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Frontie.s of e.rth Scie.ce 2017年第3期11卷 443-446页

作者： Ste.e. R. FASSNACHT Ryan W. We.B william e. sanford e.S-Wate.she. Scie.ce Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1476 USA Ge.graphische. Institut Abt. Kartographie GIS & Femerkundung Georg-August-Universitat Gottingen 37077 Gottingen Germany Coope.ative.Institute.for Re.e.rch in the.Atmosphe.e Fort Collins CO 80523-1375 USA Ge.spatial Ce.troid Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1101 USA Natural Re.ource. e.ology Laboratory Fort Collins CO 80523-1499 USA Institute.of Arctic and Alpine.Re.e.rch University of Colorado Boulder Boulder CO 80309-0450 USA Ge.scie.ce. Colorado State University Fort Collins CO 80523-1482 USA

Around the.world human communitie. and natural e.osyste.s both re.y on he.dwate. re.ions for vital re.ource.. Re.ource. provide. include.groundwate. sto- rage.（Flint e. al., 2008; Clilve.d e. al., 2011; Cao e. al., 2012） in addition to soil moisture.and fore.t e.osyste. dynamics （McNamara e. al., 2005; williams e. al., 2009; Je.cso and McGlynn, 2011; Smith e. al., 2011; Harpold e. al., 2015; We.b e. al., 2015）. Furthe.more.the.e.re.ions are.e.ologically vital zone. （Schlosse., 1995; Lowe.and Like.s, 2005） that impact downstre.m wate. quality （Pe.e.son e. al., 2001; Ale.ande. e. al., 2007）.

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Pre.ator-pre. distance.and late.cy to fle. from an immobile.pre.ator： functional re.ationship and importance

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Curre.t Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 117-122页

作者： william e. COOPe. JR Jose.MARTIN De.artme.t of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA De.artame.to de.e.ologia e.olutiva Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales CSIC Madrid Spain

Whe. an immobile.pre. has de.e.te. an immobile.pre.ator ne.rby, pre.ation risk is gre.te. whe. the.pre.ator is close.. Conse.ue.tly, pre. fle. with shorte. late.cy as standing distance.（pre.ator-pre. distance.whe. both are.still） de.re.se.. Since.it was first re.orte. in 2009, this re.ationship has be.n confirme. in the.fe. spe.ie. studie.. Howe.e., little.is known about the.functional re.ationship be.we.n standing distance.and late.cy to fle. （LF）. We.hypothe.ize. that LF incre.se. as standing distance.incre.se. at short distance., but re.che. a plate.u at longe. distance. whe.e.pre. can e.cape.re.iably if attacke.. We.simulate. immobile.pre.ators by moving slowly into positions ne.r stripe. plate.u lizards Sce.oporus virgatus, stopping and the. re.aining immobile. and re.ording LF from the.stopping time. LF incre.se. from shorte. to longe. standing distance. in a de.e.e.ating manne.. The.re.ationship was concave.downward, and LF was indistinguishable.among the.longe. standing distance.groups. Late.cy to fle. appe.rs to re.ch a plate.u or approach an asymptotic value.as stand- ing distance.incre.se.. The.e.fe.t size.of standing distance.was large. indicating that S. virgatus se.si- tive.y adjusts LF to the.le.e. of risk associate. with standing distance. Re.ationships be.we.n risk asse.sme.t and the.re.ical zone. associate. with risk, its asse.sme.t by pre., and e.cape.de.isions are.discusse.. e.fe.t size. of standing distance.we.e.substantial to large.in all studie. to date. indicating that standing distance.is an important pre.ation risk factor whe. both pre.ator and pre. are.immobile.

关键词： antipre.atory be.avior e.cape.be.avior late.cy to fle. squamata standing distance.

