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An Overview of MODIS Radiometric Calibration and Characterization

Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2006年第1期23卷 69-79页

作者： Xiaoxiong XIONG william barnes Earth Sciences Directorate NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt MD 20771 USA University of Maryland Baltimore County Baltimore MD 21250 USA

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer （MODIS） is one of the key instruments for NASA＇s Earth Observing System （EOS）, currently operating on both the Terra and Aqua satellites. The MODIS is a major advance over the previous generation of sensors in terms of its spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. It has 36 spectral bands： 20 reflective solar bands （RSB） with center wavelengths from 0.41 to 2.1 μm and 16 thermal emissive bands （TEB） with center wavelengths from 3.7 to 14.4 μm, making observations at three spatial resolutions： 250 m （bands 1-2）, 500 m （bands 3-7）, and lkm （bands 8-36）. MODIS is a cross-track scanning radiometer with a wide field-of-view, providing a complete global coverage of the Earth in less than 2 days. Both Terra and Aqua MODIS went through extensive pre-launch calibration and characterization at various levels. In orbit, the calibration and characterization tasks are performed using its on-board calibrators （OBCs） that include a solar diffuser （SD） and a solar diffuser stability monitor （SDSM）, a v-grooved flat panel blackbody （BB）, and a spectro-radiometric calibration assembly （SRCA）. In this paper, we present an overview of MODIS calibration and characterization activities, methodologies, and lessons learned from pre-launch characterization and in-orbit operation. Key issues discussed in this paper include in-orbit efforts of monitoring the noise characteristics of the detectors, tracking the solar diffuser and optics degradations, and updating the sensor＇s response versus scan angle. The experiences and lessons learned through MODIS have played and will continue to play major roles in the design and characterization of future sensors.

关键词： EOS remote sensing Terra Aqua MODIS sensor calibration radiometry

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Release, Recycle, Rebuild： Cell-Wall Remodeling, Autodegradation, and Sugar Salvage for New Wall Biosynthesis during Plant Development

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Molecular Plant 2018年第1期11卷 31-46页

作者： william J. barnes Charles T. Anderson Department of Biology Center for Ugnocellulose Structure and Formation The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA 16802 USA

Plant cell walls contain elaborate polysaccharide networks and regulate plant growth, development, mechanics, cell-cell communication and adhesion, and defense. Despite conferring rigidity to support plant structures, the cell wall is a dynamic extracellular matrix that is modified, reorganized, and degraded to tightly control its properties during growth and development. Far from being a terminal carbon sink, many wall polymers can be degraded and recycled by plant cells, either via direct re-incorporation by trans- glycosylation or via internalization and metabolic salvage of wall-derived sugars to produce new precur- sors for wall synthesis. However, the physiological and metabolic contributions of wall recycling to plant growth and development are largely undefined. In this review, we discuss long-standing and recent evi- dence supporting the occurrence of cell-wall recycling in plants, make predictions regarding the develop- mental processes to which wall recycling might contribute, and identify outstanding questions and emerging experimental tools that might be used to address these questions and enhance our understanding of this poorly characterized aspect of wall dynamics and metabolism.

关键词： Plant cell walls wall degradation wall recycling wall biosynthesis

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Editorial for Special Issue on Multi-modal Representation Learning

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Machine Intelligence Research 2024年第4期21卷 615-616页

作者： Deng-Ping Fan Nick barnes Ming-Ming Cheng Luc Van Gool Nankai University China&ETH ZürichSwitzerland Australian National University Australia Nankai University China ETH Zürich Switzerland

The past decade has witnessed the impressive and steady development of single-modal AI technologies in several fields,thanks to the emergence of deep *** studied,however,is multi-modal AI-commonly considered the next generation of AI-which utilizes complementary context concealed in different-modality inputs to improve *** naturally learn to form a global concept from multiple modalities(i.e.,sight,hearing,touch,smell,and taste),even when some are incomplete or ***,in addition to the two popular modalities(vision and language),other types of data such as depth,infrared information,and events are also important for multi-modal learning in real-world scenes.

