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As clear as mud： Turbidity induces behavioral changes in the African cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor

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Current Zoology 2012年第1期58卷 146-157页

作者： gray, Suzanne M. Mcdonnell, Laura H. Cinouemani, Fabio G. Chapman, Lauren J. Department of Biology McGill University 1205 Dr. Penfield Ave Montreal QC Canada H3A 1B1 Current address: Department of Biology University of Toronto at Mississauga 3359 Mississauga Road North Mississauga ON Canada L5L 1C6 Wildlife Conservation Society 2300 Southern Boulevard Bronx NY 10460 USA

Aquatic biodiversity is being lost at an unprecedented rate. One factor driving this loss is increased turbidity, an en- vironmental stressor that can impose behavioral, morphological, and/or physiological costs on fishes. Here we describe the be- havioral response of a widespread African cichlid, Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor victoriae, to turbidity. We used a split-brood rearing design to test if F1 offspring reared in turbid water, originating from river （turbid） and swamp （clear） populations, behave differently than full-sibs reared in clear water. We examined two facets of behavior：（1） behaviors of fish in full sib groups, in- eluding activity level and social dynamics collected during the rearing period; and （2） male aggressive behavior directed at poten- tial male competitors after fish had reached maturity; this was done in an experimental set-up independent of the rearing aquaria. Regardless of population of origin, fish reared in turbid water were marginally less active and performed fewer social behaviors than those reared in clear water. On the other hand, when tested against a competitor in turbid water, males performed more ag- gressive behaviors, regardless of population of origin or rearing environment, Our results suggest a plastic behavioral response to turbidity that may allow P. multicolor to persist over a range of turbidity levels in nature by decreasing activity and general social behaviors and intensifying reproductive behaviors to ensure reproductive success [Current Zoology 58 （1）： 146-157, 2012].

关键词： Cichlidae Behavioral plasticity Environmental stressor Male-male competition

FORMATION OF THE SINO-U.S. CENTERS FOR SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION

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International Journal of Sediment Research 2003年第2期 248-252页

作者： John R. gray,W.R. OSTERKAMP,Scott CHRISTIANSEN,william A. SPRIGG Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey Research Hydrologist U.S. Geological Survey International Program Leader U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Director Sino-US Centers for Soil and Water Conservation and Environmental Protection Institute for the Study of Planet Earth The University of Arizona Reston Virginia Tucson Arizona Beltsville Maryland Tucson

Investigation of a cyanine dye assay for the evaluation of the biocompatibility of magnesium alloys by direct and indirect methods

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Bioactive Materials 2020年第1期5卷 26-33页

作者： Afrah Al Hegy Ryan Smith Eric R.Gauthier Joy E.gray-Munro Dept.of Chemistry and Biochemistry Laurentian UniversitySudburyOntarioP3E 2C6Canada

Magnesium and its alloys are promising candidates for a new generation of biodegradable metals in orthopaedic applications due to their excellent biocompatibility,biodegradability,and mechanical properties that are similar to natural ***,direct in vitro assessment of these materials in the presence of cells is complicated by degradation products from the alloy that lead to a false positive for the most commonly used cell adhesion and cell proliferation *** this paper,a cyanine dye was used to quantitatively evaluate the in vitro biocompatibility of a Mg AZ31 alloy by both direct and indirect *** cytotoxicity of the corrosion products was evaluated via an indirect method;a 25%decrease in cell viability compared to control samples was ***,direct assessment of cell adhesion and proliferation showed a statistically significant increase in cell number at the surface after 72 *** addition,the degradation rate and surface characteristics of the Mg AZ31 alloy were evaluated for both direct and indirect *** degradation rate was unaffected by the presence of cells while evidence of an increase in calcium phosphate deposition on the magnesium alloy surface in the presence of cells was *** study demonstrates that a cyanine dye based assay provides a more accurate assessment of the overall in vitro biocompatibility of biodegradable metals than the more commonly used assays reported in the literature to date.

关键词： Magnesium alloys Biocompatibility Direct method Indirect method Cyanine dye Cell adhesion Cell proliferation Cytotoxicity

ON COUNTING THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF STRING MOTIFS IN MOLECULAR SEQUENCES

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International Journal of Biomathematics 2012年第6期5卷 121-139页

作者： MATTIA C. F. PROSPERI LUCIANO PROSPERI REBECCA R. gray MARCO SALEMI Department of Pathology Immunology and Laboratory MedicineCollege of Medicine Emerging Pathogens Institute University of Florida Department of ZoologyUniversity of Oxford Oxford UK Department of PathologyImmunology and Laboratory Medicine College of Medicine Emerging Pathogens Institute University of FloridaP. O. Box 103633 2055 Mowry Road GainesviUe FL 32610-3633 USA

This work investigates frequency distributions of strings within a text. The mathematical derivation accounts for variable alphabet size, character probabilities, and string/text lengths, under both the Bernoullian and the Markovian model for string generation. The analysis is limited to the set of nonclumpable strings, that cannot overlap with them selves. Two formulae （exact and approximated） are derived, calculating the frequency distribution of a string of length m found inside a text of length n （with m 〈： n）. The approximated formula has a constant complexity （in contrast to an exponential com plexity of the exact） and makes it applicable to very long texts. The proposed formulae were applied to analyze string frequencies in a portion of the human genome, and to recalculate frequencies of known repeated motif within genes, associated to genetic dis eases. A comparison with stateoftheart methods was provided. The formulae presentedhere can be of use in the statistical evaluation of specific motif frequencies within very long texts （e.g. genes or genomes） and help in characterizing motifs in pathologic conditions.

