field within eastern Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) and its neighbour regions has been es-’tablished. The velocity of those sites in and west of Chuan-Dian block is mostly 5-10 mm·a-1relative to the fiduciary station ChDU (Chengdu), and the motion in Chuan-Qing and

关键词： eastern Tibetan Plateau global positioning system (GPS) crustal motion and deformation.

Calcite twinning strain variations across the Proterozoic Grenville orogen and Keweenaw-Kapuskasing inverted foreland,USA and Canada

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Geoscience Frontiers 2017年第6期8卷 1357-1384页

作者： John P.Craddock Suzanne D.Craddock Alex Konstantinou Andrew R.C.Kylander-clark David h.Malone Geology Department Macalester CollegeSt.PaulMN 55105USA School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability Northern Arizona UniversityFlagstaffAZUSA Cyprus hydrocarbons Company NicosiaCyprus Department of Earth Science University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCA 93106USA Department of Geography-Geology Illinois State UniversityNormalIL 61790-4400USA

We report the calcite twinning strain results of a traverse across the Grenville orogen from Parry Sound,Ontario(NW)to ***,New York(SE),including the younger,adjacent Ordovician Taconic *** four carbonates(marbles,calcite veins,Ordovician limestone)were collected resulting in 68 strain analyses on mechanically twinned calcite(n=2337 grains)across the Central Gneiss Belt(CGB;3 samples),the Central Metasedimentary Belt(CMB;27 samples),the Central Granulite Terrane(CGT;Adirondack's;13 samples)and the Ottawan Orogenic Lid(OOL;11 samples).Twinning strains in the greenschist-grade OOL marbles preserve N-S shortening and U-Pb titanite ages(~1150 Ma;n=4)document these marbles formed during the Shawinigan(1190-1140 Ma)part of the Grenville *** northwest to southeast,the Ottawan(1095-1020 Ma)twinning strain is dominantly a layerparallel shortening fabric oriented N-S(Parry Sound),then becomes parallel to the Grenville thrust direction(NW-SE)across the CMB to the Adirondack highlands where the sub-horizontal shortening strain becomes margin-parallel(SW-NE).Within the regional sample suite there are two areas studied in detail,the Bancroft shear zone(n=11)and a roadcut on the southeast side of the Adirondack Mountains(***,NY;n=8).Marbles from the Bancroft shear zone contain calcite grains with 2 sets of twin lamellae(e_1 and e_2).The better-developed e_1 sets(n=406)record a horizontal fabric oriented NW-SE whereas the younger e_2 lamellae(n=146)preserve a margin-parallel(SW-NE)horizontal *** the e_1 and e_2 strains record an overprint vertical shortening strain(NEV),perhaps related to extensional orogenic *** also report an Ottawan orogen-aged granoblastic mylonite(1093 Ma,U-Pb zircon;1102 Ma Ar-Ar biotite)in the Keweenaw thrust hanging wall 500 km inboard of the Grenville front and interpret the relations of Grenville-Keweenaw far-field dynamics.

关键词： Orogenic belts Strain Proterozoic

Carbon dioxide enrichment affected flower numbers transiently and increased successful post-pollination development stably but without altering final acorn production in mature pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.)

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Journal of Forestry Research 2024年第4期35卷 1-12页

作者： Ryan McClory Richard h.Ellis Martin Lukac Jo clark Carolina Mayoral Kris M.hart Andrew R.G.Plackett A.Rob MacKenzie School of Agriculture Policy and DevelopmentUniversity of ReadingAgricultureEarley GateWhiteknights RoadPO Box 237Reading RG66EUUK Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences Czech University of Life Sciences PraguePrague 165000Czechia Future Trees Trust Harwell Innovation CentreBuilding 173Curie AvenueHarwellOxford OX110QGUK Birmingham Institute of Forest Research University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Biosciences University of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK School of Geography Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonBirmingham B152TTUK

Acorn production in oak(Quercus spp.)shows considerable inter-annual variation,known as masting,which provides a natural defence against seed predators but a highly-variable supply of acorns for uses such as in commercial tree planting each *** emissions of greenhouse gases have been very widely reported to influence plant growth and seed or fruit size and quantity via the‘fertilisation effect’that leads to enhanced *** examine if acorn production in mature woodland communities will be affected by further increase in CO_(2),the contents of litter traps from a Free Air Carbon Enrichment(FACE)experiment in deciduous woodland in central England were analysed for numbers of flowers and acorns of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur L.)at different stages of development and their predation levels under ambient and elevated CO_(2) ***-annual variation in acorn numbers was considerable and cyclical between 2015 and 2021,with the greatest numbers of mature acorns in 2015,2017 and 2020 but almost none in *** numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,immature acorns,empty acorn cups,and galls in the litter traps also varied amongst years;comparatively high numbers of enlarged cups were recorded in 2018,suggesting *** at this site is a fruit maturation masting species(i.e.,the extent of abortion of pollinated flowers during acorn development affects mature acorn numbers greatly).Raising the atmospheric CO_(2) concentration by 150μL L^(−1),from early 2017,increased the numbers of immature acorns,and all acorn evidence(empty cups+immature acorns+mature acorns)detected in the litter traps compared to ambient controls by 2021,but did not consistently affect the numbers of flowers,enlarged cups,empty cups,or mature *** number of flowers in the elevated CO_(2) plots’litter traps was greater in 2018 than 2017,one year after CO_(2) enrichment began,whereas numbers declined in ambient *** with CO_(2) also increased the number o

关键词： Quercus robur L. Acorns Masting Pedunculate oak Carbon dioxide

Time-Resolved Oxidation State Changes Are Key to Elucidating the Bifunctionality of Perovskite Catalysts for Oxygen Evolution and Reduction

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2024年第5期7卷 292-300页

作者： Casey E.Beall Emiliana Fabbri Adam h.clark Vivian Meier Nur Sena Yüzbasi Benjamin h.Sj∅lin Ivano E.Castelli Dino Aegerter Thomas Graule Thomas J.Schmidt Paul Scherrer Institute(PSI) 5232Villigen PSISwitzerland Institute for Physical Molecular Science ETH Zürich8093ZürichSwitzerland Empa 8600DübendorfSwitzerland Department of Energy Conversion and Storage Technical University of DenmarkDK-2800Kgs.LyngbyDenmark

In a unified regenerative fuel cell(URFC)or reversible fuel cell,the oxygen bifunctional catalyst must switch reversibly between the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR),fuel cell mode,and the oxygen evolution reaction(OER),electrolyzer ***,it is often unclear what effect alternating between ORR and OER has on the electrochemical behavior and physiochemical properties of the ***,operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy(XAS)is utilized to monitor the continuous and dynamic evolution of the Co,Mn,and Fe oxidation states of perovskite catalysts Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Co_(0.8)Fe_(0.2)O_(3-δ)(BSCF)and La_(0.4)Sr_(0.6)MnO_(3-δ)(LSM),while the potential is oscillated between reducing and oxidizing potentials with cyclic *** results reveal the importance of investigating bifunctional catalysts by alternating between fuel cell and electrolyzer operation and highlight the limitations and challenges of bifunctional *** is shown that the requirements for ORR and OER performance are divergent and that the oxidative potentials of OER are detrimental to ORR *** findings are used to give guidelines for future bifunctional catalyst ***,it is demonstrated how sunlight can be used to reactivate the ORR activity of LSM after rigorous cycling.

关键词： BSCF LSM OER ORR XAS