关键词： modal utilize incomplete

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Rethinking Polyp Segmentation from An Out-ofdistribution Perspective

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Machine Intelligence Research 2024年第4期21卷 631-639页

作者： Ge-Peng Ji Jing Zhang Dylan Campbell Huan Xiong Nick barnes Australian National University Canberra 8105Australia Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence Abu Dhabi 999041UAE

Unlike existing fully-supervised approaches,we rethink colorectal polyp segmentation from an out-of-distribution perspective with a simple but effective self-supervised learning *** leverage the ability of masked autoencoders-self-supervised vision transformers trained on a reconstruction task-to learn in-distribution representations,here,the distribution of healthy colon *** then perform out-of-distribution reconstruction and inference,with feature space standardisation to align the latent distribution of the diverse abnormal samples with the statistics of the healthy *** generate per-pixel anomaly scores for each image by calculating the difference between the input and reconstructed images and use this signal for out-of-distribution(i.e.,polyp)*** results on six benchmarks show that our model has excellent segmentation performance and generalises across *** code is publicly available at https://***/GewelsJI/Polyp-OOD.

关键词： Polyp segmentation anomaly segmentation out-of-distribution segmentation masked autoencoder abdomen.

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Charge qubits based on ultra-thin topological insulator films

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Frontiers of physics 2024年第3期19卷 71-81页

作者： Kexin Zhang Hugo V.Lepage Ying Dong Crispin H.W.barnes Research Center for Quantum Sensing Intelligent Perception Research InstituteZhejiang LabHangzhou 311121China Cavendish Laboratory Department of PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridge CB30HEUnited Kingdom

We study how to use the surface states in a Bi2Se3 topological insulator ultra-thin film that are affected by finite size effects for the purpose of quantum *** demonstrate that:(i)surface states under the finite size effect can effectively form a two-level system where their energy levels lie in between the bulk energy gap and a logic qubit can be constructed,(ii)the qubit can be initialized and manipulated using electric pulses of simple forms,(iii)two-qubit entanglement is achieved through a√SWAP operation when the two qubits are in a parallel setup,and(iv)alternatively,a Floquet state can be exploited to construct a qubit and two Floquet qubits can be entangled through a Controlled-NOT *** Floquet qubit offers robustness to background noise since there is always an oscillating electric field applied,and the single qubit operations are controlled by amplitude modulation of the oscillating field,which is convenient experimentally.

关键词： topological insulator quantum computing nanodevices

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可再生能源中的财富

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资源再生 2008年第1期 51-51页

作者： william barnes 李晖

据观察人士称，随着亚洲能源需求呈指数级增长，很多环保投资者、养老基金及私人股本管理人士手头有“成堆”的钱，准备投入亚洲可再生能源项目。虽然可供投资的机会可能不多，但该领域将很快进发生机。

关键词：可再生能源财富能源需求投资者管理人亚洲基金

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Element mapping the Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex

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Geoscience Frontiers 2021年第3期12卷 259-278页

作者： william Smith Wolfgang Maier Stephen barnes Gareth Moorhead David Reid Bartosz Karykowski School of Earth and Ocean Sciences Cardiff UniversityCardiff CF240DEUnited Kingdom CSIRO Mineral Resources Perth 6160Australia CSIRO ClaytonVictoriaAustralia University of Cape Town South Africa Fugro Germany Land GmbH 12555 BerlinGermany