Optimal e.cape.the.ry pre.icts e.cape.be.aviors be.ond flight initiation distance.risk asse.sme.t and e.cape.by stripe. plate.u lizards Sce.oporus virgatus

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Curre.t Zoology 2009年第2期55卷 123-131页

作者： william e. COOPe. Jr. De.artme.t of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne

e.cape.the.ry pre.icts that flight initiation distance.（FID = distance.be.we.n pre.ator and pre. whe. e.cape.be.ins） is longe. whe. risk is gre.te. and shorte. whe. e.cape.is more.costly. A fe. te.ts sugge.t that e.cape.the.ry applie. to distance.fle.. e.cape.mode.s have.not addre.se. stochastic variable., such as probability of fle.ing and of e.te.ing re.uge. but the.r e.onomic logic might be.applicable. e.pe.ime.ts on se.e.al risk factors in the.lizard Sce.oporus virgatus confirme. all pre.ictions for the.above.e.cape.variable.. FID was gre.te. whe. approach was faste. and more.dire.t, for lizards on ground than on tre.s, for lizards rare.y e.pose. to humans, for the.se.ond of two approache., and whe. the.pre.ator turne. toward lizards rathe. than away. Lizards fle. furthe. during rapid and se.ond conse.utive.approache.. The. we.e.more.like.y to fle. whe. approache. dire.tly, whe. a pre.ator turne. toward the., and during se.ond approache.. The. we.e.more.like.y to e.te. re.uge.whe. approache. rapidly. A nove. finding is that pe.ch he.ght in tre.s was unre.ate. to FID be.ause.lizards e.cape. by moving out of sight, the. moving up or down unpre.ictably. The.e.findings add to a growing body of e.ide.ce.supporting pre.ictions of e.cape.the.ry for FID and distance.fle.. The. show that two probabilistic aspe.ts of e.cape.are.pre.ictable.base. on re.ative.pre.ation risk le.e.s. Be.ause.individuals diffe. in boldne.s, the.asse.se. optimal FID and thre.hold risks for fle.ing and e.te.ing re.uge.are.e.ce.de. for an incre.sing proportion of individuals as risk incre.se.

关键词： Approach distance Distance.fle. Flight initiation distance Pre.ation risk Re.uge.e.try Squamata

Choosing be.we.n a rock and a hard place. Camouflage.in the.round-taile. horne. lizard Phrynosoma mode.tum

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Curre.t Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 541-548页

作者： william e. COOPe., Jr. Wade.C. SHe.BROOKe De.artme.t of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Southwe.te.n Re.e.rch Station American Museum of Natural History PO Box 16553 Portal AZ 85632 USA

The.round-taile. home. lizard Phrynosoma mode.tum is cryptically colore. and re.e.ble. a small stone.whe. it draws le.s close.to its body and e.e.ate. its back. We.inve.tigate. e.fe.tive.e.s of camouflage.in P. mode.tum and its de.e.de.ce.on stone. by placing a lizard in one.of two microhabitats （uniform sand or sand with surface.rocks approximate.y the.same.size.as lizards）. An obse.ve. who kne. which microhabitat containe. the.lizard was aske. to locate.the.lizard visually. Late.cy to de.e.- tion was longe. and probability of no de.e.tion within 60 s was highe. for lizards on rock background than on bare.sand. In are.as whe.e.lizards could choose.to occupy rock or bare.sand, much highe. proportions se.e.te. rocky backgrounds throughout the.day; at night all lizards sle.t among stone.. A unique.posture.give. P mode.tum a rounde. appe.rance.similar to many natural stone.. Lizards occasionally adopte. the.posture. but none.did so in re.ponse.to a ne.rby e.pe.ime.te.. Stimuli that e.icit the.posture.are.unknown. That P. mode.tum is be.te. camouflage. among rocks than on bare.sand and pre.e.s to occupy rocky are.s sugge.ts that spe.ial re.e.blance.to rocks （masque.ade. e.hance. camouflage.attributable.to coloration and immobility.

关键词： Animal de.e.se Background matching Camouflage Crypsis Masque.ade Squamata

Pe.FORMANCe.SIMULATION OF Ve.ICLe. e.UIPPe. WITH TRACTION DRIVe.CVTS

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Chine.e.Journal of Me.hanical e.gine.ring 2005年第3期18卷 405-410页

作者： Zhang Xianjie.william e. Toble. Zhang Yi Zou Zhanjiang Ford Re.e.rch Laboratory Ford Motor Company Dearborn USA MI 48128 De.artme.t of Me.hanical e.gine.ring University of Michigan-Dearborn Dearborn USA MI 48128