关键词： Combinatorics genetics genomics.

Epigenetics of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors:A clinicopathologic perspective

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology 2017年第9期9卷 341-353页

作者： Brendan M Finnerty Katherine D gray Maureen D Moore Rasa Zarnegar Thomas J FaheyⅢ Department of Surgery New York Presbyterian HospitalWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNY 10065United States

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors(GEP-NETs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors whose site-specific tumor incidence and clinical behavior vary widely. Genetic alterations associated with familial inherited syndromes have been well defined; however, the genetic profile of sporadic tumors is less clear as their tumorigenesis does not appear to be controlled by classic oncogenes such as P53, RB, or KRAS. Even within GEP-NETs, there are no common oncogenic drivers; for example, DAXX/ATRX mutations are strongly implicated in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic but not small bowel NETs. Accordingly, the dysregulation of epigenetic mechanisms has been hypothesized as a potential regulator of GEPNET tumorigenesis and has become a major focus of recent studies. Despite the heterogeneity of tumor cohorts evaluated in these studies, it is obvious that there are methylation patterns, chromatin remodeling alterations, and microR NA and long non-coding RNA(lncR NA) differential expression profiles that are distinctive of GEPNETs, some of which are correlated with significant differences in clinical outcomes. Several translational studies have provided convincing data identifying potential prognostic biomarkers, and some of these have demonstrated preliminary success as serum biomarkers that can be used clinically. Nevertheless, there are many opportunities to further define the mechanisms by which these epigenetic modifications influence tumorigenesis, and this will provide better insight into their prognostic and therapeutic utility. Furthermore, these findings form the foundation for future studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of epigenetic modifications as prognostic biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets.

关键词： Epigenetics Carcinoid Neuroendocrine MicroRNA Methylation Histone modifications Chromatin remodeling LncRNA

ATTRIBUTION THEORY AND SECOND LANGUAGE LEARNING: RESULTS AND IMPLICATIONS

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Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 2005年第5期28卷 13-17,55页

作者： Ronald gray Beijing Language University

This paper argues that attribution theory can help explain how second language learners view the language learning process. Attribution theory is a theory originally from the field of social psychology which describes the way people explain the causes of events, their own behavior, as well as other people’s behavior. The basics of this theory will first be discussed. Next the results of research that was conducted on the attributional styles of Chinese university students will be presented. Finally, the general implications of attribution theory for EFL teachers will be examined.

关键词： attribution theory Second Language Learning EFL

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重油和沥青中饱和碳的定量估计

华东理工大学学报（自然科学版） 1994年第4期20卷 514-521页

作者：陆善祥 gray,MR 华东理工大学联合化学反应工程研究所

建立了较完整的估计重油和沥青中饱和碳浓度的方法，其中包括环烷桥头碳、环烷甲基取代碳、环烷烷基（≥Ｃ＿２）取代碳等．基于理论分析，建立了估计环间的桥链和各种平均结构参数的方法，包括平均芳环环核数和环烷环环核数、芳环和环... 详细信息

建立了较完整的估计重油和沥青中饱和碳浓度的方法，其中包括环烷桥头碳、环烷甲基取代碳、环烷烷基（≥Ｃ＿２）取代碳等．基于理论分析，建立了估计环间的桥链和各种平均结构参数的方法，包括平均芳环环核数和环烷环环核数、芳环和环烷环烷基取代度、单元片上芳环和环烷环数．从实验数据出发，提出了烷基链长分布的公式．

关键词：重油沥青定量分析饱和碳 NMR

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重油组成的分子系综表征法

华东理工大学学报（自然科学版） 1994年第4期20卷 522-527页

作者：陆善祥 gray,MR 华东理工大学联合化学反应工程研究所

采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟方法，建立了表征重油组成的等过分子系综法，提出了重油分子构造规则和约束及有关计算机算法。Ａｌｂｅｒｔａ重油的模拟结果和实验数据比较表明，其系统计结构基团浓度，密度，沸点，环、桥和侧链分布... 详细信息

采用Ｍｏｎｔｅ－Ｃａｒｌｏ模拟方法，建立了表征重油组成的等过分子系综法，提出了重油分子构造规则和约束及有关计算机算法。Ａｌｂｅｒｔａ重油的模拟结果和实验数据比较表明，其系统计结构基团浓度，密度，沸点，环、桥和侧链分布，饱和烃含量均与实测一致，从而为利用纯化合物物化性质研究复杂的重油建立起桥梁。

关键词：重油组成蒙特卡洛模拟分子模型

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核磁共振谱法估计重油和沥青中芳环分布

华东理工大学学报（自然科学版） 1994年第4期20卷 501-506页

作者：陆善祥 gray,MR 华东理工大学联合化学反应工程研究所

在假设不同环数芳环上取代度或取代基数相等的基础上，由Ｈ－ＮＭＲ数据，推导出芳环分布计算式．采用模型混合物验证不同环数芳环质子类型谱带归属，然后估计出四种Ａｌｂｅｒｔａ沥青质芳环分布．结果表明，不同取代基数的假设，不会... 详细信息

在假设不同环数芳环上取代度或取代基数相等的基础上，由Ｈ－ＮＭＲ数据，推导出芳环分布计算式．采用模型混合物验证不同环数芳环质子类型谱带归属，然后估计出四种Ａｌｂｅｒｔａ沥青质芳环分布．结果表明，不同取代基数的假设，不会引起芳环分布估计的较大误差；Ａｌｂｅｒｔａ沥青质稠环芳烃含量不高，与传统对沥青质中稠环芳烃含量估计相差甚大．

关键词：重油沥青芳香环分布 NMR