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Ch.nges of th. h.drological cycle in two typical Ch.nese monsoonal temperate glacier basins,： A response to global warming？

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Journal of Geograph.cal Sciences 2012年第5期22卷 771-780页

作者： PANG h.ngxi LI Zongxing wilfred h. theakstone Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development of Ministry of Education School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Gansu h.drology and Water Resources Engineering Research.Center/Alash.n Desert Eco-h.drology Ex-perimental Research.Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteCAS Lanzhou 730000 China Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester Manchester M13 9PL England UK

Studying th. response to warming of h.drological systems in Ch.n＇s temperate glacier region is essential in order to provide information required for sustainable develop- ment. Th. results indicated th. warming climate h.s h.d an impact on th. h.drological cycle. As th. glacier area subject to melting h.s increased and th. ablation seasor h.s become longer, th. contribution of meltwater to annual river disch.rge h.s increased. Th. earlier onset of ablation at h.gh.r elevation glaciers h.s resulted in th. period of minimum disch.rge occurring earlier in th. year. Seasonal runoff variations are dominated by snow and glacier melt, and an increase of meltwater h.s resulted in ch.nges of th. annual water cycle in th. Lijiang Basin and h.iluogou Basin. Th. increase amplitude of runoff in th. downstream re- gion of th. glacial area is much.stronger th.n th.t of precipitation, resulting from th. promi- nent increase of meltwater from glacier region in two basins. Continued observations in th. glacierized basins sh.uld be undertaken in order to monitor ch.nges, to reveal th. relation- sh.ps between climate, glaciers, h.drology and water supplies, and to assist in maintaining sustainable regional development.

关键词： global warming h.drological cycle temperate glacier basins

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玉龙山温冰川浅冰芯内气候环境信息的初步剖析

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兰州大学学报（自然科学版） 2001年第4期37卷 118-124页

作者：何元庆姚檀栋程国栋陈拓杨梅学 wilfred h. theakstone 中国科学院寒区旱区环境与工程研究所甘肃兰州73000 Department of Geograph. University of Manchester

稳定同位素和离子分析结果表明 ,我国青藏高原东缘玉龙山温冰川的一支浅冰芯内的大部分气候环境信息有良好的对应关系 ,可揭示近期若干年冰川净积累时期内的气候变化趋势和冰川的净积累量 ,且与当地实测气候资料相对应 .该浅冰芯的研究... 详细信息

稳定同位素和离子分析结果表明 ,我国青藏高原东缘玉龙山温冰川的一支浅冰芯内的大部分气候环境信息有良好的对应关系 ,可揭示近期若干年冰川净积累时期内的气候变化趋势和冰川的净积累量 ,且与当地实测气候资料相对应 .该浅冰芯的研究也揭示出冬夏季风和融水渗浸作用对冰芯气候记录的影响过程 ,表明温冰川气候环境信息的时间序列有限 .温性冰川浅冰芯现代过程的分析为研究西南季风环流的动态变化提供了一个新的重要途径 .

关键词：玉龙山温冰川冰芯气候信息稳定同位素分子离子分析气候变化

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Glacier Ch.nges at Svartisen,North.rn Norway,during th. Last 125 Years:Influence of Climate and Oth.r Factors

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 123-136页

作者： wilfred h.theakstone Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester

Th. two ice caps of Svartisen, at th. latitude of th. Arctic Circle in Norway, supply 60 glaciers, ranging in size from 〉50 to 〈1 km^2. Until th. last two decades of th. 19th.century, th. glaciers remained close to th.ir maximum recent （Little Ice Age） size. In response to th. prevailing 20th.century climate, th.y h.ve become smaller, but th. ch.nges h.ve varied between glaciers. Climatic factors h.ve not been th. sole control of th. variations. Th. response times of small, steep glaciers are sh.rter th.n th.se of th. longer, more gently sloping outlet glaciers. Topograph.c factors may moderate th. response of individual glaciers to climate. Th. 20th.century mass balance of several of th. larger glaciers was dominated by calving into marginal lakes. Th. mass balance of Engabreen, th. largest outlet of th. western ice cap, h.s been measured every year since 1970 and th. cumulative balance to 2008 was a gain of 22.7 m water equivalent. Alth.ugh.th. pattern of annual variations probably applies to th. oth.r glaciers of Svartisen, it does not indicate th.ir actual ch.nges （gain or loss）. Th.s, th. Engabreen record is of little utility in water resource planning for th. wh.le area.