A compute. mode. for the.pe.formance.simulation of ve.icle. e.uippe. with traction drive.continuously variable.transmission （CVT） is pre.e.te.. The.mode. inte.rate. the.traction drive.CVT subsyste. into an e.isting ove.all ve.icle.syste.. The.characte.istics of e.gine.output torque.are.formulate. using ne.ral ne.works, and torque.conve.te. is mode.e. using lookup table.. Compone.t inputs and outputs are.couple. in the.dynamic e.uations and inte.face. in the.powe.train syste.. The.mode. simulation can provide.e.aluation of ve.icle.pe.formance.in drivability, fue. e.onomy and e.ission le.e.s for various drive.range. prior to the.prototyping of the.ve.icle. As a de.ign tool, the.mode. assists e.gine.rs in unde.standing the.e.fe.t ofpowe.train compone.ts on ve.icle.pe.formance.and making de.isions in the.se.e.tion of ke. de.ign parame.e.s. The.mode. is imple.e.te. in the.MATLAB/Simulink e.vironme.t. The.pe.formance.simulation of a te.t ve.icle.is include. as a nume.ical e.ample.to illustrate.the.e.fe.tive.e.s of the.mode..

关键词： Traction drive.Mode.ing Ve.icle.simulation

Spe.tral signature. of hydrilla from a tank and fie.d se.ting

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Frontie.s of e.rth Scie.ce 2012年第4期6卷 453-460页

作者： Alfonso BLANCO John J. QU william e. ROPe. Ge.rge.Mason Unive.sity College of Science Department of Geography and Geoinforrnation Sciences 4400 University Drive Fairfax VA 22030 USA

The.invasion of hydrilla in many wate.ways has cause. significant proble.s re.ulting in high main- te.ance.costs for e.adicating this invasive.aquatic we.d. Pre.e.t ide.tification me.hods e.ploye. for de.e.ting hydrilla invasions such as ae.ial photography and vide.s are.difficult, costly, and time.consuming. Re.ote.se.sing has be.n use. for asse.sing we.lands and othe. aquatic ve.e.ation, but ve.y little.information is available.for de.e.ting hydrilla invasions in coastal e.tuarie. and othe. wate. bodie.. The.obje.tive.of this study is to construct a library of spe.tral signature. for ide.tifying and classifying hydrilla invasions. Spe.tral signature. of hydrilla we.e.colle.te. from an e.pe.ime.tal tank and fie.d locations in a coastal e.tuary in the.uppe. Che.ape.ke.Bay. The.e.me.sure.e.ts colle.te. from the.e.pe.ime.tal tank, re.ulte. in spe.tral signature. with an ave.age.pe.k surface.re.le.tance.in the.ne.r-infrare. （NIR） re.ion of 16% at a wave.e.gth of 818 nm. Howe.e., the.spe.tral me.sure. me.ts, colle.te. in the.e.tuary, re.ulte. in a ve.y diffe.e.t spe.tral signature.with two surface.re.le.tance.pe.ks of 6% at wave.e.gths of 725 nm and 818 nm. The.diffe.e.ce.in spe.tral signature. be.we.n site. are.a re.ult of the.compone.ts in the.wate. column in the.e.tuary be.ause.of incre.se. turbidity （e.g., nutrie.ts, dissolve. matte. and suspe.de. matte.）, and canopy be.ng lowe. （subme.ge.） in the.wate. column. Spe.tral signature. of hydrilla obse.ve. in the.tank and the.fie.d had similar characte.istics with low re.le.tance.in visible.re.ion of the.spe.trum from 400 to 700 nm, but high in the.NIR re.ion from 700 to 900 nm.

关键词： Che.ape.ke.Bay hydrilla spe.tral library spe.tral signature. ne.r-infrare. NDVI

e.fe.ts of N on Plant Re.ponse.to He.t-wave.A Fie.d Study with Prairie.Ve.e.ation

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Journal of Inte.rative.Plant Biology 2008年第11期50卷 1416-1425页

作者： Dan Wang Scott A. He.kathorn Kumar Mainali e. william Hamilton De.artme.t of e.vironme.tal Scie.ce. University of Toledo Toledo Ohio 43606 USA De.artme.t of Biology Washington and Lee University Lexington Virginia 24450 USA

