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Aerosol transmission of human pathogens:From miasmata to modern viral pandemics and their preservation potential in the Anthropocene record

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第6期13卷 210-223页

作者： Teresa Moreno wes Gibbons Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research IDAEA-CSIC08034 BarcelonaSpain Bimón Press Sitges08870 BarcelonaSpain

Ongoing uncertainty over the relative importance of aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is in part rooted in the history of medical science and our understanding of how epidemic diseases can spread through human populations. Ancient Greek medical theory held that such illnesses are transmitted by airborne pathogenic emanations containing particulate matter(“miasmata”). Notable Roman and medieval scholars such as Varro, Ibn al-Khatib and Fracastoro developed these ideas, combining them with early germ theory and the concept of contagion. A widely held but vaguely defined belief in toxic miasmatic mists as a dominant causative agent in disease propagation was overtaken by the science of 19th century microbiology and epidemiology, especially in the study of cholera, which was proven to be mainly transmitted by contaminated water. Airborne disease transmission came to be viewed as burdened by a dubious historical reputation and difficult to demonstrate convincingly. A breakthrough came with the classic mid-20th century work of Wells, Riley and Mills who proved how expiratory aerosols(their “droplet nuclei”)could transport still-infectious tuberculosis bacteria through ventilation systems. The topic of aerosol transmission of pathogenic respiratory diseases assumed a new dimension with the mid-late 20th century “Great Acceleration” of an increasingly hypermobile human population repeatedly infected by different strains of zoonotic viruses, and has taken centre stage this century in response to outbreaks of new respiratory infections that include coronaviruses. From a geoscience perspective, the consequences of pandemic-status diseases such as COVID-19, produced by viral pathogens utilising aerosols to infect a human population currently approaching 8 billion, are far-reaching and unprecedented. The obvious and sudden impacts on for example waste plastic production, water and air quality and atmospheric chemistry are accelerating human awareness of current environmental chal

关键词： COVID-19 History of epidemics Aerosol disease transmission Coronavirus Anthropocene record

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Risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in the military: a qualitative systematic review of the literature from the past two decades and a new prioritizing injury model

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Military Medical Research 2022年第4期9卷 444-483页

作者： Stefan Sammito Vedran Hadzic Thomas Karakolis Karen R.Kelly Susan P.Proctor Ainars Stepens Graham White wes O.Zimmermann Section Experimental Aerospace Medicine Research German Air Force Centre of Aerospace MedicineFlughafenstraBe 151147 CologneGermany Occupational Medicine Faculty of MedicineOtto-Von-Guericke-University of Magdeburg39120 MagdeburgGermany Faculty of Sport University of Ljubljana1000 LjubljanaSlovenia Defence Research and Development Canada TorontoON M3K 2C9Canada Warfighter Performance Naval Health Research CenterSan DiegoCA 921063599USA Military Performance Division US Army Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNatickMA 01760USA Research Service VA Boston Healthcare SystemBostonMA 02130USA Centre for Military Medicine Research Riga Stradins UniversityRiga 1007Latvia Human and Social Sciences Group Defense Science and Technology LaboratoryPortsdown Hill RoadFareham PO176ADUK Department of Military Sports Medicine Royal Netherlands Army3584 AB UtrechtThe Netherlands Department of Military/Emergency Medicine Uniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD 20814USA.