关键词： Svartisen climatic ch.nge glacier variation calving mass balance.

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Altitude Effects of Climatic Variation on Tibetan Plateau and Its Vicinities

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 189-198页

作者：卢爱刚康世昌李宗省 wilfred h.theakstone Department of Environment and Life Sciences Weinan Teachers University Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research Chinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester

h.gh.topograph.es, such.as th. Tibetan plateau （TP） in Ch.na, h.ve been considered as th. sensitive areas in response to global climate ch.nge. By analyzing th. relationsh.p between warming structure and altitude （1 000-5 000 m） in th. TP and its vicinities using th. 46-year January mean observed temperature data, we found th.t th.re was a significant altitude effect of temperature warming onset time （mutation time） on th. plateau and th. neigh.oring regions： th. h.gh.r th. altitude, th. later th. climate warming h.ppens, and vice versa. Th.re also seems a sligh. altitude effect on warming magnitude： th. h.gh.r th. altitude, th. less th. warming magnitude. Th.refore, th. temperature warming in th. h.gh.altitude area of th. TP （below 5 000 m） responds to global warming less sensitively th.n th. low-altitude neigh.oring areas both.in onset time and magnitude, wh.ch.may be mainly caused by h.gh.albedo and large th.rmal capacity of th. ice/snow cover on th. h.gh.r part of th. plateau and possible h.at island effect in th. lower part of th. plateau.

关键词： climatic variation Tibetan plateau altitude effect.

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Ch.mical Composition of Aerosol and Fresh.Snow and Tourism Influences at Baish.i Glacier No.1 from Mt. Yulong,South.astern Tibetan Plateau

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 199-209页

作者：张宁宁何元庆 wilfred h.theakstone 庞洪喜 State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and Climate Ch.nge Research.in Western Ch.na Lanzhou University Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development of Ministry of Education School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences of Nanjing University State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

Aerosol and snow samples were collected at ablation zone of Baish.i （白水） Glacier No. 1, Mt. Yulong （玉龙）, from May to June, 2006. Th. concentrations of Cl^-, NO3^-, SO4^2-, Na^＋, K^＋, Mg^2＋, and Ca^2＋ were determined by ion ch.omatograph.both.in aerosol and snow samples. Th. average total aerosol loading is 25.45 neq.scm^-1, NO3^- and Na^＋ are th. dominant soluble ions in th. aerosol, accounting for 39% and 21% of average total aerosol loading, respectively. Monsoon circulation reduces th. concentration of most ions, indicating th.t wet scavenging is effective for aerosol particles. In snow samples, SO4^2- and Ca^2＋ are th. dominant anion and cation, respectively. A lower Na^＋/Cl^- ratio was found in fresh.snow samples compared to th. h.gh.r ratio th.t was found in aerosol samples. Analyzing th. difference in SO4^2- and NO3^- in air and fresh.snow indicated th.t th. aerosol was influenced by local circulation, but th. components in fresh.snow samples were from long-distance transport. Enrich.ent of NO3^- in aerosol samples is attributed to motor exh.ust emissions from tourism by calculating th. SO4^2-/NO3^- ratio in aerosol and fresh.snow samples. Th. temporal variation and correlation coefficients between soluble species in aerosol samples suggest th.t Cl^-, Na^＋ and K^＋ come from sea-salt aerosol, and SO4^2-, Mg^2＋ and Ca^2＋ are from continental crust sources.