More.inte.se. more.fre.ue.t, and longe. he.t-wave. are.e.pe.te. in the.future.due.to global warming, which could have.dramatic e.ological impacts. Incre.sing nitroge. （N） availability and its dynamics will like.y impact plant re.ponse. to he.t stre.s and carbon （C） se.ue.tration in te.re.trial e.osyste.s. This fie.d study e.amine. the.e.fe.ts of N availability on plant re.ponse.to he.t-stre.s （HS） tre.tme.t in naturally-occurring ve.e.ation. HS （5 d at ambie.t or 40.5 ℃） and N tre.tme.ts （±N） we.e.applie. to 16 1 m^2 plots in re.tore. prairie.ve.e.ation dominate. by Andropogon ge.ardii （warm-se.son C4 grass） and Solidago canade.sis （warm-se.son C3 forb）. Be.ore. during, and afte. HS, air, canopy, and soil te.pe.ature.we.e.monitore.; ne. CO2 assimilation （Pn）, quantum yie.d of photosyste. Ⅱ （ФpsⅡ）, stomatal conductance.（gs）, and le.f wate. pote.tial （ψw） of the.dominant spe.ie. and soil re.piration （Rsoll） of e.ch plot we.e.me.sure. daily during HS. One.we.k afte. HS, plots we.e.harve.te., and C% and N% we.e.de.e.mine. for rhizosphe.e.and bulk soil, and above.ground tissue.（gre.n/se.e.ce.t le.f, ste., and flowe.）. Photosynthe.ic N-use.e.ficie.cy （PNUe. and N re.orption rate.（NRR） we.e.calculate.. HS de.re.se. Pn, gs, ψw, and PNUe.for both spe.ie., and ＋N tre.tme.t ge.e.ally incre.se. the.e.variable. （±HS）, but ofte. slowe. the.r post-HS re.ove.y. Above.round biomass te.de. to de.re.se.with HS in both spe.ie. （and for gre.n le.f mass in S. canade.sis）, but de.re.se.with ＋N for A. ge.ardii and incre.se.with ＋N for S. canade.sis. For A. ge.ardii, HS te.de. to de.re.se.N% in gre.n tissue. with ＋N, whe.e.s in S. canade.sis, HS incre.se. N% in gre.n le.ve.. Adde. N de.re.se. NRR for A. ge.ardii and HS incre.se. NRR for S. canade.sis. The.e.re.ults sugge.t that he.t wave., though transie.t, could have.significant e.fe.ts on plants, communitie., and e.osyste. N cycling, and N can influe.ce.the.e.fe.t of he.t wave..

关键词： global climate.change he.t stre.s N re.orption rate photosynthe.is photosynthe.ic N-use.e.ficie.cy.

e.iomime.ic approache. toward smart bio-hybric syste.s

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Nano Re.e.rch 2018年第6期11卷 3009-3030页

作者： Zhiqiang Luo Dara e. We.ss Qingyun Liu Bozhi Tian Colle.e.of Life.Scie.ce.and Te.hnology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China De.artme.t of Che.istry The University of Chicago Chicago IL 606d7 USA The.Jame. Franck Institute The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA The.Institute.for Biophysical Dynamics The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA

Bio-inte.rate. mate.ials and de.ice. can blur the.inte.face. be.we.n living and artificial syste.s. Microfluidics, bioe.e.tronics, and e.gine.re. nanostructure., with close.inte.actions with biology at the.ce.lular or tissue.le.e.s, have.alre.dy yie.de. a spe.trum of ne. applications. Many ne. de.igns e.e.ge. including of organ-on-a-chip syste.s, biode.radable.implants, e.e.troce.tical de.ice., minimally invasive.ne.ro-prosthe.ic tools, and soft robotics. In this re.ie., we.highlight a fe. re.e.t advance. of the.fabrication and application of smart bio-hybrid syste.s, with a particular e.phasis on the.thre.-dime.sional （3D） bio-inte.rate. de.ice. that mimic the.3D fe.ture.of tissue.scaffolds. More.ve., ne.rons inte.rate. with e.gine.re. nanostructure. for wire.e.s ne.romodulation and dynamic ne.ral output are.brie.ly discusse.. We.also discuss the.progre.s in the.construction of ce.l-e.able. soft robotics, whe.e.a tight coupling of the.synthe.ic and biological parts is crucial for e.ficie.t function. Finally, we.summarize.the.approache. for e.hancing bio-inte.ration with biomime.ic micro- and nanostructure..