Background: Musculoskeletal injuries(MSkIs) are a leading cause of health care utilization, as well as limited duty and disability in the US military and other armed forces. MSkIs affect members of the military during initial training,operational training, and deployment and have a direct negative impact on overall troop readiness. Currently, a systematic overview of all risk factors for MSkIs in the military is not ***: A systematic literature search was carried out using the PubMed, Ovid/Medline, and Web of Science databases from January 1, 2000 to September 10, 2019. Additionally, a reference list scan was performed(using the “snowball method”). Thereafter, an international, multidisciplinary expert panel scored the level of evidence per risk factor, and a classification of modifiable/non-modifiable was ***: In total, 176 original papers and 3 meta-analyses were included in the review. A list of 57 reported potential risk factors was formed. For 21 risk factors, the level of evidence was considered moderate or strong. Based on this literature review and an in-depth analysis, the expert panel developed a model to display the most relevant risk factors identified, introducing the idea of the “order of importance” and including concepts that are modifiable/nonmodifiable, as well as extrinsic/intrinsic risk ***: This is the qualitative systematic review of studies on risk factors for MSkIs in the military that has attempted to be all-inclusive. A total of 57 different potential risk factors were identified, and a new, prioritizing injury model was developed. This model may help us to understand risk factors that can be addressed, and in which order they should be prioritized when planning intervention strategies within military groups.

关键词： Military Musculoskeletal injuries Risk factors Prevention Intervention Injury

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Experimental methods in RF design

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Enhancing Sentiment Analysis on Twitter Using Community Detection

2009年

作者： Hayward wes.

来源：畅想之星图书光盘版（南... 评论

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Communications and Network 2013年第3期5卷 192-197页

作者： William Deitrick Benjamin Valyou wes Jones Joshua Timian Wei Hu Department of Computer Science Houghton College Houghton USA

The increasing popularity of social media in recent years has created new opportunities to study the interactions of different groups of people. Never before have so many data about such a large number of individuals been readily available for analysis. Two popular topics in the study of social networks are community detection and sentiment analysis. Community detection seeks to find groups of associated individuals within networks, and sentiment analysis attempts to determine how individuals are feeling. While these are generally treated as separate issues, this study takes an integrative approach and uses community detection output to enable community-level sentiment analysis. Community detection is performed using the Walktrap algorithm on a network of Twitter users associated with Microsoft Corporation’s @technet account. This Twitter account is one of several used by Microsoft Corporation primarily for communicating with information technology professionals. Once community detection is finished, sentiment in the tweets produced by each of the communities detected in this network is analyzed based on word sentiment scores from the well-known SentiWordNet lexicon. The combination of sentiment analysis with community detection permits multilevel exploration of sentiment information within the @technet network, and demonstrates the power of combining these two techniques.

关键词： Community Detection Twitter Social Networks Sentiment Analysis SentiWordNet Walktrap

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沃尔夫斯堡汽车城

景观设计 2006年第1期 46-51页

作者： wes ＆ Partner

建汽车城的目的是与客户或访客以坦诚的新方式进行交流，公司不仅通过汽车城来展示自己的基本理念，同时也展示自己的产品，汽车城在展现公司历史，介绍公司技术的同时，不单纯是公司进行自我展示的地方，更要使来往宾朋感到宾至如归。... 详细信息

建汽车城的目的是与客户或访客以坦诚的新方式进行交流，公司不仅通过汽车城来展示自己的基本理念，同时也展示自己的产品，汽车城在展现公司历史，介绍公司技术的同时，不单纯是公司进行自我展示的地方，更要使来往宾朋感到宾至如归。由于汽车城新的生产方式没有了以前的噪声和烟尘，因而也为城市开启了新的前景，不仅客户与公司之间的交流加强了，在城市，

关键词：汽车城生产方式客户城市建筑设计

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让都市变身步行乐园

商业周刊（中文版） 2019年第21期 38-43页

作者： wes Enzinna 不详

每到周末,西班牙北部城市维多利亚-加斯蒂兹的邮政大街就像是一场永远不散场的街区大聚会。玉兰花树掩映的街道上有骑自行车的人,有没牵绳子的狗,还有摇摇晃晃的学步小童。咖啡馆里挤满一桌桌客人,热闹非凡,一群群家人坐在长椅上享受冰... 详细信息