关键词： aerosol fresh.snow glacier Mt. Yulong tourism.

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Observed Glacioh.drological Ch.nges in Ch.na's Typical Monsoonal Temperate Glacier Region since 1980s

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 179-188页

作者：庞洪喜何元庆张宁宁李宗省 wilfred h.theakstone Key Laboratory for Coast and Island Development of Ministry of Education School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences of Nanjing University State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and Climate Ch.nge Research.in Western Ch.na Lanzhou University State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester

Under th. background of significant climate warming since th. 1980s, th. glaciers in Ch.na＇s monsoonal temperate glacier region respond to th. warming intensely. Based on th. glacioh.drological observations at some typical glaciers from Mts. Yulong （玉龙） and Gongga （贡嘎） of h.ngduan （横断） Mountains Range in th. south.astern Tibetan plateau, th. glacioh.drological ch.nges in th. temperate glacier region since th. 1980s were investigated. First, th. glacier terminus exh.bited an accelerating retreat. Second, as th. glacier area subject to melting h.s increased and th. ablation season h.s become longer due to th. warming, th. ablation of glacier enh.nced, leading to increasing contribution of meltwater to annual river disch.rge. Th.rd, surface topograph. of small temperate glacier may be ch.nged significantly by crevasses and ruptures developed in th. accumulation zone and ice collapse events in th. ablation zone. Th. observed results may indicate a signal th.t th. survival of glaciers in Ch.na＇s monsoonal temperate glacier region is being th.eatened by today＇s climate warming.

关键词： monsoonal temperate glacier,glacioh.drological ch.nge Mts. Yulong and Gongga climate warming.

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Ch.racteristics of DDF at Baish.i Glacier No.1 Region in Yulong Snow Mountain

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 148-156页

作者：和献中杜建括吉亚鹏张宁宁李宗省王世金 wilfred h.theakstone State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and Climate Ch.nge Research.in Western Ch.na Lanzhou University Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester

Based on observed mass balance and meteorological data since September 2008 and ablation data by th. expedition team of Tibetan plateau from June to August 1982 at Baish.i （白水） Glacier No. 1 region, we analyzed th. spatial and temporal ch.nges of degree-day factor （DDF） of th. Baish.i Glacier No. 1 following th. ch.nges of space, time, and temperature, wh.ch.lays a th.oretical foundation to establish.DDF model. Th. results indicate th.t th. melting DDF of ice sh.wed a significant downward trend with.rising temperatures, and larger value of DDF only appeared at low temperature conditions. A larger value of DDF appeared in th. h.gh.altitude areas, and as altitude rises, th. value of DDF increased. Th. snow DDF is lower th.n th. DDF of ice, and th. DDF is h.gh.r in temperate glaciers th.n th.se in oth.r glaciers. Th. melting DDF of snow h.s a more obvious seasonal variation th.n th. melting DDF of ice.

关键词： degree-day factor （DDF） Baish.i Glacier No. 1 ablation monsoonal temperate glaciers.

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Ch.nges of Monsoonal Temperate Glaciers in Ch.na during th. Past Several Decades under th. Background of Global Warming

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Research.in Cold and Arid Regions 2008年第1期 59-67页

作者： wilfred h.theakstone Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of ManchesterManchester M13 9PLEngland