关键词： bio-inte.rate. de.ice bio-hybrid syste. biomime.ics nano-bio inte.face

Highly active.and durable.Pd-Cu catalysts for oxyge. re.uction in alkaline.e.change.me.brane.fue. ce.ls

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Frontie.s in e.e.gy 2017年第3期11卷 299-309页

作者： Xiong Pe.G Travis J. OMASTA Justin M. ROLLe. william e. MUSTAIN De.artme.t of Che.ical and Biomole.ular e.gine.ring University of Connecticut 191 Auditorium Drive Storrs CT 06269 USA

A Pd-Cu catalyst, with primary B2-type.phase. supporte. by VulcanXC-7R carbon was synthe.ize. via a solvothe.mal me.hod. The.catalysts we.e.physically and e.e.troche.ically characte.ize. by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoe.e.tron spe.troscopy （XPS）, trans- mission e.e.tron microscopy （Te.） and both cyclic and line.r swe.p voltamme.ry using a rotating disk e.e.trode.（RDe.. During the.RDe.te.ting, the.half-wave.pote.tial of the.Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst was 50 mV highe. compare. to that of comme.cial Pt/C catalyst for the.oxyge. re.uction re.ction （ORR） in alkaline.me.ia. The.Pd-Cu/Vulcan e.hibite. a spe.ific activity of 1.27 mA/cm2 and a mass activity of 0.59 A/mgpd at 0.9 V, which we.e.4 and 3 time. gre.te. than that of the.comme.cial Pt/C catalyst, re.pe.tive.y. The.Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst also showe. highe. in-situ alkaline.e.change.me.brane.fue. ce.l （Ae.FC） pe.formance. with ope.ating powe. de.sitie. of 1100 MW/cm2 ope.ating on H2/O2 and 700 MW/cm2 ope.ating on H2/Air （CO2-fre.）, which we.e.marke.ly highe. than those.of the.comme.cial Pt/C. The.Pd-Cu/ Vulcan catalyst also e.hibite. high stability during a short-te.m, in-situ Ae.FC durability te.t, with only around 11% pe.formance.loss afte. 30 hours of ope.ation, an improve. me.t ove. most Ae.FCs re.orte. in the.lite.ature.to date.

关键词： alkaline.e.change.me.brane.(Ae.) fue. ce.l Pd-Cu oxyge. re.uction high pe.formance wate.

Tole.ance.to individual and joint e.fe.ts of arse.ic and Bacillus thuringie.sis subsp, israe.e.sis or Lysinibacillus sphae.icus in Cule. mosquitoe.

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Inse.t Scie.ce 2014年第4期21卷 477-485页

作者： Christina L. Mogre. william e. Walton John T. Trumble De.artme.t of e.tomology University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA

Arse.ic contamination of global wate. supplie. has come.to the.fore.ront in policy de.isions in re.e.t de.ade.. Howe.e., the.e.fe.ts of arse.ic on lowe. trophic le.e.s of inse.ts inhabiting contaminate. e.osyste.s are.not we.l unde.stood. One.approach to docume.t both acute.and suble.hal e.fe.ts of toxicants like.arse.ic is to assay the. in combination with microbial pathoge.s to e.aluate.shifts in survival curve. of the.te.t organisms. Larvae.of Cule. quinque.asciatus and Cule. tarsalis we.e.re.re. in wate. containing 0 or 1 000μg/L of arse.ate.or arse.ite. Fourth instars we.e.the. e.pose. to a range.of dose. of Bacillus thuringie.sis subsp, israe.e.sis （Bti） or Lysinibacillus sphae.icus （Ls）, with shifts in le.hal conce.trations de.e.mine.. Arse.ic accumulation in 4th instars was also quantifie., and a re.ative.growth inde. （RGI） calculate. for the.tre.tme.ts and compare. to controls. Larvae.of both spe.ie. accumulate. be.we.n 4 447 ± 169 ng As/g and 6 983 4- 367 ng As/g, though RGI value. indicate. accumulation did not affe.t growth and de.e.opme.t. In all case., the.LC50＇s and LC90＇s of Cx. quinque.asciatus e.pose. jointly with arse.ic and Bti/Ls we.e.highe. than Cx. tarsafis. Cx. tarsafis re.re. in arse.ite.showe. a significant re.uction in the.r Bti LC90 value. compare. to the.control, indicating a suble.hal e.fe.t of Bti. Whe. e.pose. jointly with Ls, arse.ite.was more.toxic than arse.ate.in Cx. tarsalis. Ove.all, the.e.re.ults indicate.tole.ance.of the.e.Cule. spe.ie. to arse.ic e.posure., and why this may occur is discusse..

关键词： arse.ate arse.ite Bsph Bti Cule. tarsalis Cule. quinque.asciatus