The Merensky Reef hosts one of the largest PGE resources *** has been exploited for nearly 100 years,yet its origin remains *** the present study,we characterised eight samples of the reef at four localities in the western Bushveld Complex using micro-X-ray fluorescence and field emission scanning electron *** results indicate that the Merensky Reef formed through a range of diverse *** exhibited by chromite grains at the base of the reef are consistent with supercooling and in situ *** local thickening of the Merensky chromitite layers within troughs in the floor rocks is most readily explained by granular *** and deformation textures in pyroxenes of the Merensky pegmatoid bear testament to recrystallisation and *** footwall rocks to the reef contain disseminations of PGE rich sulphides as well as olivine grains with peritectic reaction rims along their upper margins suggesting reactive downward flow of silicate and sulphide ***-hosted melt inclusions containing Cl-rich apatite,sodic plagioclase,and phlogopite suggest the presence of highly evolved,volatile-rich *** reverse zonation of cumulus plagioclase in the footwall of the reef indicates dissolution or partial melting of plagioclase,possibly triggered by flux of heat,acidic fluids,or hydrous ***,these data suggest that the reef formed through a combination of magmatic,hydrodynamic and hydromagmatic processes.

关键词： Merensky Reef Bushveld Complex Magmatic sulphide Platinum-group elements PGE Anorthosite

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Optimal orientations of discrete global grids and the Poles of Inaccessibility

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2020年第7期13卷 803-816页

作者： Richard barnes Energy&Resources Group BerkeleyUSA Electrical Engineering&Comptuer Science BerkeleyUSA

Spatial analyses involving binning often require that every bin have the same area,but this is impossible using a rectangular grid laid over the Earth or over any projection of the *** global grids use hexagons,triangles,and diamonds to overcome this issue,overlaying the Earth with equally-sized *** discrete global grids are formed by tiling the faces of a ***,the orientations of these polyhedra have been chosen to satisfy only simple criteria such as equatorial symmetry or minimizing the number of vertices intersecting ***,projection distortion and singularities in discrete global grids mean that such simple orientations may not be sufficient for all use ***,I present an algorithm for finding suitable orientations;this involves solving a nonconvex optimization *** a side-effect of this study I show that Fuller’s Dymaxion map corresponds closely to one of the optimal orientations I find.I also give new high-accuracy calculations of the Poles of Inaccessibility,which show that Point Nemo,the Oceanic Pole of Inaccessibility,is 15 km farther from land than previously recognized.

关键词： Discrete grid geographic information system(GIS) geoinformatics supercomputer projections spatial statistics

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Engel Subalgebras of n-Lie Algebras

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Acta Mathematica Sinica,English Series 2008年第1期24卷 159-166页

作者： Donald W.barnes 1 Little Wonga Rd

Engel subalgebras of finite-dimensional n-Lie algebras are shown to have similar properties to those of Lie algebras. Using these, it is shown that an n-Lie algebra, all of whose maximal subalgebras are ideals, is nilpotent. A primitive 2-soluble n-Lie algebra is shown to split over its minimal ideal, and all the complements to its minimal ideal are conjugate. A subalgebra is shown to be a Cartan subalgebra if and only if it is minimal Engel, provided that the field has sufficiently many elements. Cartan subalgebras are shown to have a property analogous to intravariance.

关键词： n-Lie algebras soluble nilpotent Engel subalgebras

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A survey of the state-of-the-art in patch-based synthesis

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Computational Visual Media 2017年第1期3卷 3-20页

作者： Connelly barnes Fang-Lue Zhang University of Virginia TNList Tsinghua University

This paper surveys the state-of-the-art of research in patch-based synthesis. Patch-based methods synthesize output images by copying small regions from exemplar imagery. This line of research originated from an area called "texture synthesis", which focused on creating regular or semi-regular textures from small exemplars. However, more recently, much research has focused on synthesis of larger and more diverse imagery, such as photos, photo collections, videos, and light fields. Additionally, recent research has focused on customizing the synthesis process for particular problem domains, such as synthesizing artistic or decorative brushes, synthesis of rich materials, and synthesis for 3D fabrication. This report investigates recent papers that follow these themes, with a particular emphasis on papers published since 2009,when the last survey in this area was published. This survey can serve as a tutorial for readers who are not yet familiar with these topics, as well as provide comparisons between these papers, and highlight some open problems in this area.

关键词： texture patch image synthesis texture synthesis

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