Based on various data,it can be concluded th.t eigh. monsoonal temperate glaciers in Ch.na were in stationary or ad-vancing between 1900s;930s and 1960s;980s,and were in retreating during 1930s;960s and 1980s;resent under th. background of climate warming.Th. total glacier area h.s reduced by 3.11 km2 with.a mean front altitude rise of 3.2 m/yr and 4 glaciers h.ve disappeared in Mt.Yulong during 1957;999.Mass balance records indicated th.t glaciers h.d suf-fered a constant mass loss of snow and ice during th. last several decades,and th. accumulated mass balance in h.iluogou basin in Mt.Gongga was 10.83 m water equivalent in th. past 45 years with.a annual mean value of-0.24 m,and th. value at Baish.i glacier No.1 was-11.38 m water equivalent in th. past 52 years with.0.22 m/yr.Th. inverse variation between mass balance and temperature in Ch.na and th. North.rn h.misph.re reflected th.t climate warming is mainly corresponding to constant ice and snow mass loss in th. past 50 years.Th. ch.nge of th. glaciers’ surface mor-ph.logy h.s occurred since th. 1980s,such.as enlargement of glacier-lake and ice falls,resulted from th. accelrative cli-mate warming.

关键词： glacial ch.nge temperate glaciers climate warming

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Ch.racteristics and Environmental Significance of ph.and EC in Summer Rainfall and Sh.llow Firn Profile at Yulong Snow Mountain,Lijiang City,Ch.na

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 157-165页

作者：李宗省何元庆 wilfred h.theakstone 贾文雄辛惠娟张蔚刘婧王淑新 State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and Climate Ch.nge Research.in Western Ch.na Lanzhou University Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation Station Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences

Th. seasonal and inter-annual variations of ph.and EC （electrical conductivity） at Yulong （玉龙） Snow Mountain, Lijiang （丽江） City, are sensitive to precipitation variations and are important indicators of th. atmosph.ric environment. Th. ph.of summer rainfall at Lijiang City ranges from 6.7 to 7.4, and alkaline mineral salts dominate th. variations of rainfall acidity, ph.values in th. sh.llow firn profile at Baish.i （白水） Glacier No. 1 range from 5.6 to 6.3, and EC values from 2.4 to 7.3 μs/cm. Th. ranges are lower th.n th.se in oth.r firn cores from Ch.na because of stronger elution and th. influence of marine aerosols. Th.s indicates th.t environmental records from a monsoonal temperate glacier differ from th.se at continental glaciers.

关键词： ph EC Baish.i Glacier No. 1 Yulong Snow Mountain Lijiang City.

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Climate Ch.nge and Its Effect on Annual Runoff in Lijiang Basin-Mt. Yulong Region,Ch.na

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Journal of Earth.Science 2010年第2期21卷 137-147页

作者：何元庆蒲焘李宗省朱国锋王世金张宁宁王淑新辛惠娟 wilfred h.theakstone 杜建括 State Key Laboratory of Cryosph.ric Sciences Yulong Snow Mountain Glacial and Environmental Observation StationCold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research InstituteChinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Environment and Climate Ch.nge Research.in Western Ch.na Lanzhou University Graduate University of Ch.nese Academy of Sciences Sch.ol of Environment and Development University of Manchester

Based on th. meteorological and h.drologic data in th. Lijang （丽江） basin from 1979 to 2006, variational trend and ch.racteristics of climate ch.nge and its effect on runoff in Yanggong （漾弓） River were examined in th. study. Th. results sh.w th.t th. temperature h.ve significantly increased in th. drainage basin during th. past 28 years. Th. average temperature increased markedly from 1979 to 2006, and th. increase of temperature in winter was h.gh.r th.n th.se in oth.r seasons. Th. annual precipitation varied with.a sligh.ly upward trend in th. same period, suggesting th.t th. increase mainly occurred in spring and summer wh.le th. decrease occurred in autumn and winter. Th. streamflow at Yanggong River sh.wed a significant increasing trend. During th. four seasons, spring experienced th. most significant increase, and autumn experienced th. smallest. On th. basis of th. above study, we found th.t th. increasing trend in runoff was more significant th.n th. increase in precipitation in th. study area. Th.t was th. synactic results of variation of groundwater, ice-snow meltwater and precipitation caused by global climate ch.nge.

关键词： temperate glacier climate ch.nge annual runoff Lijiang basin.

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