每到周末,西班牙北部城市维多利亚-加斯蒂兹的邮政大街就像是一场永远不散场的街区大聚会。玉兰花树掩映的街道上有骑自行车的人,有没牵绳子的狗,还有摇摇晃晃的学步小童。咖啡馆里挤满一桌桌客人,热闹非凡,一群群家人坐在长椅上享受冰激凌。在这个有20万人口、属于巴斯克自治区的城市,这是人们的典型生活场景;过去十年里,这个城市已有近半数街道被改造成类似这样的不允许机动车通行的街区。

关键词：骑自行车的人巴斯克生活场景玉兰花咖啡馆维多利亚

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柏林朵尔蒂街区

景观设计 2006年第1期 52-55页

作者： wes ＆ Partner

一个比较狭小的内院（25m高，28m宽），光透进来，光与云映在地面上，光又反射在墙壁上，那水因天然石而显得幽深；人们透过水面可以瞥见石砌的池底，发现水中游鱼，在低凹的方形池中央有纤细的，只在顶端长着叶子的勃兰登堡松和高高的... 详细信息

一个比较狭小的内院（25m高，28m宽），光透进来，光与云映在地面上，光又反射在墙壁上，那水因天然石而显得幽深；人们透过水面可以瞥见石砌的池底，发现水中游鱼，在低凹的方形池中央有纤细的，只在顶端长着叶子的勃兰登堡松和高高的摇曳的竹状细杆，此情此景会让人惊喜，惹人沉思，也许会让人沉浸在这自然之隅的奇境梦幻中，从高处俯瞰大地，岛屿和水面，熟悉的景色变成了和梦似幻的画面。

关键词：街区柏林水面天然石地面墙壁

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硅质岩浆房中的梯度

国外火山地质 1987年第4期 11-24页

作者： wes Hildreth 薛怀民

除玄武质岩浆外,每个大体积岩浆的喷发都是从一个岩浆房中排出的,而这个岩浆房在温度和物质成分上具成带性。大多数体积较小的岩浆喷发也只是排出不均匀的和已经演化的岩浆体系的一部分。几种类型成分分带的火山灰流凝灰岩提供了岩浆喷... 详细信息

除玄武质岩浆外,每个大体积岩浆的喷发都是从一个岩浆房中排出的,而这个岩浆房在温度和物质成分上具成带性。大多数体积较小的岩浆喷发也只是排出不均匀的和已经演化的岩浆体系的一部分。几种类型成分分带的火山灰流凝灰岩提供了岩浆喷发前在温度、化学成分和同位素组分,以及斑晶的种类、含量等方面梯度的实例,这些梯度有助于确定发生于各个体系中的岩浆分异机制。较大体积岩浆喷发的一个普遍特征是具成分间断,指示岩浆房中存在着这种间断。地幔来源的岩浆为地壳岩浆房提供了热量和物质,流纹质岩浆房中的成带现象主要是由热重力扩散和挥发份络合作用引起的。液相的结构梯度在其中起着重要作用。

关键词：岩浆房挥发份成带现象岩浆体系硅质

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利用多项目晶圆服务降低芯片开发费用与风险

电子产品世界 2007年第9期14卷 144-146页

作者： wes Hansford MOSIS公司

一部分集成电路的NRE（一次性工程费用）被控制的越来越紧，但是另一部分却并非如此，典型的掩模组的价格急剧上升。并且预测表明看不到未来这一势头会放缓的任何希望。在设计130纳米节点时，一套掩膜组的费用在50万至60万美元之间，90... 详细信息

一部分集成电路的NRE（一次性工程费用）被控制的越来越紧，但是另一部分却并非如此，典型的掩模组的价格急剧上升。并且预测表明看不到未来这一势头会放缓的任何希望。在设计130纳米节点时，一套掩膜组的费用在50万至60万美元之间，90纳米时，上升到了100万，65纳米时达到了150万美元，展望一下并不久远的未来，据光罩供应商Photronics公司预测在32纳米节点时一套掩膜组的费用将达到300万美元。

关键词：开发费用多项目晶圆 32纳米风险芯片服务工程费用集成电路

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